• Title/Summary/Keyword: 사료비

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학술자료 III: 국내에서 한(생)약제의 현황과 그 적용을 통한 가축질병방지체제 연구동향

  • Ryu, Il-Seon
    • Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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    • v.46 no.12
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    • pp.1106-1117
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    • 2010
  • 과거 한국의 식품 오염원 중 법적인 규제 등을 통해 구체적인 통제가 이루어지지 못하고 있는 것이 축산물의 항생제로 알려져 항생제 오 남용으로 인한 내성균의 출현으로 비상이 걸렸던 적이 있었다. 요즘은 항생제를 지나치게 많이 사용해 가축이나 인체 내의 병원성 미생물들이 내성이 생겨 문제가 되고 있어 2011년 7월부터 가축용 사료에 항생제 첨가가 금지하게 된다. 한국은 항생제 내성률 1위로, 2000년 세계보건기구(WHO)에 따르면 대표적 항생제인 페니실린에 대한 폐렴구균의 내성률이 70%로 세계 1위이다. 어느 보고서에 따르면, 축산물 1톤을 생산하는 데 사용되는 항생제가 스웨덴이나 뉴질랜드, 덴마크 등 축산 선진국이 31~44g에 불과한데 비해 한국은 911g에 이른다. 투여 경로는 배합사료에 포함된 양이 54%, 농가의 임의 치료가 40%, 수의사 처방은 겨우 6% 순으로 나타났다. 그러나 OECD 회원국 중 수의사 처방 없이 항생제의 임의 투여를 허용하고 있는 나라는 한국뿐이다. 세계보건기구(WHO)에서는 가축사료에 항생제를 첨가하지 말 것을 권장하고 있으며, 유럽연합(EU)도 항생제는 반드시 수의사의 처방에 의해서만 사용토록 제한하고 있다. 최근 국립수의과학검역원에 의하면, 축산용 항생제 사용량이 2008년에 비해 18%, 2001년에 l해 무려 38%가 감소되었으며, 이중 닭은 20%, 소의 항생제 사용량은 36%가 감소하였다고 밝혔다. 사육 가축들의 항생제 오남용을 줄이기 위해서는 사료에 첨가하는 항생제나 성장호르몬, 비소 투여 등의 투여 대신에 미생물 생균사료나 녹차사료, 한약재사료 등의 천연면역물질을 함유한 사료를 먹여 스트레스를 덜 받고 면역력 증강에 좋은 사료를 먹여 키운 건강한 가축으로 생산한 육류는 맛도 특별히 좋다. 본 자료의 대부분은 금년부터 3년간 농촌진흥청 국립축산과학원과 중국청도농업대학과 "고품질 축산물생산을 위한 중약제를 이용한 질병방지체제 연구"라는 과제로 공동협력연구를 수행하게 됨에 따라 지난 11월 4일부터 10일까지 필자가 중국 청도농업대학을 방문하여 세미나시 발표한 자료임을 밝혀두며, 국내 수의학 연구에도 도움이 되고 저 소개한다.

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Effect of Dietary Energy, Protein on Growth and Blood Composition of Cross Bred Chicks (유색육용계의 성장과 혈액성상에 사료단백질 및 에너지가 미치는 영향)

