• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5B
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• pp.393-403
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• 2011

This study theoretically reviewed the empirical G/R ratio by considering three regression and trend lines; the general linear regression curve, linear regression curve passing the origin, and the line passing the origin and the mass center of observed data. This review included the problem of choosing the independent variable and that of considering the zero measurements. This review result was also applied to the Typhoon Maemi in 2003 for their evaluation. Additionally, those regression and trend lines were compared using the RMSE between the corrected radar rainfall and observed rain gauge rainfall to select the most appropriate G/R ratio. Summarizing the results is as follows. First, the results of selecting the rain gauge rainfall as the independent variable were found better than the opposite case. Second, the effect of zero measurements varies depending on the structure of radar and rain gauge rainfall. Finally, the results from the comparison of three regression and trend lines shows that the slope of the regression line passing the origin with its independent variable of rain gauge rainfall would be used most appropriately for the G/R ratio, especially when the corrected radar rainfall is used for the flood analysis. The effect of zero measurements in this case was found not so significant.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2020

Mushrooms growing in the Wolchulsan National Park were surveyed from April to October 2018. As a result of this survey, 2 divisions, 9 classes, 24 orders, 71 families, 177 genera, and 407 species were found. Among them, 3 classes, 16 orders, 55 families, 150 genera, and 370 species belonged to Basidiomycota, while 6 classes, 8 orders, 16 families, 27 genera, and 37 species belonged to Ascomycota. The species richness was the highest in September at the altitudes between ~100 and 200 m. Among the investigated sites, the most diverse species occurred in the Gyeongpodae area. In this survey we found, Macrolepiota procera, Suillus bovinus, and Amanita pantherina, all of which have been known as climate-sensitive biological indicator species (CBIS). Based on the DNA sequence analyses, Craterellus parvogriseus was confirmed as a new record for Korea.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 2015

Long subsea tunnel to be built below the seabed, as compared to the general railway tunnel, is subject to many restrictions in terms of spatial limitation when vertical or inclined shafts are built for the purpose of ventilation and fire safety. So, the construction of some artificial island is required to provide ventilation. But, because of construction difficulty and cost increase, it is necessary to minimize the artificial island construction. The longer ventilation distance is, the more fresh air requirement is needed. When supply airflow becomes excessive, duct size is restricted by the limitations of structure clearance and fan pressure and power increase exponentially. Therefore, in order to build a long subsea tunnel, it is necessary to overcome these practical problems and to develop technical solution that can keep the comfortable condition of tunnel environment during construction. In this study, as on ventilation method development suitable for long subsea tunnel, through comparison of temporary ventilation capacity calculation methods during construction phase, domestic and abroad, the application of Swiss SIA 196 code is found suitable for long subsea tunnel. And, through experiment on leakage of the duct connector, we confirmed that the leakage ratio per 100 m of domestic duct connection type is between 1.5~3.0%. Based on S-class duct of SIA 196 code, ventilation distance is 10.2 km, So, ventilation distance can be longer if duct connection method is improved. So, we confirmed that the improvement of leakage ratio is key issue in the construction-phase ventilation of long subsea tunnel.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.529-545
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• 2012

Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses have been performed to study the behaviour of a single pile to open face tunnelling in stiff clay. Several key factors such as tunnelling-induced ground and pile settlement, and shear transfer mechanism have been studied in detail. Tunnelling resulted in the development of pile settlement larger than the Greenfield soil surface settlement. In addition, due to changes in the shear transfer between the pile and the soil next to the pile with tunnel advancement, axial force distributions along the pile change drastically. The apparent allowable pile capacity was reduced up to about 30% due to the development of tunnelling-induced pile head settlement. The skin friction on the pile was increased with tunnel advancement associated with the changes of soil stresses and ground deformation and hence axial pile force distribution was reduced. Maximum tunnelling-induced tensile force on the pile was about 21% of the designed pile capacity. The zone of influence on the pile behaviour in the longitudinal direction may be identified as ${\pm}1$-2D (D: tunnel diameter) from the pile centre (behind and ahead of the pile axis in the longitudinal direction) based on the analysis conditions assumed in the current study. Negative excess pore pressure was mobilised near the pile tip, while positive excess pore pressure was computed at the upper part of the pile. It has been found that the serviceability of a pile experiencing adjacent tunnelling is more affected by pile settlement than axial pile force changes.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.405-414
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• 2015

Purpose: We analyse characteristics of optical shop customer's segmented market by using clustering analysis, and we expect it would be a useful indicator of marketing strategy for optical shops. Methods: Survey was conducted from March 10 to March 31, 2015. The survey asked customers who have visited optical shops in Seoul and Northern Gyeonggi-do regions, and analyzed by utilizing SPSS v.10.0 statistical package program. The analysing methods are frequency analysis, factor analysis about variable of values, clustering analysis for market segmentation, and crosstabs. Results: The market is segmented based on values. In the process of establishing marketing strategy, it is useful to establish strategy by classifying customers into 3 types of cluster; "middle level value oriented cluster", "high level value oriented cluster", "high level value oriented and non-religious cluster". In marketing strategy of progressive lenses, it turned out that the most important strategy is to target self-employed person in "middle level value oriented cluster". Conclusions: As a result of market segmentation by using clustering analysis, it was classified into 3 types of cluster, and we found that most important customer for progressive lenses is self-employed person in "middle level value oriented cluster" who is more than 41 years old.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.829-844
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• 2013

