• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 1993

This is a report on the early vegetation and the secondary succession in the burned area of SeobJe-Go1 of $IIwasan-MY\v{o}n,\;Y\v{o}ngch\v{o}n-Gun,\;Ky\v{u}ngsangbuk-do$ Province. The forest fire occurred on April 8, 1982 and the pine forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The investigation was done six times from August 20, 1982 to August 13, 1983. The results are summarized as follows: the floristic composition of burned areas $B_1,\;B_2$, and unburned areas $U_1,\;U_2$ were composed of 25, 23, 32, and 27 kinds of vascular plants. respectively. The biological spectra showed the $H-D_1-R_5-e$ type in both the burned and unburned areas. The species of Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus simnsis var. purpurascens and Cares hurnilis var. nana were dominant species in the burned area, while Pinus densiflorrr, Corex humilis var. nana and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliafum were dominant species in the unburned area. Degree of succession of the unburned area was comparatively higher than that of the burned area. Species diversity index and evenness index of the burned area were similar to those of the unburned area. Indices of similarity in sampling sites showed that $B_1\;and\;B_2$ stands were the most similar. pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium of soil increased but organic matter and total organic carbon decreased after fire.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.459-462
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• 2005

위성화상 또는 항공사진을 이용하여 산화지를 탐지하고 정량화하기 위한 여러 가지 방법적인 시도가 있었다. 보다 정확한 산화지 탐지를 위해, 본 연구에서는 기존의 고해상도 범색화상과 중 저해상도 다중분광 화상의 융합(fusion)에 주로 이용되었던 IHS(Intensity, Hue, Saturation) 색채변환을 산화지 탐지와 정량화에 적용하였다. IHS 색채변환을 이용한 Hue 조합화상의 산화지 최대우도분류 결과는 Landsat-7 ETM+ 7:4:1 조합화상보다 놀은 사용자분류 정확도를 나타냈으며 색상(Hue)과 채도(Saturation)가 명도(Intensity)에 비해 ETM+ 화상의 분광특성을 잘 반영하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.145-153
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• 1999

Authors report the changes of the community structure and secondary succession after fire in Mt. Samma (333 m). Approximately six ha of the red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest and its floor vegetation were burned and cutted down. The vegetation and soil properties were investigated in the burned and unburned sites from April to October, 1998. The dominant species based on SDR₃ in the burned site were Lespedeza cyrtobotrya (96.87), Quercus serrata (77.90), Cyperus amuricus (46.22) and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (38.33), whereas the dominant species in the unburned site were Pinus densiflora (100.00) and Q. variabilis (66.10) at the tree layer, Q. serrata (100.00) and Zanthoxylum schinifolium (29.64) at the shrub layer., and Q. serrata (76.30) and M. sinensis var. purpurascens (72.84) at the herb layer. The biological spectra based on SDR₃ were Th-D₁-R/sub 5/-e for the burned and H (M)-D₁-R/sub 5/-e type for the unburned site, respectively. The index of similarity (CCs) between the burned and unburned sites was 0.41. The degree of succession (DS) were 609 for the burned and 1168 for the unburned site, respectively. The species diversity (H) and evenness indices (e) of the burned site were lower than those of the unburned site, but the dominance indices (C) was higher in the burned site. In the analysis of soil properties, pH, the content of NO₃/sup -/-N, available phosphrous, and exchangeable cations (K/sup +/, Ca/sup 2+/, Na/sup +/, Mg/sup 2+/) in the burned site were higher than those in the unburned site, whereas the contents of organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen and NH₄/sup +/-N were lower in the burned site. The results show that dominant species in the burned site change from Miscanthus-Lespedeza→Lespedeza→Quercus and finally to Quercus forest, and the changes of soil properties also affect the early vegetational succession after fire.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2002

