• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 2008

This research aims to produce basic data for developing habitat suitability models on the breeding sites of Oriental White Storks(Ciconia boyciana) which will be reintroduced to the wild in the future. The habitat characteristics of ten historical nesting sites of the Oriental White Storks at Gyeonggi and Chungcheong provinces in South Korea were analyzed with 1970's land use maps and Landsat MSS. The range of altitude on nesting sites was 40~116.38m. The mean distance from nesting sites to rice fields, to 30m wider river, and to reservoirs was $54.8{\pm}84.48m$, $869.8{\pm}708.01m$, and $1721.2{\pm}906.05m$ respectively. Historical nesting sites were located close to human settlements, and the mean distance of nesting sites to human settlements was $144.1{\pm}182.97m$. The land types within 5km radius from ten historical nesting sites consisted of 53.7% forest, 28.3% rice fields, 16.7% grasslands, 0.8% water bodies, and 0.6% human settlements. The composition of four land types(forest, rice fields, grasslands, and human settlements) was significantly differed between 93 random points and 10 historical nesting sites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information and investigate a vegetation structure around Tohamsan (Mt.) Wetland. Actual vegetation map was made on the basis of watershed around that. Vegetation structure survey was carried out for 8 representative communities of actual vegetation which were Pinus densifrora community, Quercus variabilis community, Cornus controversa community, Q. serrata community, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata community, Salix koreensis community, Q. mongolica community, Q. variabilis-Q. mongolica-Q. serrata community. Tohamsan (Mt.) Wetland is located on 490m above sea level and the area of watershed was $236,272m^2$. Vegetation type were divided into 16 types, and the ratio of Q. mongolica community was 33.1% ($78,209.2m^2$). In order to turn out the structure of 8 representative communties, 32 plots were set up and unit area of plot was $100m^2$. The estimated age of forest is 30~50-years-old, and in the resutls of soil analysis, acidity was pH 4.89 and organic matter was 4.46%.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.609-621
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hydrological impact due to temporal land cover change by gradual urbanization of upstream watershed of Pyeongtaek gauging station of Anseong -cheon. WMS HEC-1 was adopted, and DEM with 200$\times$200m resolution and hydrologic soil group from 1:50,000 soil map were prepared. Land covers of 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1999 Landsat TM images were classified by maximum likelihood method. The watershed showed a trend that forest ＆ paddy areas decreased and urban/residential area gradually increased for the period of 14 years. The model was calibrated at 2 locations (Pyeongtaek and Gongdo) by comparing observed with simulated discharge results for 5 summer storm events from 1998 to 2001. The watershed average CN values varied from 61.7 to 62.3 for the 4 selected years. To identify the impact of streamflow by temporal area change of a target land use, a simple evaluation method that the CN values of areas except the target land use are unified as one representative CN value was suggested. By applying the method, watershed average CN value was affected in the order of paddy, forest and urban/residential, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1984

The Yangsan Forest Management Station (YFMS) of Korean German Forest Management Project (KGFMP), working with the 6 legal villages of Uljugun, Kyongnam, led the forest owners in the area to organize the Forest Management Cooperative (FMC) voluntairily for improvement of private forest management and fostered it as a model from May 1975 to Apr. 1984. YFMS sent out FMC a forest manager as a forestry expert carrying out the leading extension program at the equal position with forest owners and gave FMC financial, administrative and technical assitances. During the 6 years from 1977 to 1982, 4 FMC were founded and are being operated democratically. 228 forest owners have taken the membership of their own free will and the forestland of the members covers 2,567 ha equivalent to 57% of the total private forest in the area. During the period the total area of the planting and tending is 4,185 ha, this means that a member executed 3.1 ha of forest operations per year in average, showing the high willingness on forest operations. In addition the joint works have resulted in the joint properties equivalent to 27 million Won and it will be an important foundation for operation of FMC which is a forest owners's cooperative organization for improvement of private forest management in this area. The total expenditure spent for the fostering of FMC amounted to 497,587 thousand Won and 58% of them were charged from KGFMP funds, 27% from the forest owners and 15% from public funds. The expenditure for investment was 273,104 thousand Won and 59% of the sum were appropriated as subsidies at the national level. The forest owners charged 43% of that and this means that each member invested approximately 100 thousand Won to his forestland per year in average. For the extension program 169,503 thousand Won were spent and it can be explained that 5,885 Won were spent per ha a year. The organization of FMC operated autonomously in a democratic way and the horizontal and leading extension system, which aspects the human rights, were very much effective in fostering the cooperative organization of forest owners for improvement of private forest management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.601-609
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• 2021