  • Jeong, Y.D.;Ryu, K.S.
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.291-302
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    • 2008
  • To acquire essentially necessary basic data to establish feeding system by verifying appropriate dietary energy and protein level for the growth of commercial slow growing broiler chicks within the country, two experiments were conducted for 5 weeks. One day old, 1,404 male and female broiler chicks were used for the experiments, and 26 chicks were placed at each pen. The energy level of feed was maintained about 3,000 or 3,100 kg/kcal for whole breeding period of 5 weeks, and protein content was adjusted about 20, 21, and 22% during the first two weeks and the content was adjusted to 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22% from the 3 to 5 weeks old of the experiment. The categories of body weight and feed intake amount were monitored to calculate the productivity and blood sampling was conducted for the analysis at the end of each experiment. Experiment 1:Although the productivity by the ME content difference during $0{\sim}2$ weeks did not have significant difference and the body weight increase by the difference of CP content and feed intake amount did not have much difference, the feed requirement rate was statistically improved in CP 21 and 22% treatment groups compared to the CP 20% group (P<0.05). The feed ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group during $3{\sim}5$ weeks after starting the experiment revealed to show improved feed requirement rate (P<0.05). Within the period of experiment, the CP 22% treated group resulted to show significant body weight increase compared to the groups treated with low levels of CP (P<0.05) and the feed requirement rate was improved in high CP treated group compared to low CP treated groups, but the feed intake amount did not show significant difference between treated groups. During the experiment period, the body weight increase and feed requirement rate revealed to interact between ME and CP (P<0.05). During the whole experiment period of the 5 weeks, the feed requirement rate was improved in ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group than the groups treated with ME 3,000 kcal/kg, and the CP (20) 18% treatment groups resulted to show higher values than other treatment groups (P<0.05). Body weight increase was high in CP (22) 22% treated groups than those of CP (21) 21% and (20) 18% treated groups, and the interaction between ME and CP was found at body weight increase and feed requirement rate (P<0.05). Although blood albumin and total cholesterol levels were elevated in ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group than ME 3,000 kcal/kg treated group, but neutral fat content was reduced (P<0.05). On the other hand, the total cholesterol content was increased in CP (22) 21% treated group than CP (22) 20% and CP (20) 18% treated groups (P<0.05). Experiment 2: The body weight increase in 0-2 weeks was higher in ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group than ME 3,000 kcal/kg treated group, and it was highly improved in CP 22% treated group than CP 20% treated group by showing the interaction between CP and ME (P<0.05). The significant improvement of feed requirement rate was observed in CP 21% and 22% treated groups compared to CP 20% treated group (P<0.05). The productivity between the growth period from 3 to 5 weeks of age and whole growth period resulted to show no significant difference. Although no difference was observed in blood composition between treated groups, the interaction of ME and CP on cholesterol content was accepted at the range of P<0.05). Therefore, it is considered that the appropriate dietary protein level within feed for the physiology of growing broiler chicks was 22% or more for the first two weeks and protein level of 21% or 20% from 3 to 5 weeks old for the maximization of productivity. Even if the energy level within feed had some partial effects on the productivity, but did not show consistency. So, further experiments needto be conducted by differentiating the energy level.

Effects of Feeding Rate on Growth and Body Composition of Adult Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus During the Summer Season (사료급이율이 여름철에 사육된 넙치 성어의 성장 및 체조성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Kyoung-Duck;Kang, Yong-Jin;LeeMoon, Jong-Yun;Kim, Kang-Woong;Lee, Hae-Young;Jang, Mi-Soon;Choi, Se-Min;Nam, Myung-Mo;Lee, Sang-Min
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.1-4
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    • 2009
  • A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rate on growth and body composition of adult flounder during the summer season. Three replicated groups of the fish (initial mean weight of $535{\pm}4.1\;g$) were hand-fed a extruded diet twice a day at the different feeding rates of satiation (100%), 90%, 80% and 70% of satiation for 10 weeks. Mean Water temperature was $19.2{\pm}2.8^{\circ}C$ during the feeding trial. Weight gain and condition factor increased significantly with increase in daily feeding rate (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in weight gain of fish fed the diet between 100% and 90% of satiation. Survival and feed efficiency were not significantly different among all groups. Proximate composition of dorsal muscle was not significantly affected by feeding rate. Based on the results of this study, optimum feeding rate for growth and condition factor of adult flounder (535-928 g) seemed to be 90% of satiation.

Essentiality of Dietary Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Korean Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (조피볼락(Sebastes schlegeli) 사료의 EPA 및 DHA 필수성)

  • LEE Sang-Min;LEE Jong Yun;HUR Sung Bum
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.27 no.6
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    • pp.712-726
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    • 1994
  • Feeding trials were conducted to determine the essentiality of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and to compare the efficiency between EPA and DHA for juvenile Korean rockfish. Fish averaging 2.1 g were fed experimental diets containing different levels of EPA or DHA, and different combinations of EPA and DHA in two separate experiments. Graded levels ($0.0{\sim}l.75\%$) of dietary EPA or DHA as ethyl esters were substituted for a part of the $8\%$ beef tallow in the basal diet. After 5 weeks of the experimental period, weight gain, chemical composition of whole body, protein and lipid retention efficiency, hepatosomatic index, and fatty acid composition of liver were measured. Daily growth rate and feed efficiency were the lowest in fish fed the diets without EPA arid DHA. These responses were effectively improved by increasing EPA or DHA in the diets up to $1.0\%$ levels, and then reached a plateau between 1.0 and $1.75\%$ levels of either EPA or DHA. Protein and lipid retention efficiency were also improved with the high levels of dietary EPA or DHA. DHA was superior to EPA at the same level of each in weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein and lipid retention efficiency. Hepatosomatic index tended to decrease with increase of the dietary EPA or DHA levels. Lipid contents of whole body were increased with levels of EPA or DHA in the diets. Dietary EPA and/or DHA levels affected directly the fatty acid composition of liver polar lipid. EPA or DHA in the liver polar lipid were increased with levels of dietary EPA or DHA, respectively, whereas those in nonpolar lipid were not affected by the dietary levels of EPA and/or DHA. These finding indicate that either of the EPA or DHA is essential for normal growth of Korean rockfish, and the essential fatty acid requirement is $1.0\%$ of EPA and/or DHA in the diet. DHA is superior to EPA as essential fatty acid, and the dietary EPA/DHA ratio of less than 1.0 may be adequate for normal growth of Korean rockfish fed a diet enough n-3HUFA (EPA and DHA).

