• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.6-13
• /
• 1979

In order to substract the time and cost of propagation for inducing the haploid plants per each species. 500 anthers of late uninucleate microspore on early binucleate microspore stage of Robinia pseudoacacia (Fuel tree) Punius granatum (Ornamental tree). Aleurites fordii (Faty tree) and Styrax japonica (Silvicultural tree) were cultured on the modified Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with Kinetin, 2.4-D and NAA as growth regulators. And I observed the samples of cultured anthers under the microscope which were made by Microtoming method and Paraffin method. The results were summarized as follows: 1) Among 500 cultured anthers per each species, anther numbers inducing the diploid callus were as follow: Styrax japonica 20 (4% for the species total); Aleurites fordii 10 (2% for the species, total) and Punica granatum 45 (9% for the species total) were showed. 2) 2n Callus were induced from anther wall. but haploid callus were induced from anther locule. 3) Haploid callus were induced only in 25 anthers (5% for the species total) of Robinia pseudoacacia. 4) These haploid callus were not originated from body cell of anther wall tissue, but from reduced microspores, 5) Since already reported many herbaceous haploid plants were induced from the callus which were originated from reduced microspores, I conclude that the anther of woody plant which induced the haploid callus also will be cultured haploid plant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.94 no.6
• /
• pp.370-376
• /
• 2005

Sarcodon aspratus is well known as a natural edible mushroom and a symbiotic mycorrhizal fungus with oaks. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of environmental conditions on the fruiting of S. aspratus on the hillslope of Wolak Mt., Jecheon city, Chungbuk, South Korea. Soil moisture and soil temperature in S. aspratus colony were measured hourly and compared with those in the non-colony soil. The mean soil moisture during the mushroom development was 14.3% in the colony soil and 16.4% in the non-colony soil. The S. aspratus colony soils showed 2.1% less soil moisture. The mean soil temperature was $16.8^{\circ}C$ in the colony soil and $16.5^{\circ}C$ in the non-colony soil. The S. asprauts colony soils showed slightly higher temperature. It is considered that more soil water was consumed and more energy was emitted during the mycelial elongation and the mushroom development. The development of S. aspratus seems similar to that of T. matsutake which is known to be considerably affected by soil moisture, daily maximum air temperature, daily minimum air temperature and daily minimum soil temperature. The season of S. aspratus development ranges from the end of August to the beginning of October. And Ellino phenomenon and its unusual change in the weather seems to affect primodia and fruiting body development. Especially if daily minimum soil temperature continues to become higher than $20^{\circ}C$, the damage of primodia and its fruiting body was frequently observed in the field plots during the last few years recently.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.73-86
• /
• 1976

Two individuals ($sp_1$, $sp_2$) of purple and one individual ($sd_1$) of red hearted flower were selected from 18 years old Hibiscus syriacus trees obtained from the seeds treated with colchicine, and their morphological and physiological characteristics were investigated and following results were obtained. 1. The somatic chromosome number of the selected individuals, $sp_1$, $sp_2$, and $sd_1$ were 2n=160, while that of the check tree was 2n=80, indicating that the selected individuals, $sp_1$, $sp_2$ and $sd_1$ were tetraploid. 2. Peroxidase isoenzyme bands of high activity in selected individuals, $sp_1$, $sd_1$ and check tree were mostly in cathode, fixed band was f and v bands, and frequency of each band and their activity were not different between selected individuals, $sp_1$ and $sd_1$ and check tree. 3. The flowers of $sp_1$ individual were large in size and more dark purple than check tree's. The flowers of $sp_2$ individual were not increased in size, but they were dark purple and red heart at the base of the petal was expanded to 2/3 of the petal length. The flower of $sd_1$ individual was also large and some of the red lines from the petal base were extended to 2/3 of the petal length, which was much longer than those of the check tree. 4. Thickess of leaves, length of guard cells, diameter of pollens, wood fiber lengths and woody fiber widths were all increased in $sp_1$, $sp_2$ and $sd_1$ as compared to those of the check tree. 5. Survival percentage of cuttings was 80% with $sp_1$ and 36% with $sd_1$, and their growth performance were inferior to control in their second growing season.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 1978

In order to investigate the difference of rootability between 15 clones of Populus alba${\times}$glandulosa selected based on the growth performance, rooting of cutting experiments with these 15 clones were conducted at the nursery for six years from 1970 to 1975. Cutting experiments in a temperature controlled incubator in which the temperature of the cutting bed were set to $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ were also performed. Along with these experiments air layering experiments were performed to compare with the rootabilities obtained from nursery trial. The results obtained so far could be summarized as follows. 1. The best rooting clones were 65-22-4 and 65-22-11, and the average rooting percentages of these two clones for six years were 76.7%, and 72.9% respectively. The poorest rooting clone was 66-6-8 showing average rooting percentage of 45.8%. 2. The middle class of rooting percentage was ocuppied by the clones; 66-14-29, 66-14-93, 66-25-5 and 67-6-3, and the range of their rooting percentage was 60~69% on average. 3. The rooting performances observed through the nursery, the incubator and the air layering experiments were almost the same with exception of few clones. 4. P. alba${\times}$glandulosa showed the best rooting percentage at the cutting bed of $20^{\circ}C$ 5. The most roots, i.e. 78.5% of root per cutting were developed from the bottom part of the cutting shoot. 6. Adventitious and call use roots could observe in the cuttings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.1-24
• /
• 1970