The fructification characteristics, fruit quality, and yield of the 'Hwangsil' jujube tree were analyzed at various stages of growth age (3-8 years old) to obtain basic data for developing high-quality jujube production technology. The average height, crown area, stem diameter near the root, stem clear length, the number of the main branches, and the distance between any two main branches were 230.8 cm (224.4~247.2 cm), 3.0 m² (2.1~3.8m²), 4.8 cm (2.4~6.2 cm), 69.1 cm (46.6~78.0 cm), 12.9 (8.6~19.6), and 8.1 cm (7.4~9.0 cm), respectively. Tree age was positively correlated with the crown area, stem diameter near the root, but stem clear length negatively correlated with the number of main branches. The average number of fruits per mother bearing shoot and tree was 20.0 (14.3~26.3) and 302.8 (257.3~373.5), respectively. There was no correlation between tree age and fructification characteristics, such as the number of fruit-bearing mother shoots per the main branch, the number of fruit-bearing shoots per fruit-bearing mother shoot, and the number of fruits per fruit-bearing shoot. Since the shape of the jujube tree is constantly managed based onthe growing area and type of greenhouse where the tree grown. The average fruit weight, fruit hardness, and soluble solid content were 24.2 g (22.4~26.8 g), 28.4 N (27.3~30.0 N), and 19.0% (17.1~19.8%), respectively, with no correlation between the tree age and fruit quality. The average yield was 7.4 kg per tree (5.7~9.1 kg), with significantly high quantities were produced in six and seven years old trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 1972