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The Biological Effects of β-Cyclodextrin on Antithrombotic Activity and Plasma Lipid Metabolism in Rats (흰쥐에서 혈액지질 대사 및 항혈전작용에 관한 베타사이클로덱스트린의 생물학적 효과)

  • Park, B. S.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.199-210
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    • 2003
  • The effect of feeding a cyclic oligosaccharide, $\beta$-cyclodextrin($\beta$CD) on plasma cholesterol and triacylglyceride concentrations and on antithrombotic activity were investigated in rats fed a control chow diet, or one either high in cholesterol or in saturated fat. The bleeding time of $\beta$CD-fed groups was significantly prolonged by 293%, 157% and 218% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups, respectively, as compared to the control group(p<0.05). The whole blood clotting time was significantly increased by 202%, 168% and 211% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to control group, respectively(p<0.05). The $\beta$CD diet caused a marked decrease in plasma total lipid(TL), triacylglyceride(TAG), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. The plasma TL concentration was significantly decreased by 70%, 82% and 87% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to the control group, respectively(p<0.05). The plasma TAG concentration was significantly decreased by 89%, 43% and 59% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups, respectively, as compared to the control group(p<0.05). The plasma TC concentration was significantly decreased by 28%, 62% and 36% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups, respectively, as compared to the control group(p<0.05). The LDL-C concentration was significantly decreased by 39%, 54% and 25% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to control group, respectively(p<0.05). The plasma total bile acids contents of $\beta$CD group was significantly increased by 66%, 95% and 97% in normal, high cholesterol and high fat diet fed groups as compared to control group, respectively(p<0.05). The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly lowered by 41% in the $\beta$CD-fed group compared to normal diet fed rats(p<0.05). The fecal steroid excretions of the $\beta$CD groups was significantly increased by 167% in normal diet fed rats(p<0.05). These results suggest that the $\beta$CD has a biological active function on antithrombotic activity and is hypolipidemic, hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolimic agents. These are all effects that can help to prevent obesity and coronary heart disease in humans.

Sludge reduction by Enzyme Pretreatment (효소 전처리를 통한 슬러지 저감)

  • 김정래;심상준;최수형;염익태
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.93-97
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    • 2004
  • We investigate the effect of enzyme pretreatment using protease, carbohydrase, and lipase on improvement of sludge treatment efficiency by measuring SCOD and TCOD. The enzyme-pretreatment increases SCOD of excess sludge. In addition, the amount of sludge reduction during digestion, in terms of SCOD and TCOD, are enhanced by enzyme-pretreatment. Among pretense, carbohydrase, and lipase, pretense showed the best enhancement of the sludge treatment efficiency. Sludge digestion followed by ozone and enzyme treatments showed more effective sludge treatment when compared with ozone treatment alone. Therefore, we expect that enzyme pretreatment can be used as a useful tool for enhancing the sludge treatment efficiency.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Extracts of Mushroom Mycelium on Survival and Growth of juvenile Flounder, Paralichthys olivacceus (버섯균사체 배양액 첨가사료가 넙치 치어의 생존 및 성장에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Min-Ju;Kim, Man-Chul;Kim, Taeg;Kim, Ki-Young;Song, Chun-Bok;Jeon, Yu-Jin;Heo, Moon-Soo
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.231-235
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    • 2006
  • The effects of mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet, hematology and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum in juvenile flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were evaluated. Fish were fed the Phellinus linteus with Coriolus militaris versicolor mixed mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet, Phellinus linteus mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet and Coriolus militaris tmycelium cultural extract supplemented diet a commercial diet for 12 week. The body weight and length gain from the fish fed on daily the phellinus with coriolus versicolor mixed mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet, phellinus linteus mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet and Coriolus versicolor mycelium cultural extract supplemented diet of each mycelium cultural extract were higher than the control and the Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GPT) were of lower than the control. The relative precent survival rate (RPS) after an artificial challenge with $7{\times}10^5\;CFU$ of Vibrio anguillarum per fish was higher than the control.

