• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.195-205
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• 2016

Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, causes serious economic losses worldwide in Brassicaceae crops. In 2011, this nematode was first found in highland vegetable cultivation areas in Korea, and thereafter spread to the surrounding healthy Chinese cabbage fields. However, little has been documented on the biological and ecological characteristics of the sugar beet nematode in highland vegetable cultivation areas. In this study the dispersal of the sugar beet cyst nematode was examined, focusing on spreading through soil and/or water infested with the nematode. When farmers with work boots trampled on Chinese cabbage fields for 10 minutes, the number of cysts recovered from the soil attached to the working differed depending on the research sites. Under irrigation conditions of 2, 4, and 8 liters of water per $m^2$, the amounts of soils attached on the bottom of the work boots and the number of healthy cysts in the soils increased significantly with the increase in soil moisture, although the total number of cysts, eggs, and juveniles did not increase significantly. After driving on the farm road adjacent to cabbage fields infested with the sugar beet cyst nematode, cysts were also recovered from the soil attached to the vehicle's tires, suggesting that the sugar beet cyst nematode can spread to new fields through soil carried by vehicles and by farmers. An excavator and a motor truck could deliver 41 kg and 224 g, respectively, of soil on the shovel shoes and the wheels to other locations during the Chinese cabbage harvest, suggesting that farming equipment and transportation vehicles may be vital means by which the cyst nematode spreads to non-infested fields in the highland area of Korea. Runoff water also contained cysts, whose amounts increased after water irrigation onto the ridges to simulate rainy conditions, with no significant difference in the number of cysts with increasing amounts of irrigation water. All of these results confirmed that the sugar beet cyst nematode spreads through soil attached to work boots, harvesting tools, and transportation vehicles, especially during the harvest time, and through runoff water on rainy days. These observations suggest that personal sanitization and cleaning of working tools and vehicles are one of the most important means to prevent the dispersal of the sugar beet cyst nematode in fields.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2017

Sugarbeet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) has recently been detected as a severe pest of Chinese cabbage fields in Korea. Two studies were performed to evaluate the effect of inoculation density of H. schachtii and plant age of Chinese cabbage on the final population of the nematodes. Chinese cabbage inoculated with high inoculation density (4 juveniles or eggs/g soil) showed significant differences in the number of cysts, females and eggs. The 40 day- old plants inoculated with high nematode densities yielded the highest nematode populations after 30 and 60 days of inoculation, compared with other plant age groups (0, 20, 30 day-old)used in the experiment. We, thus, summarize that, maximum nematode multiplication rates are made on comparatively older plants at the high nematode densities. Therefore, taking plant age into consideration at the transplanting of Chinese cabbage was recommended for the management of H. schachtii.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.389-403
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• 2016

Sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) was first detected in 2011, in Chinese cabbage grown in the highland areas of Korea. Chemical control of the nematode by nematicides is not feasible due to its cyst-forming characteristics; therefore, the cultivation of non-host crops is a preferable alternative to utilize nematode-infected fields. In this study, a total of 276 plant cultivars belonging to 18 different families were screened to evaluate their resistance to the nematode. Based on the number of cysts formed following nematode inoculation, the tested crops were classified into 3 levels: susceptible, moderately susceptible, and resistant/immune. Among the 276 cultivars tested, 106 cultivars were susceptible, 40 cultivars were moderately susceptible, and 130 cultivars were resistant/immune. Among the resistant/immune cultivars, cyst formation was not observed on eggplant, tomato, lettuce, perilla, carrot, celery, watermelon, oriental melon, cucumber, pumpkin, chives, onion, welsh onion, balloon flower roots, deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata), Jandae (Adenophora triphylla), and bean. Therefore, these plants are regarded as immune to the cyst nematode. However, many crops belonging to Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Poaceae families showed moderate susceptibility or immunity, depending on the crop or cultivar. This study provides a basis for alternative crop recommendations for sugar beet nematode cyst-infected farms in Chinese cabbage production areas.