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of forest fire on herb layer development and chemical properties of soil. The forest fire was in April 2000 in Pinus rigida(softwood) and Robinia pseudoacacia(hardwood) dominant forests at Gaejoksan, Daejeon. Vegetation studies were in the two communities and herb layer development study was in July using dominance of Dierssen. The coverage of herb layer was higher in the burned area than in the unburned area in the two study communities. There was no different herb layer species number between the burned and unburned areas, but there was different herb layer species number between the two communities. Soil samples were collected at 0～10cm and 10～20cm soil depths from the unburned and burned sites after 3 days and 8 months of forest fire. There was no forest floor in burned site, but unburned site has the forest floor of 1.5cm thick. There were no significant differences in soil organic matter, total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Na, and Mg, and CEC, pH in all soil depth, between unburned and burned sites after 3 days of forest fire and between burned site after 3 days and 8 months of forest fire, except in organic matter in 10～20cm soil depth in hardwood sites and in exchangeable Ca in the 10～20cm soil depth, and in Mg in the two soil depths in hardwood sites. It seems to be that forest fire had not changed the chemical soil properties in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2000

This study was carried out to examine and compare the changes of inhabitation of soil microarthropoda after forest fire between different types of forest; i.e. the coniferous forest (Mt. Chocdae) and the broad-leaved forest (Samsinbong in Mt. Chiri). The individuals of soil microarthropoda found at the burned and unburned areas of Samsinbong and Mt. Chocdae were 12 orders in 5 classes, and individuals of Insecta and Arachnida 98% of them. In respect of classification groups, Collembola order was high at the burned and unburned areas of coniferous forest, while Acari order was high at the broad-leaved area. When classified by soil depth, the total number of soil microarthropoda individuals inhabiting at Samsinbong, the broad-leaved forest, was 25,342 and 37,350 at 1~5cm depth of burned and unburned areas respectively, while at 5~10cm depth the number turned out 9,722 and 15,906. Soil microarthropoda individuals of unburned area was 1.6 times higher than for the burned area. At the coniferous forest, the number marked 31,665 and 51,431, respectively for 1~5cm depth of burned and unburned area, and 10,189 and 13,202 for 5~10cm depth. Here also, the number for the unburned area was examined to be 1.4 times higher than for the burned area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2 s.98
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• pp.133-140
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• 2002

This study was performed in lab scaled oxidation pond. The removal efficiency of pollutant on the influence of changes of hydraulic retention time and pond style was investigated. The correlation between organic removal efficiency and dissolved oxygen concentration on algal photosynthesis showed the light time revealed a higher relationship more than the dark time, and the squares of the correlation coefficient of 15 days retention time were higher than that of 5 days in single pond. The variation of dissolved oxygen concentration of a series pond was from 4.2 to 19.8 mg/l under 5 days retention time, the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased with increasing step of series pond. Between the single pond and a series of pond system, a series of pond system showed better organic removal efficiency. Average removal efficiency range of $TBOD_5$ and $SBOD_5$ was $49{\sim}83%$ and $87{\sim}92%$, respectively. Algae should be removed appropriately to increase the removal efficiency of organic matter.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.187-196
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• 2004

매립지에서 배출되는 메탄가스는 이산화탄소에 이어 두 번째로 많이 배출되는 지구온난화 가스이지만 열을 흡수하는 능력에 있어서는 이산화탄소 보다 25에서 35배 정도 더 크기 때문에 지구 온난화 현상에 대한 메탄가스의 영향은 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 매립지로부터 배출되는 메탄가스는 호기성 상태의 매립지 복토층을 통과 할 때 산화될 수 있으므로 매립지 복토층은 메탄가스의 배출을 저감시키는 바이오필터의 역할을 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 batch 실험을 통하여 매립지 복토층에서의 메탄산화속도에 대한 토양수분과 온도의 영향을 연구하였다. 최대 산화속도는 토양수분 15%(w/w), 배양온도 $35^{\circ}C$의 환경조건에서 $1.03{\mu}mol\;CH_4g^{-1}soil\;h^{-1}$으로 나타났다. 이러한 실험결과를 이용하여 토양수분과 온도를 함수로 하는 회귀모형을 개발하였다. 또한 전국에 4 군데 지역을 선발하여 각 지역의 토양수분과 온도 데이타를 수집하고 개발된 모형을 이용하여 각 지역에 위치하고 있는 매립장에서의 월 평균 메탄산화량을 예측하였다. 예측 결과 환경조건이 양호한 지역의 매립지 복토는 메탄의 배출량을 저감시킬 수 있는 효율적인 바이오필터의 효과를 가지지만 환경조건이 불리한 지역의 매립지 복토에서는 바이오필터의 효과가 크지 않는다고 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.509-520
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• 1997