1. Objective of the Study The objective of the study was to make fundamental suggestions for drawing a forest insurance system applicable in Korea by investigating forest insurance systems undertaken in foreign countries, analyzing the forest hazards occurred in entire forests of Korea in the past, and hearing the opinions of people engaged in forestry. 2. Methods of the Study First, reference studies on insurance at large as well as on forest insurance were intensively made to draw the characteristics of forest insurance practiced in main forestry countries, Second, the investigations of forest hazards in Korea for the past ten years were made with the help of the Office of Forestry. Third, the questionnaires concerning forest insurance were prepared and delivered at random to 533 personnel who are working at different administrative offices of forestry, forest stations, forest cooperatives, colleges and universities, research institutes, and fire insurance companies. Fourth, fifty three representative forest owners in the area of three forest types (coniferous, hardwood, and mixed forest), a representative region in Kyonggi Province out of fourteen collective forest development programs in Korea, were directly interviewed with the writer. 3. Results of the Study The rate of response to the questionnaire was 74.40% as shown in the table 3, and the results of the questionaire were as follows: (% in the parenthes shows the rates of response; shortages in amount to 100% were due to the facts of excluding the rates of response of minor respondents). 1) Necessity of forest insurance The respondents expressed their opinions that forest insurance must be undertaken to assure forest financing (5.65%); for receiving the reimbursement of replanting costs in case of damages done (35.87%); and to protect silvicultural investments (46.74%). 2) Law of forest insurance Few respondents showed their views in favor of applying the general insurance regulations to forest insurance practice (9.35%), but the majority of respondents were in favor of passing a special forest insurance law in the light of forest characteristics (88.26%). 3) Sorts of institutes to undertake forest insurance A few respondents believed that insurance companies at large could take care of forest insurance (17.42%); forest owner's mutual associations would manage the forest insurance more effectively (23.53%); but the more than half of the respondents were in favor of establishing public or national forest insurance institutes (56.18%). 4) Kinds of risks to be undertaken in forest insurance It would be desirable that the risks to be undertaken in forest insurance be limited: To forest fire hazards only (23.38%); to forest fire hazards plus damages made by weather (14.32%); to forest fire hazards, weather damages, and insect damages (60.68%). 5) Objectives to be insured It was responded that the objectives to be included in forest insurance should be limited: (1) To artificial coniferous forest only (13.47%); (2) to both coniferous and broad-leaved artificial forests (23.74%); (3) but the more than half of the respondents showed their desire that all the forests regardless of species and the methods of establishment should be insured (61.64%). 6) Range of risks in age of trees to be included in forest insurance The opinions of the respondents showed that it might be enough to insure the trees less than ten years of age (15.23%); but it would be more desirous of taking up forest trees under twenty years of age (32.95%); nevertheless, a large number of respondents were in favor of underwriting all the forest trees less than fourty years of age (46.37%). 7) Term of a forest insurance contract Quite a few respondents favored a contract made on one year basis (31.74%), but the more than half of the respondents favored the contract made on five year bases (58.68%). 8) Limitation in a forest insurance contract The respondents indicated that it would be desirable in a forest insurance contract to exclude forests less than five hectars (20.78%), but more than half of the respondents expressed their opinions that forests above a minimum volume or number of trees per unit area should be included in a forest insurance contract regardless of the area of forest lands (63.77%). 9) Methods of contract Some responded that it would be good to let the forest owners choose their forests in making a forest insurance contract (32.13%); others inclined to think that it would be desirable to include all the forests that owners hold whenerver they decide to make a forest insurance contract (33.48%); the rest responded in favor of forcing the owners to buy insurance policy if they own the forests that were established with subsidy or own highly vauable growing stock (31.92%) 10) Rate of premium The responses were divided into three categories: (1) The rate of primium is to be decided according to the regional degree of risks(27.72%); (2) to be decided by taking consideration both regional degree of risks and insurable values(31.59%); (3) and to be decided according to the rate of risks for the entire country and the insurable values (39.55%). 11) Payment of Premium Although a few respondents wished to make a payment of premium at once for a short term forest insurance contract, and an annual payment for a long term contract (13.80%); the majority of the respondents wished to pay the premium annually regardless of the term of contract, by employing a high rate of premium on a short term contract, but a low rate on a long term contract (83.71%). 12) Institutes in charge of forest insurance business A few respondents showed their desire that forest insurance be taken care of at the government forest administrative offices (18.75%); others at insurance companies (35.76%); but the rest, the largest number of the respondents, favored forest associations in the county. They also wanted to pay a certain rate of premium to the forest associations that issue the insurance (44.22%). 13) Limitation on indemnity for damages done In limitation on indemnity for damages done, the respondents showed a quite different views. Some desired compesation to cover replanting costs when young stands suffered damages and to be paid at the rate of eighty percent to the losses received when matured timber stands suffered damages(29.70%); others desired to receive compensation of the actual total loss valued at present market prices (31.07%); but the rest responded in favor of compensation at the present value figured out by applying a certain rate of prolongation factors to the establishment costs(36.99%). 14) Raising of funds for forest insurance A few respondents hoped to raise the fund for forest insurance by setting aside certain amount of money from the indemnity paid (15.65%); others wished to raise the fund by levying new forest land taxes(33.79%); but the rest expressed their hope to raise the fund by reserving certain amount of money from the surplus money that was saved due to the non-risks (44.81%). 15) Causes of fires The main causes of forest fires 6gured out by the respondents experience turned out to be (1) an accidental fire, (2) cigarettes, (3) shifting cultivation. The reponses were coincided with the forest fire analysis made by the Office of Forestry. 16) Fire prevention The respondents suggested that the most important and practical three kinds of forest fire prevention measures would be (1) providing a fire-break, (2) keeping passers-by out during the drought seasons, (3) enlightenment through mass communication systems. 4. Suggestions The writer wishes to present some suggestions that seemed helpful in drawing up a forest insurance system by reviewing the findings in the questionaire analysis and the results of investigations on forest insurance undertaken in foreign countries. 1) A forest insurance system designed to compensate the loss figured out on the basis of replanting cost when young forest stands suffered damages, and to strengthen credit rating by relieving of risks of damages, must be put in practice as soon as possible with the enactment of a specifically drawn forest insurance law. And the committee of forest insurance should be organized to make a full study of forest insurance system. 2) Two kinds of forest insurance organizations furnishing forest insurance, publicly-owned insurance organizations and privately-owned, are desirable in order to handle forest risks properly. The privately-owned forest insurance organizations should take up forest fire insurance only, and the publicly-owned ought to write insurance for forest fires and insect damages. 3) The privately-owned organizations furnishing forest insurance are desired to take up all the forest stands older than twenty years; whereas, the publicly-owned should sell forest insurance on artificially planted stands younger than twenty years with emphasis on compensating replanting costs of forest stands when they suffer damages. 4) Small forest stands, less than one hectare holding volume or stocked at smaller than standard per unit area are not to be included in a forest insurance writing, and the minimum term of insuring should not be longer than one year in the privately-owned forest insurance organizations although insuring period could be extended more than one year; whereas, consecutive five year term of insurance periods should be set as a mimimum period of insuring forest in the publicly-owned forest insurance organizations. 5) The forest owners should be free in selecting their forests in insuring; whereas, forest owners of the stands that were established with subsidy should be required to insure their forests at publicly-owned forest insurance organizations. 6) Annual insurance premiums for both publicly-owned and privately-owned forest insurance organizations ought to be figured out in proportion to the amount of insurance in accordance with the degree of risks which are grouped into three categories on the basis of the rate of risks throughout the country. 7) Annual premium should be paid at the beginning of forest insurance contract, but reduction must be made if the insuring periods extend longer than a minimum period of forest insurance set by the law. 8) The compensation for damages, the reimbursement, should be figured out on the basis of the ratio between the amount of insurance and insurable value. In the publicly-owned forest insurance system, the standard amount of insurance should be set on the basis of establishment costs in order to prevent over-compensation. 9) Forest insurance business is to be taken care of at the window of insurance com pnies when forest owners buy the privately-owned forest insurance, but the business of writing the publicly-owned forest insurance should be done through the forest cooperatives and certain portions of the premium be reimbursed to the forest cooperatives. 10) Forest insurance funds ought to be reserved by levying a property tax on forest lands. 11) In order to prevent forest damages, the forest owners should be required to report forest hazards immediately to the forest insurance organizations and the latter should bear the responsibility of taking preventive measures.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.431-455
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• 2009