This study performed comprehensive tests on the four hypotheses on the capital structures for the firms listed in the KOSPI during the period from 2006 to 2011. It may be of concern to find any financial profiles on firms' leverage across the book- and market-value bases since there was relatively little attention drawn to any financial changing profile of the leverage surrounding the period of the pre-and the post-global financial crises. The findings of this study may also be compared with those of the previous related literature, by which it may be expected to enhance the robustness and consistency of the results across the different classifications on capital markets. It was found that three explanatory variables such as PFT, SIZE, and RISK, were found to be the statistically significant attributes on leverage during the tested period. Moreover, the outcome by the Fisher Exact test showed that a firm belonging to each corresponding industry may possess its reversion tendency towards the industry mean and median leverage ratios.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.58-70
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• 1988

대기오염이 건강에 미치는 영향의 유무를 알아보고 그 영향의 정도를 반영해 줄 수 있는 지표의 개발을 목적으로 우리나라 전역을 서울, 대도시, 중소도시, 농어촌 등 4개 지역으로 구분하고 의료보험대상자 3,922,027명에 대한 호흡기질환 외래수진률을 지역별로 비교해 보았다. 조사대상 질환군으로서는 다음 7가지의 호흡기질환을 채택하기로 하였다. 1) 결핵성 질환 2) 호흡기 및 흉곽내장기의 악성신생물 3) 급성호흡기 감염 4) 폐염 및 인플루엔자 5) 만성폐색성 폐질환 및 유사증 6) 진폐증 및 외인성의 기타 폐질환 7) 상기도의 기타질환 상기 질환으로 인한 외래수진에 관한 정보는 1983년 1월 1일 부터 12월 31일 사이에 제출된 보험의료비 청구서에 나타난 자료를 이용하여 수집하였으며, 그 분석을 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 지역별 연간종합외래수진률을 비교해 본 결과 농촌지역에서 가장 낮은 수준을 나타내고 있는 질환은 조사대상 7개 호흡기질환군중 다음 4개 질환군이 해당되고 있다. (1) 결핵질환 (2) 호흡기 및 흉곽내장기의 악성 신생물 (3) 상기도의 기타질환 (4) 진폐증 및 외인성의 기타 폐질환 한편 이 종합외래수진률이 가장 높은 지역은 대도시 지역으로서 5가지 호흡기질환군의 수진률이 다른 지역에 비해 훨씬 높게 나타나 있다. 이와같은 결과는 의료보험환자들의 "외래수진률"을 이용하여 대기오염과 건강과의 관련도를 측정할 수 있는 "대기오염 - 건강" 지표의 개발이 가능할 것임을 뒷받침해 주고 있다. 그러나 가장 오염도가 높다고 예상되는 서울지역에서의 외래수진율이 대도시 지역보다 높지 않다는 것은 오염도와 외래수진률과의 관계에서 일관성있는 결과를 보여주지 못하고 있음을 뜻하는데 과거의 자료로서는 외래수진률만 가지고 대기오염과 건강과의 관계를 표시해주는 지표로 삼기에는 미흡함을 알 수 있다. 2) 월별 외래수진률의 경향을 보면 거의 모든 호흡기질환군에서 계절적인 특이성을 나타내지 못하고 있다. 단 이 경우도 농촌지역이 연중 계속 최하위를 유지하고 있는 질환군이 7개 대상질환군 중에 4개군에 달하고 있다. 3) 보험환자들의 "외래수진률"은 아직은 미흡한 점이 있으나 앞으로 "대기오염 - 건강" 지표로서 개발 활용할 가치는 있다고 볼 수 있으며 서울, 대도시, 중소도시, 농어촌 등 4개 지역에 대한 월별 외래 수진률을 다음 4가지 질환군에 대하여 계속 관측하여 그 경향을 분석할 것을 권장한다. (1) 호흡기 및 흉곽내장기의 악성 신생물 (ICD. 160-165) (2) 급성호흡기 감영 (ICD. 460-466) (3) 폐염 및 인플루엔자 (ICD. 480-487) (4) 만성폐색성 폐질환 및 유사증 (ICD. 490-496) 4) 외래수진률은 진료방식 즉, 투약기간의 장단등으로 인한 통원 (通院) 빈도 차이의 영향을 받게 되므로 지역별 병 $\cdot$ 의원의 보험환자 진료방식에 대한 비교검토가 요구된다.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.421-431
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• 2008