Possible Use of the Dietary Fish Meal Analogue in Juvenile Korean Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (치어기 조피볼락에 있어 사료내 어분대체품의 이용 가능성)

  • KIM Kang-Woong;Bai Sungchul C.
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.149-154
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    • 1999
  • A 16-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the amount of fish meal analogue (FMA) that can be replacing white fish meal (WFM) protein in Korean rockfish. Five experimental diets were formulated on isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $50\%$ crude protein and 15.6 KJ/g diet. The graded level of replacement of PM by Em on the basis of crude protein were as follows : Diet 1($100\%$ WFM), Diet 2($87.5\%$ WFM : $12.5\%$ FMA), Diet 3 ($75\%$ WFM : $25\%$ FMA), Diet 4($75\%$ WFM : $25\%$ FMA+2 EAAs), Diet 5 ($50\%$ WFM : $50\%$ FMA+2 EAAs). Methionine and Iysine were selected for 2 essential amino acids (EAA) to study the effect of adding EAA to the diets 4 and 5. Weight gain (WG), feed fed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed diet 3, 4 and 5 were significantly lower (P< 0.05) than those of fish fed the control ($100\%$ WFM),while that of fish fed diet 2 was not significantly different diet(P>0.05) from those of fish fed the control diet. WG, FE and PER of fish fed diet 4 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed diet 3, but lower than those of fish fed the control diet. Therefore, these results indicated that FMA protein could substitute WFM protein up to $12.5\%$ without 2 EAAs supplementation in Korean rockfish. And, dietary supplementation of 2 EAAs could be benetficial when FMA is utilized as a fish meal replacer in juvenile Korean rockfish.

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The Effect of Alcohol Fermented Feedstuff Made of Byproducts on Fermentation Characteristics and Dry Matter Disappearance in the Rumen (비지박 및 맥주박을 이용한 알코올 발효사료의 반추위내 발효특성 및 건물 분해율에 미치는 영향)

  • Shin, Jong-Suh;Lin, Guang Zhe;Kim, Byong-Wan
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.49-60
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    • 2008
  • A study was conducted to determine the effect of alcohol-fermented feedstuff formulated with byproducts on the fermentation characteristics and dry matter disappearance in the rumen. Dietary treatments were either a soybean curd-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff(AFS) and brewery grain-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff(AFB). The AFS and AFB are composed of 50% commercial beef cattle feed, 50% soybean curd dreg, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast, and 25% commercial beef cattle feed, 25% brewery grain, 25% soybean curd dreg, 25% corn grit, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast, respectively. The ruminally cannualted Korean cattle were utilized to investigate the change of ammonia, pH alcohol, volatile fatty acids, and DM digestibility at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hr after feeding. The rumen ammonia concentrations were significantly lower in AFS and AFB with incubation time, especially at 6 hr incubation(AFS, 0.7 mg/dl; AFB, 1.5 mg/dl; control 2.5 mg/dl). Lower rumen pH was observed in AFS and AFB during the early stage of incubation, but no significant difference was found at late stage of incubation. The total VFA concentrations were not affected by diet treatments at 2 hr incubation time, but the concentration significantly decreased after that. The dry matter disappearance was significantly lower in AFS and AFB during the early stage of incubation. However, the dry matter disappearance of AFS and AFB was similar to that of control during the late stage of incubation. It is concluded that the industrial byproducts such as soybean curd dreg and brewery grain were effective materials to make an alcohol fermented feedstuffs and resulted in better fermentation characteristics in the rumen when both were applied to Hanwoo.

사료첨가용 항생제를 바라보는 뜨거운 시선

  • Kim, Gi-Yang
    • Feed Journal
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    • v.3 no.12 s.28
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    • pp.54-57
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    • 2005
  • 지난 10월 4일 참영연대는 우리나라의 축 · 수산업 항생제 사용량이 세계 최고 수준이라는 요지의 "축 · 수산업 항생제 오 · 남용 실태 보고서"를 발표했다. 이 보고서에 따르면 우리나라 축 · 산업에서 사용되는 항생제 사용량은 연간 1500톤으로, 축산물생산량이 우리나라의 1.2배인 덴마크가 94톤임에 비할 때 16배나 많은 양이였다. 이에 대해 참여연대는 지난 10월 17일, 농림부가 사료관리법에 따른 관리감독을 소홀히 해 사료제조업자의 항생제 위법사용을 방치했다며 감사원에 감사를 요청하기도 했다. 또 농림부가 항생제를 줄인다며 배합사료에 첨가할 수 있는 항생제 수를 53종에서 25종으로 감축했지만 사용을 금지한 항생제 28종이 사실상 쓰이지 않는 다는 점을 들어 농림부가 충분한 사전조사를 했는지에 대해서도 감사를 요청했다. 이러한 국민들의 항생제에 대한 뜨거운 관심은 사료업계에도 자극을 주어, 무항생제 사료제품이 속속 나오고 있는 실정이다. 한편 이러한 축산물 항생제 논란을 바라보는 다양한 시선들도 존재하고 있다. 다음은 농협중앙회 방역팀 김기양 팀장이 올해 일었던 항생제 논란에 대한 생각을 정리한 것이다.

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