• Title/Summary/Keyword: 산림연료

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Slope and Forest Fuel Effect on Spreading of Forest Fire (산불 확산에 영향을 미치는 임지내 산림연료와 경사도에 관한 연구)

  • 채희문;이찬용
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.179-184
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    • 2003
  • This study investigated the relationship of fuel weight and depth together with slope on the spread of forest fire. Fire spread was faster on the greater slope in forested land. Fire had a greater spread rate with lighter fuel weight. The thickness of the fuel bed and forest fire spread rate were not related. The fire spread rate was closely related to the slope and weight of the fuel bed (significant at 0.01, 0.05, respectively). The thickness of the fuel bed was not significant (0.05).

Estimation of Canopy Fuel Characteristics for Pinus densiflora Stands Using Diameter Distribution Models: Forest Managed Stands and Unmanaged Stands (직경분포모형을 이용한 소나무림의 수관연료특성 예측: 산림시업지 임분과 비시업지 임분에서)

  • Lee, Sun Joo;Kim, Sung Yong;Lee, Byung Doo;Lee, Young Jin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.107 no.4
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    • pp.412-421
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    • 2018
  • The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of forest management activities on canopy fuel characteristics for Pinus densiflora stands in South Korea. We used 1,085 managed stands data and 349 unmanaged stands data of the National Forest Inventory for this study, and it was estimated by using the Weibull function for the growth of stand and canopy fuel characteristics. Comparing the canopy fuel characteristics for the managed stands and unmanaged stands shows that the average canopy fuel load is about 14% higher than that of managed stands, and the canopy bulk density is also approximately 16% higher. The results of comparing growth projections for 40 years, 50 years and 60 years with the Weibull function are as follows: Over time, managed stands was predicted the maximum number of medium and large class diameter, while unmanaged stands was predicted maximum number of small and medium class diameter. From a fire fuel perspective, unmanaged stands are predicted to be of the type small class diameter and high density, which is a good condition for crown fire. In addition, Canopy fuel load, Canopy bulk density is relatively higher than managed stands, indicating that the possibility of high crown fire hazard.

Crown Fuel Characteristics and Allometric Equations of Pinus densiflora Stands in Youngju Region (영주지역 소나무림의 수관연료특성 및 수관연료량 추정)

  • Kim, Sungyong;Lee, Byungdoo;Seo, Yeonok;Lee, Youngjin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.100 no.2
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    • pp.266-272
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of crown fuel biomass and to develop allometric equations for the estimation of crown fuel biomass by subjectively categorized the crown component in Pinus densiflora stands. A total of ten representative trees were destructively sampled in Youngju region. Crown fuel were weighed separately for each fuel category by size class. The results of this study showed that foliar moisture content was 119% while the average crown moisture content was 105.3%. The crown fuel/total fuel loading ratio was 30%, needles and twigs with less than 1 cm diameter accounted 50.3% for its fuel/crown fuel loading ratio. Adjusted multiple coefficient of determination of suggested allometric equations ranged from 0.6846 to 0.9246 for crown fuel biomass, 0.8308 for crown volume.

The Analysis of Forest Fire Fuel Structure Through the Development of Crown Fuel Vertical Distribution Model: A Case Study on Managed and Unmanaged Stands of Pinus densiflora in the Gyeongbuk Province (수관연료 수직분포모델 개발을 통한 산불연료구조 분석: 경북지역의 소나무림 산림시업지와 비시업지를 대상으로)

  • Lee, Sun Joo;Kwon, Chun Geun;Kim, Sung Yong
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.46-54
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    • 2021
  • This study compared and analyzed the effects of forest tending works on the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads on Pinus densiflora stands in Gyeongbuk province. The study sites were located in Youngju and Bonghwa in Pinus densiflora stands. A total of 10 sample trees were collected for the development of the crown fuel vertical distribution model. The 6th NFI (National Forest Inventory) selected a sample point that only extracted from managed and unmanaged stands of Pinus densiflora in the Gyeongbuk province. The fitness index (F.I.) of the two models developed was 0.984 to 0.989, with the estimated parameter showing statistical significance (P<0.05). A s a results, the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads range of unmanaged stands was from 1m to 11m with the largest distribution at point 5m at the tree height. On the other hand, the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads range of the managed stands was from 1m to 15m with the largest distribution at the point of 8m at the tree height. The canopy bulk density was 0.16kg/㎥ for the managed stands and 0.25kg/㎥ for the unmanaged stands, unmanaged stands were about 1.6 times more than managed stands. This result is expected to be available for simulation through the implementation of the 3D model as crown fuel was analyzed in three dimensions.