This is a report on the early vegetation, plant community structure, and secondary succession of cut and uncut sites of burned areas in Mt. Gumo-sun. The forest fire occurred on April, 1994 and the pine forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The investigation was carried out from April, 1995 to October, 1996. The results are summarized as follows : The floristic composition of cut and uncut sites of burned area and unburned area were composed of 32, 36, and 34 kinds of vascular plants respectively. The biological spectra showed the $H(G)-D_1-R_5-e$ type, $H(M)-D_1-R_5-e$ and $M(N)-D_1-R_5-e$ in cut, uncut, and unburned site respectively. The dominant species based on $SDR_3$ of the cut site were Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(100.00). Caret humilis(52.27), Quercus serrata(51.19) and Lysimachia clethroides(39.40), however, in the uncut sites the dominant species were Quercus acutissima(56.91), Pinus densiflora(26.83) in the tree layer, Quercus serrata(50.43), Lindera glauca(40.51), Lespedeza bicolor(37.85) in the shrub layer, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(72.27), Pteridium aquilium var. latiusculum(60.92), Carex humilis(63.63) in the herb layer. Pinus densiflora(99.88), Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(82.74), Quercus serrata(77.47) and Carex humilis(74.02) were dominant in the unburned site. The species diversity(H) and evenness index(e) were 1.05, 0.70 and 1.32, 0.85 in the cut and uncut site, respectively and 0.22, 0.63 in the unburned site. Dominance index(C) was 0.15, 0.06 and 0.96 in the cut, uncut site and unburned site, respectively. Degree of succession(DS) was 345.19, 747.47 and 674.34 in cut, uncut and unburned site, respectively. The index of similarity(CCs) was 0.66 between cut and uncut sites, 0.50 between unburned and cut sites and 0.61 between unburned and uncut sites. The amount of exchangeable sodium, calcium, magnesium and soil pH were increased, but the amount of organic matter, available phosphous, total nitrogen, total carbon and exchangeable potassium were decreased in cut site after fire.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.3-11
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• 1998

Coating was carried out on liner components of B flute, single-wall corrugated board(SK180/S120/K200) to examine the effect of liner component coatings by oxidized starch on the properties of corrugated board. Both bursting strength and edgewise compression strength(ECS) of corrugated board were improved by coating of its liner components with oxidized starch. Bursting strength of corrugated board rapidly increased with an initial increase of coating weight, but as the coating weight further increased, there was no increase in bursting strength. The results showed 30.3% improvement for $2.32g/m^2$ coating on outside liner component, 36.8% improvement for $4.84g/m^2$ coating on inside liner component and 39.9% improvement for $7.16g/m^2$ coating on both liner components in bursting strength of corrugated board. Regardless of treated liner components, ECS of corrugated board was improved by coating of oxidized starch, and especially greater improvement was accomplished when corrugated board was coated on inside liner component or both liner components at low level of coating weight - 11.3% improvement for $1.58g/m^2$ coating on Inside liner component and 11.9% improvement for $2.99g/m^2$ coating on both liner components.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1999

This study was carried out to estimate the area of damaged forest and the volume of stand tree in burned area, Mt. Weol-A in eastern Chinju, Korea using digital maps derived from supervised classification of Landsat thematic mapper(TM) imagery as reference data. Criterion laser estimator and WinDENDRO$^{tm}$(v. 6.3b) system as a computer-aided tree ring measuring system were used to measure a volume and age of sampled tree. The sample site had been chosen in unburned areas having the same terrain condition and forest type of burned areas. The tree age, diameter at breast height, tree height and volume of the sample tree selected from sample site in unburned area were 27years, 20.9cm, 9.7m and $0.1396m^3$ respectively. Total stand volume of sample site was estimated $2.9316m^3$/0.04ha, Damaged stand volume evaluated to about $16,007m^3$ in the burned area of 218.4ha.