This experiment was carried out to elucidate the behavior of nutrition absorption and the acid tolerance, on varying soil pH levels, of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, PInus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and Abies holophylla which are 6 month old seedlings through examinations of the absorption behavior, the acid and alkali tolerance of N,P,K, Ca and Fe in the sand culture media with artificially controlled pH. 1. The increase rate of dry matter conditioned by the behavior of nutrition absorption in a strong acidic condition (pH3) was found in the following decreasing order of Pinus rigida, Pinus thunbergii. This order, therefore, can also be said to apply to the case of acid tolerance. 2. The increase rate of dry matter in a strong alkaline condition (pH9) was found in the following decreasing order of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Abies hoplohylla, Larix leptolepis. This order, therefore can be said to apply to the case of alkali tolerance. 3. Considering the absorption behavior of K and Ca, it is possible to decide the tolerance of acid from the absorption behavior and it can be said that if the absorption quantity is K>Ca the acid tolerance is strong and vice versa. 4. Considering the ratio of K:Fe and Ca:Fe in this experiment, a strong acid tolerance shows a higher ratio of K/Fe and vice versa. And also a strong acid tolerance shows a lower ratio of Ca/Fe and vice versa. It is therefore possible to decide the acid tolerance from the absorption behavior of K, Ca and Fe. 5. Of the tree species subjected to this experiment, Pinus thunbergii was the strongest in both acid and alkali tolerance. 6. In spite of that in all species the dry weight in the root is smailer than that in the top, the quantity of Fe contained in the root was larger than that in the top.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.87 no.4
• /
• pp.519-527
• /
• 1998

An economic study of vegetation control to increase production of Songyi (Korean name far pine mushroom, matsutake, Tracholoma matsutake (S. Ito & Imai) Sing.) in red pine (Panes densiflora) stands in Korea was undertaken. In Korea, Songyi grows only in red pine stands. Harvest of this mushroom provides a significant income source to rural people in Korea yielding exports of US$20 million to US$80 million per year. However, hypogeous Songyi colonies and the mushroom production are declining, partly because shade tolerant species are succeeding the shade intolerant red pine. Past research says that it is possible to deep Songyi production increasing by controlling under-story vegetation. But few people are wilting to invest in the necessary control. Our analysis found that the economics of vegetation control appear to be quite favorable, showing an internal rate of return (IRR) of 20.7 percent in 15 years. However, positive returns do not occur for at least eight years and even then, the returns may not appear to the landowner to be a result of vegetation control efforts only because the mushroom production has been greatly variable depending on weather conditions. In a sensitivity analysis, it was found that the number of circular mushroom colonies was critically important for the cash flow. Results of this analysis are also sensitive to assumptions about annual growth length(0.16m radial growth=1.0m/circular length growth) of Songyi colony. However, the primary goal of vegetation control should be to keep the young colonies growing. Further research in the behavior of hypogeous Songyi colonies after vegetation control would help to improve our confidence in the results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.98 no.1
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2009

New strain needs to maintain desirable characteristics for long term when it was bred, but in lapse of time it degenerates into a bad condition. Therefore the influence of temperature on the viability and survival rates of Lentinula edodes strains were examined after cryopreservation. Also, liquid nitrogen preservation for L. edodes has been proved to be one of the most reliable method. However, a mechanical damage of strain is inevitable during cryopreservation of the fungus because the fungus is very sensitive to stress of cooling rate in the freezing process. So we tried to find out state change of L. edodes with a programmable freezer. L. edodes strains were preserved at $-20^{\circ}C$, $-80^{\circ}C$ and $-196^{\circ}C$ for 50 days. At $-20^{\circ}C$, its mycelial growth became extinct. When thawed, the growth of mycelia which were preserved at $-80^{\circ}C$ was fastest. Attempts were made to investigate viability of L. edodes strains after freezing at $-80^{\circ}C$ and $-196^{\circ}C$, respectively. As the result, more than 90% showed high survival rate of strains tested at $-80^{\circ}C$ and $-196^{\circ}C$. Mycelial growth between apical and basal parts of colony after freezing preservation for 50 days was compared. At apical and basal parts, the survival rates showed 100% at $-80^{\circ}C$, but 98% and 94% at $-196^{\circ}C$, respectively. We confirmed that the ice crystal formation temperatures of L. edodes strains were $-6.0^{\circ}C$ for Sanlim 1, $-5.5^{\circ}C$ for the Sanlim 2, $-4.0^{\circ}C$ for the Sanlim 3 and $-15.5^{\circ}C$ for the Sanzo 302. These results indicated that L. edodes strains showed completely different responses to the ice crystal formation. We knew the fact that even the same species, especially L. edodes, they displayed completely different responses to the same freezing condition. Also, this has nothing to do with the connection between temperature type and freezing point. And a protocol was tried to minimize state change of L. edodes strains using programmable freezer when they are frozen, but it was not effective on them.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.106 no.1
• /
• pp.40-53
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container types on physiological characteristics of Zelkova serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Quercus serrata in the container nursery stage. We used 16 container types [4 growing densities (100, 144, 196 and $256\;seedlings/m^2$)${\times}4$ cavity volumes (460, 380, 300 and $220cm^3/cavity$)] and performed two-way ANOVA to test the differences in photosynthesis, photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content among container types. Also, multiple regression analysis was conducted to correlate container dimensions with photosynthetic rate. Container types had a strong influence on photosynthesis of three species seedlings. Growing densities and cavity volumes had a significant interaction effect on photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll contents except stomatal conductance of Q. serrata. In all three species, however, interactions between the two factors of container type were not found with regard to photochemical efficiency. Growing density was negatively correlated with photosynthetic rate of F rhynchophylla and Q. serrata, while cavity volumes positively affected on those of three species seedlings. The range of optimal container types was determined by multiple regression analysis based on photosynthetic rate. Consequently, optimal growing density and cavity volume of container by each tree species were found to be approximately $160{\sim}210\;seedlings/m^2$ and $430{\sim}460cm^3/cavity$ for Z. serrata, $130{\sim}150\;seedlings/m^2$ and $390{\sim}440cm^3/cavity$ for F. rhynchophylla and $130{\sim}170\;seedlings/m2$ and $420{\sim}460cm^3/cavity$ for Q. serrata, respectively. Application of adequate container will induce higher quality seedling production in nursery stage, which will also increase seedling growth in plantation stage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 1977

Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) is one of main timber species in Korea that could find much plantation and growing stands on all over the country. It is thought to be in meaningful that a guiding diagram for density control of Japanese larch stands is made to estimate easily the density conditions in the quantitaive, ecological and economic viewpoint. Sample plots for this study are selected from the stands that have not been thinned in recent years, and mean height, mean diameter, dominant height, tree numbers per hectare and stem volume of mean tree are calculated from the each sample plots among total 165 plots In this study, especially, the theory of slenderness of mean tree are applied, that have been identified through the results of the spacing trial. Relative growth characteristics of this species are calculated from the general logistic curve and its formula is $Y=ax^b$. Relatwion between the measured items are found out as follows: 1. Relation between the mean height and tree numbers per hectare by slender class is showing the high correlation as table 1 and fig. 2, and between mean diameter and tree numbers per hectare is also high correlation as table 1 and fig 3. 2. The stem volume can be correctly estimated from height in case that slender class may be known, as showing in table 3 and fig. 4. 3. The stem volume can be more correctly estimated from the relation with $D^2H$ as formula, $Log_e\;V=0.9569\;Log_eD^2H-9.8431$, and relation between stem volume of single tree or volume per hectare and tree numbers per hectare are as following formulas: $Log_e$ stem volume=9.5026-1.6800 $Log_e$ tree numbers per hectare $Log_e$ stem volume per hectare=9.4911-0.6784 $Log_e$ tree numbers per hectare. Stem volume of mean tree, tree numbers per hectare and stem volume per hectare correspond to the mean tree height are calculated to slender class as table 5, 6, 7. Through the above steps, the diagram for density control of Japanese larch are produced as fig. 9. It is thought that this diagram could be applied to control the density of Japanese larch stands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.259-272
• /
• 2023

This study set up 49 survey areas with an area of about 400 square meters in Abies koreana natural habitat to identify the species composition and vegetation structure of the A. koreana forest in the Mt. Jiri Nation Park, conducted field surveys using phytosociological methods, and performed the cluster analysis using the Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and Table manipulation. Subsequently, species composition analysis using the importance value, species diversity analysis, DBH analysis, sapling analysis, and similarity analysis was conducted by each cluster type. The cluster analysis classified the A. koreana forest in Mt. Jiri into five clusters, A, B, C, D, and E. The forest was divided into two clusters, Magnolia sieboldii-Dryopteris crassirhizoma-Sasa borealis and Betula ermanii-Solidago virgaurea-Calamagrostis arundinacea. The former was classified as type A and B by Cornus controversa-Hydrangea macrophylla, and the latter was classified as type E, a typical community, and a Sorbus commixta-Rhododendron mucronulatum cluster. And the S. commixta-R. mucronulatum cluster was divided into C type and D type by Picea jezoensis-Ligularia fischeri and Ainsliaea acerifolia. Through vegetation analysis, the importance value of A. koreana, Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Fraxinus sieboldiana, and B. ermanii was highly expressed in the A. koreana forest in Mt. Jiri. Regarding species diversity, the results were similar to those reported in other studies of A. koreana forests in Mt. Jiri. The analysis of diameter at breast height (DBH) showed that A. koreana dominated all layers, and the growth of saplings was also good, indicating that the dominance of A. koreana is expected to continue for a while. However, when considering the value of biodiversity that is expected to increase and threats caused by climate change, systematic preservation and management are required to respond to various threats based on continuous monitoring.