This study estimates the WTP for the plan of solving deforestation due to limestone mining and calculates that damage cost using contingent valuation method. As the results of analysing a dichotomous choice CV data, the yearly mean WTP per household for the plan is 5,045 won(95% confidence interval : 3,729~6,360 won) in single bounded CV model and is 4,361 won(95% confidence interval : 3,710~5,012 won) in double bounded CV model. The damage cost of deforestation due to limestone mining can be estimated as 55.3% of WTP for the plan which is assigned to restoring the deforestation area to the original or similar alternative state. The average yearly deforestation cost of 1 ha due to limestone mining is reached 20.90 million won(95% confidence interval : 16.53~25.27 million won). And the asset value of that 1 ha damage is 160.02 million won(95% confidence interval : 126.56~193.49 million won). The fact is found that the damage cost of deforestation using replacement cost method is likely to be underestimated. The total damage cost of deforestation because of limestone mining in 3 cities (Donghae, Samcheok, Yeongwol) is 204.0 billion won(95% confidence interval : 161.4~246.7 billion won) which is composed of 26.5% for Donghae, 28.9% for Samcheok, and 44.6% for Yeongwol according to the damage size of deforestation due to limestone mining in 3 cities.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2014

This quantitative research aims to examine the connectivity of forest networks in seven metropolitan cities of South Korea using a graph-theoretical approach. We first estimated an overall network connectivity at multi-scales (i.e., dispersal distances), ranging from 100 m to 20 km, and quantified the contribution of small forest patches (less than 10 ha) to the overall network connectivity by comparing networks according to the presence and absence of small ones. As a result, the cities were divided into two groups depending on the network connectivity; one group of cities with high connectivity such as Daegu, Daejeon, and Ulsan and the other group of cities with low connectivity including Gwangju, Busan, Seoul, and Incheon. The result showed that small forest patches, especially in the cities with low connectivity, played a key role as stepping stones that connect large forested patches, thereby contributing to maintaining connectivity. This study also suggests that large and well-connected forest areas may be the key factor to preserve the connectivity in the cities with high connectivity, while the cites with low connectivity are in need of some complementary strategies. Through the study, we suggest that the creation of new forest patches in the areas where a gap in connectivity presents is needed in order to improve connectivity; and that the conservation of the existing small forest patches is essential in order to maintain the current connectivity level.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure of the vegetation on the trail of Hallyeo Marine & Coastal National Park. Twenty six $10{\times}10m$ plots were established along the Jisimdo trail. The vascular plants were surveyed from March 2011 to October 2011. Camellia japonica was a major woody species in the study area, while Pinus thunbergii and Zanthoxylum ailanthoides were co-dominant tree species. There were positive correlations between Distylium racemosum and Ligustrum japonicum var. japonicum; Callicarpa japonica var. luxurians and Eurya japonical; Actinodaphne lancifolia and Cinnamomum japonicum; A. lancifolia and Machilus japonica. Positive correlations were found between A. lancifolia and P. thunbergii; Z. ailanthoides and C. japonicum. Species diversity (H') was ranged from 0.51907 to 1.0217, and was relatively low compared to those of same national parks. 10 populations of Milletia japonica which are rare and endemic species, were recorded from the list of rare and endemic species of the Ministry of Environment near by ammo dumps, this study recommend the long term habitat monitoring of the species.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_3
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• pp.1399-1414
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• 2018

Natural forests are un-manned forests where the artificial forces of people are not applied to the formation of forests. On the other hand, artificial forests are managed by people for their own purposes such as producing wood, preventing natural disasters, and protecting wind. The artificial forests enable us to enhance economical benefits of producing more wood per unit area because it is well-maintained with the purpose of the production of wood. The distinction surveys have been performed due to different management methods according to forests. The distinction survey between natural forests and artificial forests is traditionally performed via airborne remote sensing or in-situ surveys. In this study, we suggest a classification method of forest types using satellite imagery to reduce the time and cost of in-situ surveying. A classification map of natural forest and artificial forest were generated using KOMPSAT-3, 3A, 5 data by employing artificial neural network (ANN). And in order to validate the accuracy of classification, we utilized reference data from 1/5,000 stock map. As a result of the study on the classification of natural forest and plantation forest using artificial neural network, the overall accuracy of classification of learning result is 77.03% when compared with 1/5,000 stock map. It was confirmed that the acquisition time of the image and other factors such as needleleaf trees and broadleaf trees affect the distinction between artificial and natural forests using artificial neural networks.