Recently XML is becoming a de facto standard for online data exchange between heterogeneous systems and also the research of streaming XML data filtering comes into the spotlight. Since streaming XML data filtering technique needs rapid matching of queries with XML data, it is required that the query processing should be efficiently performed. Until now, most of researches focused only on partial sharing of path expressions or efficient predicate processing and they were work for time and space efficiency. However, if containment relationship between queries is previously calculated and the lowest level query is matched with XML data, we can easily get a result that high level queries can match with the XML data without any other processing. That is, using this containment technique can be another optimal solution for streaming XML data filtering. In this paper, we suggest an efficient XML data filtering based on prime number indexing and containment relationship between queries. Through some experimental results, we present that our suggested method has a better performance than the existing method. All experiments have shown that our method has a more than two times better performance even though each experiment has its own distinct test purpose.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.569-579
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to test the mediation effects of adolescents' ego-resilience on the relation between neglect, abuse and life satisfaction. The 6-year longitudinal data from the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) were collected from 1st grade middle school students. The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling and Sobel testing.The results of this study were as follows. First, the results revealed that the path from neglect and abuse to life satisfaction was partially mediated by family relations. The relations between trauma(neglect) and ego-resilience are negative(${\beta}=-.258$, p<.001). The relations between ego-resilience and life satisfaction are positive(${\beta}=.843$, p<.001). Second, the verification of the mediation effect of ego-resilience showed that ego-resilience was a full mediator between trauma(neglect) and life satisfaction for 1st grade middle school students(Z=-.169, t(CR)=-.012 (p<.05). Based on these results, the practical implications were discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.303-308
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• 2000

용언은 그 어간이 여러 문법소와 결합하면서 자동적 음운 변동을 제외한 형태 변동이 있는가, 없는가에 의해 규칙 용언/불규칙 용언으로 구분할 수 있다. 이러한 불규칙 용언은 심성 어휘집에 어떤 형태로 저장되어 있으며, 규칙 용언과는 어떠한 관계가 있는지, 나아가 실어증 환자의 경우에는 정상인에 비해 어떤 행동장애를 보이며, 장애가 있다면 어느 경로의 손상으로 인한 장애인지를 알아보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 이해성 실어증 환자 한 명과 음어적 실행증 현상을 동반한 경미한 정도의 실어증 환자를 피험자로 하였다. 실험 과제는 단어 채워 넣기 과제(word completion task)를 사용하였다. 즉 주어진 기본형 용언을 검사 문장의 문맥에 맞게 활용하여 채워 넣는 것이다. 실험 결과에 의하면 환자들은 규칙용언의 활용(예. 먹다/먹는)과 불규칙 용언 중 형태를 유지한 채로 활용하는 경우(예. 줍다/줍고)에는 거의 오류가 없었으나, 불규칙 용언이 형태 변화를 겪어야 할 경우(예. 줍다/주워)에는 대부분 오류를 보였다. 또 이때는 기본형(basic form)을 그대로 유지하는 오류 방향성을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 그간 문법으로 구분되어 오던 규칙 용언/불규칙 용언의 정보 처리보다는 형태 유지/형태 변화 정보 처리의 영향이 크다는 것을 알 수 있다. 특히 이해성 실어증 환자는 전체적인 오류율이 매우 높았는데, 규칙 용언의 경우에도 오류를 보였다. 이때, 용언의 어간에 해당하는 부분에는 오류가 없고, 뒤에 따르는 내용과의 관계를 파악해야 하는 문법 기능소, 즉 연결 어미에서 오류를 보여 정보의 유지, 통합에 문제가 있다는 기존의 연구와도 일치하는 결과를 나타냈다.환자는 시제 선어말 어미를 선택하는데도 어려움을 보임이 확인되었다. 실험 3 역시 실험 1과 실험2에서와 동일하게 처리의 어려움을 보였다. 이러한 실험 결과들은 국어의 존칭과 시제 선어말 어미가 통사부에서 구(XP)와 결합하여 새로운 구를 형성하는 통사적 접사로 해석할 수 있으며 Grodzinsky의 가설을 지지하는 결과를 보여 줌으로서 국어에서도 AgrP, TP, CP 사이의 통사적 위계가 있음을 뒷받침하는 증거가 된다.전처리한 Group 3에서는 IL-2와 IL-4의 수준이 유의성있게 억제되어 발현되었다 (p < 0.05). 이러한 결과를 통하여 T. denticola에서 추출된 면역억제 단백질이 Th1과 Th2의 cytokine 분비 기능을 억제하는 것으로 확인 되었으며 이 기전이 감염 근관에서 발견되는 T. denticola의 치수 및 치근단 질환에 대한 병인기전과 관련이 있는 것으로 사료된다.을 보였다. 본 실험 결과, $Depulpin^{\circledR}은{\;}Tempcanal^{\circledR}와{\;}Vitapex^{\circledR}$에 비해 높은 세포 독성을 보여주공 있으나, 좀 더 많은 임상적 검증이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 추론할 수 있다.근관벽을 처리하는 것이 필요하다고 사료된다.크기에 의존하며, 또한 이러한 영향은 $(Ti_{1-x}AI_{x})N$ 피막에 존재하는 AI의 함량이 높고, 초기에 증착된 막의 업자 크기가 작을 수록 클 것으로 여겨진다. 그리고 환경의 의미의 차이에 따라 경관의 미학적 평가가 달라진 것으로 나타났다.corner$적 의도에 의한 경관구성의 일면을 확인