Impacts of the Substitution of Firewood for Home Use on the Forest Greening after the 1945 Liberation of Korea (해방(解放) 이후(以後) 가정용(家庭用) 연료재(燃料材)의 대체(代替)가 산림녹화(山林綠化)에 미친 영향(影響))

  • Bae, Jae-Soo;Lee, Ki-Bong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.95 no.1
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    • pp.60-72
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    • 2006
  • The aim of this paper is to identify and evaluate relations for forest greening and the firewood substitution for home use after 1945 Liberation of Korea. Korea faced serious forest degradation by the early 1960s due to the enormous firewood consumption, which was about ten million cubic meters annually, for home use. If the trend of firewood consumption was maintained until 1955's, the total forest area in Korea could be thoroughly degraded within 10 years. The firewood substitution for home use had to be solved as soon as possible. For this purpose, energy sector by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry carried out the substitution policy for home using the briquettes which was the only natural resources for energy produced in Korea. Firewood was prohibited being carried in the major cities by forestry sector, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, from 1958. Only 5.2% of household in the cities used the forest products consumed as a fuel in 1970 because these inter-sectoral substitution measures of firewood for home use turned out a success gradually. After the 1970s, firewood consumption for home use was naturally decreased due to rural people's explosive move to cities, who were major consumers of firewood for home use at that time. Firewood for cooking was substituted by LPG gas after 1985 and firewood for house heating was substituted by coal and oil after 1980. Finally, on the basis of the firewood substitution for home use, the forest degradation that lasted over one hundred years was put a period.

Analysis of Forest Fuel Quality by Forest Fire Damage (산림연료 특성별 산불피해도 분석)

  • Kwon, Chun-Geun;Lee, Si-Young;Lee, Myung-Woog;Lee, Hae-Pyeong
    • 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2011.02a
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    • pp.196-196
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    • 2011
  • 산림연료 특성별 산불피해도 분석을 위하여 산불피해의 조사지역은 2009년, 2010년 산불이 발생했던 강원도 고성지역과 양양지역, 강릉지역과 삼척지역을 조사 대상지역으로 선정하였으며, 고성군의 경우 숲구조가 유령림인 활엽수림이 2개소, 칩엽수림 1개소, 장령림인 활엽수림 2개소로 총 5개소, 양양군은 숲구조가 유령림인 침엽수림이 1개소, 장령림 침엽수림 2개소 총 3개소, 삼척시의 경우는 숲구조가 유령림인 침엽수림이 1개소 외 대조구 장령림 침엽수림 1개소, 강릉시의 경우 숲구조가 장령림인 침엽수림이 3개소 총 13개소를 각각 대상지로 선정하였다. 산림연료 특성별 산불피해도를 조사하기 위한 조사지 규모는 $10m{\times}10m$로 하였으며, 현장 조사 항목은 조사지내의 산불피해 상태, 조사지 지형특성으로 나누어 조사를 실시하였다. 산불피해 상태는 산불진행방향, DBH, 총수고, 지하고, 고사여부, 편면연소, 밀도, 수간피해율, 수관피해율 등을 조사하였고, 조사지의 지형특성을 알아보기 위해 조사지의 위치(GPS), 해발고도, 사면방위, 산지경사, 지형을 조사하였다. 현장조사를 위한 조사장비로는 조사지의 지형도, 야장, 디지털 카메라, GPS, 수고측정기, 직경테이프, 캘리퍼, 50m 줄자 2개, 2m 폴대, 클리노메타, 바인더끈 등을 사용하였다. 산불사례 현장조사를 통해 임목고사여부, 편면연소, 수간피해율, 수관피해율 등의 산불피해 특성을 분석한 결과 연료의 특성별 유령림과 장령림의 편면연소율은 유령림은 97.3%, 장령림은 16.5%로 유령림의 편면연소율이 장령림보다 80.8% 더 피해를 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 수관피해율은 유령림은 95.4%, 장령림은 19.9%로 유령림의 수관피해율이 장령림보다 75.5%더 피해를 입은 것으로 조사 되었다. 또한 임목고사율은 유령림은 73.8%, 장령림은 24.5%로 유령림의 임목고사율이 장령림보다 49.3% 더 피해를 받는 것으로 분석 되었다.