• 가정의 벗
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• v.37 no.10 s.434
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• pp.12-13
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• 2004

파키스탄의 가람차쉬마를 방문했다. 그곳에서도 한국에서 온 낮선 이방인에게도 따뜻한 여성들을 만날 수 있었다. 여행객에게 순박하지만 끈질기게도 사진이나 볼펜, 사탕 등을 요구하기도 했다. 사탕을 주지 않았다고 돌을 던지는 아이들도 있으니 잘사는 나라에서 온 관광객들이 순수한 그들에게 괜한 물욕을 심어준건 아닌지 생각하게 된다

• 건강소식
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• v.30 no.9 s.334
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• pp.22-23
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• 2006

금연은 흡연이 일상의 즐거움이고 오랜 습관이었던 것을 바꾸는 과정이므로 금연하는 동안에는 당연히 담배를 대체할 것을 찾게 된다. 금연자들이 평소 거들떠보지도 않던 사탕이나 과자를 즐기는 것도 이 때문이다. 이때 잘못된 식사 습관은 비만을 가져올 수도 있으므로 주의가 필요하다. 기름진 음식은 피하고 채식 위주의 식사를 하며 커피 등 자극성 있는 음식은 피한다. 껌, 사탕, 땅콩, 과자류는 금물이며, 당분, 지방, 탄수화물 성분이 적은 간식을 준비한다.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop rapid methods for distinguishing between Heterodera schachtii and H. glycines detected from chinese cabbage fields of highland in Gangwon, Korea. To do this, we performed PCR-RFLP and PCR with the primers set developed in this study for GC147, GC408 and PM001 population, H. schachtii, and YS224, DA142 and BC115 population, H. glycines. Eight restriction enzymes generated RFLP profiles of mtDNA COI region for populations of H. schachtii and H. glycines, repectively. As a result, treatment of two restriction enzymes, RsaI and HinfI, were allowed to distinguish H. schachtii from H. glycines based on the differences of DNA band patterns. The primer set, #JBS1, #JBG1 and #JB3R, amplified specific fragments with 277 and 339 bp of H. schachtii, 339 bp of H. glycines, respectively, while it did not amplify fragments from three root-knot nematodes and two root-lesion nematodes. Thus, the primer set developed in this study could be a good method, which is used to distinguish between H. schachtii and H. glycines.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.58-71
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• 2013

This paper will study on the films of Chang-dong Lee, focused on , , .These films concentrate on the internal mind of hero and heroine who react actively to social reality around their environment. Also these films share another common thing which retain to strong emotional tie with spectator, based on the sympathy through the identification of hero. , < Peppermint Candy> represent to the mixture of realism and de-realism.. Specially shows the mixture of the realism and fantasy. This Quest for the films of Chang-dong Lee will include discussion of a critical attitude from realism, discussion of de-realism factors, and study of screen fantasy from the respective of psychoanalysis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2010

In order to interpret yield response of sugar beet to nitrogen fertilizer, and pig manure compost in saline-sodic soil of reclaimed tidal land, 4 kinds of response model, i.e., quadratic, exponential, square root, and linear response, and plateau model, are applied. The root fresh yield of sugar beet decreased exponentially with the increase of soil EC. The root fresh yield of sugar beet to nitrogen fertilizer was fitted best to the linear response, and plateau model among 4 yield response models with highly significant determination coefficient ($R^2=0.92^{**}$). The optimum N rate determined on the model was 138 kg N $ha^{-1}$. The root fresh yield of sugar beet to pig manure compost was fitted best to the quadratic model among 4 yield response models with highly significant determination coefficient ($R^2=0.99^{**}$). The maximum N rate determined on the model was 9.17 ton $ha^{-1}$. In conclusion, the proper model to interpret the yield of sugar beet in saline-sodic soil differs with the kinds of nutrient, linear response, and plateau model for fertilizer nitrogen, and quadratic model to pig manure compost.

• 가정의 벗
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• v.33 no.3 s.379
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• pp.6-6
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• 2000

• 베이커리
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• no.6 s.347
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• pp.78-79
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• 1997