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Changes in forest fire fuel amount in a Chamaecyparis obtusa forest according to stand density control (편백림 임분밀도 조절에 따른 유기물층의 산불 연료량 변화)

  • Du-Hee Lee;Jeong-Gwan Lee;Han Doo Shin;Sle-Gee Lee;Woo Jin Park;Hyun-Jun Kim
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.447-454
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    • 2023
  • This study was conducted to analyze the effects of stand density on fire fuel (FF) changes in a Chamaecyparis obtusa forest. The study site was located in Mt. Munsu in Jeollabuk-do and consisted of a control, 30% thinning treatment(LT), and 50% thinning treatment(HT). Three-year-old seedlings were planted at a density of 3,000trees ha-1 in 1976, and thinning was carried out in 2000. FF production was measured every 2 months by installing 3 circular litter traps 1.2m above the ground. Litter bags containing 5g of each leaf and branch were made and buried in the organic layer to investigate the FF decomposition rate. The decay constant was calculated after 18 months. FF accumulation was measured by collecting dry-weight organic matter from each plot using a square frame (0.09 m2) in September 2018. The FF production in LT and HT was significantly lower than that of the control(P<0.001). The leaf decay constant for HT was significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The FF accumulation in HT was significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.01), but LT was not significantly different from the control. The results of this study showed that thinning decreased FF production.

Analysis of Carbon Emissions According to Combustion of Tree Branch, Bark and Living Leaf in Pinus Densiflora (소나무 부위별 연소에 따른 탄소배출량 분석)

  • Park, Young-Ju;Kim, Min-Jung;Lee, Hae-Pyeong
    • Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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    • 2010.10a
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    • pp.385-389
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구에서는 산불발생 시 온실가스의 배출량을 추정하기 위한 기초 연구로서 산림연료의 연소에 따른 탄소배출량을 분석하였다. 산림연료는 소나무를 대상으로 생엽, 가지, 수피 등 부위별로 연소실험을 수행하였으며, 콘칼로리미터를 이용하여 일산화탄소와 이산화탄소의 배출량을 분석하였다. 중량 50g의 연료 기준, 일산화탄소의 배출량은 1.8~4.0g 정도였으며, 이산화탄소의 배출량은 49.3~84.7g 정도를 나타냈다. 부위별로 큰 차이를 나타냈는데 수피는 생엽과 가지보다 상대적으로 많은 일산화탄소와 이산화탄소를 배출하는 것으로 나타났다.

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Economic Feasibility of Using Forest Biomass as a Local Energy Source (산림바이오매스의 지역 에너지 이용의 경제성 분석)

  • Min, Kyungtaek;An, Hyunjin;Byun, Seungyeon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.111 no.1
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    • pp.177-185
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    • 2022
  • In this study, the economic feasibility of a local energy facility that uses forest biomass as an energy source was assessed. We analyzed profitability using data from the Forest Energy Self-sufficient Village Project financed by the Korea Forest Service. The energy facility has a cogeneration generator and wood chip boiler. Wood chip, which has lower heat value and is cheaper than wood pellets, is used as fuel. Revenue comes from the sale of electricity, heat, and renewable energy certificates. Additionally, we considered the sale of carbon credits as substitutes for fossil fuels. The expenditure consists of fuel costs and fixed costs, and the initial investment is treated as a sunk cost. Under the condition of a 55% operation rate and wood chip price of 95,000 KRW per ton, the annual net revenue is positive. Crucial factors for managing the facility sustainably are operation rate and fuel cost. A simulation in which two factors were changed showed that the annual net revenue is negative with a 50% operation rate and 100,000 KRW per ton of wood chip price. To improve net revenue, an increase in the operation rate or a decrease in the wood chip price is required. Additionally, selling carbon credits will make the operation of the facility more profitable. Furthermore, the payment required to procure wood chips could contribute to the rural economy. To foster the use of forest biomass for energy, the price for heat supplied from renewable energy sources should be subsidized.

Effects of Forest Tending Works on the Crown Fuel Characteristics of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. Stands in Korea (숲가꾸기 사업이 소나무림의 수관연료특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Sungyong;Lee, Byungdoo;Seo, Yeonok;Jang, Mina;Lee, Young Jin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.100 no.3
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    • pp.359-366
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    • 2011
  • The objective of this study was to analyze the changes of crown fire hazard possibility from the effects of forest tending works (FTW) in Pinus densiflora stands in Korea. The study sites were located in Youngju (FTW) and Bonghwa (Control) areas. Ten representative sample trees were destructively felled at each areas to analyze the crown fuel characteristics. The results of this study showed that crown fuel moisture content in Youngju and Bonghwa areas were 103.6% and 104.4%, respectively. The needles and twigs with less than 1cm diameter accounted 50.3% of the total crown fuel load in Youngju area and 62.0% in Bonghwa area. On the other hand, it was observed in Youngju that the canopy bulk density was $0.11kg/m^3$ lower but have 1.3 m higher average canopy base height therefore having a possibility of lower crown fire hazard as compared to Bonghwa that had higher canopy bulk density and lower canopy base height.