• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.132-137
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the effect of apple and maltitol as ingredients on the quality of Jochung, a grain syrup. Four kinds of Jochung products were prepared from steamed-rice, apple juice, heated-apple sarcocarp (at $70^{\circ}C$, 60 min), and a mixture (sarcocarp : maltitol＝5:1, w/w) by saccharifying (at $55^{\circ}C$, 8 hrs) with a malt (100 g/500 g rice), mixing the ingredients (steamed-rice : ingredient＝5:5, w/w), filtering, and heating the filtrate (at $95^{\circ}C$, 2 hrs): product (A) with apple juice added before saccharified, product (B) with apple juice added after saccharified, product (C) with heated-apple sarcocarp added after saccharified, and product (D) with the mixture added after saccharified. The product (D) had the lowest pH value ($4.60\pm0.01$) of any other products. The contents of reducing sugar and total phenolic compound were the highest in the product (A) among all the products, which comprised $68.10\pm6.71$% and $7.36\pm0.85$ mg/g, respectively, resulting in good quality. The solidity and the dextrose equivalence had the highest value in the product (B) and the product (C), respectively. The malic acid content ($4.10\pm0.02$%) of the product (D) was the highest of any other organic acids identified by HPLC. Hunter L, a, and b values of the product (D) were the highest compared to other products. In sensory evaluation, the product (A) had generally higher score in all sensory attributes. It was concluded from the chemical and sensory evaluation that adding the apple juice before saccharified might be an effective method for manufacturing good quality rice-Jochung.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-111
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• 2018

Recently in Korea, public interest about patient safety has increased because patient safety incidents occurred continuously. In addition, as the way of coping with medical personnel and medical institutions after occurrence of patient safety incident became controversial, the necessity of introducing apology law and disclosure law was raised. We analyzed the contents of apology law and disclosure law in U.S.A and critically examined the legislative movements in Korea. First, the Apology law requires that a medical personnel provide apology, consolation, sympathy to the patient for discomfort, pain, damage or death, and that the expression of apology shall be inadmissible as evidence of an admission of liability in civil action or administrative proceeding. The Apology law is divided into 'full apology law' and 'partial apology law' depending on whether mistake, error, fault, liability, and legal liability shall be inadmissible. Meanwhile, Disclosure law enforces or voluntarily enforces the law to communicate with the patient regarding the disclosure of the incident, the cause of incident, the compensation plan, and the measures to prevent the recurrence in the adverse incident that serious harm to the patient. In Korea, the concern about patient safety incidents has been amplified, and as the importance of communication between the medical personnel and patient has been recognized, the revision bill for the "Patient Safety Act", which adopted the U.S.A apology or disclosure law, was submitted to the National Assembly. The purpose of this study was to critically review the contents of the revised legislation based on the analysis of the apology law and disclosure law in U.S.A. and to provide implications for future legislative direction.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.182-192
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• 2013

Since the Korean apple industry needs to expand its export market in Southeast Asia, this study investigates the attributes of Korean apples affecting consumer preference in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Based on an Importance-Preference analysis, the results are summarized as follows. First, price is the most important determinant for purchasing Korean apples by Southeast Asian consumers, except in Malaysia. Second, managing the intrinsic(sweetness and chewing texture) and extrinsic(surface and color) factors needs to be well maintained. Third, the priority of the marketing factor(wrapping) should be lowered. Fourth, while the importance of extrinsic factors(shape and size) is low, satisfaction is high, so these factors need to be managed to avoid overkill. Overall, Korean apples should have their own merits with an appropriate proper price, while maintaining a high quality. The results of this paper may provide suitable strategies for promoting apple exports to Southeast Asia.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.63-73
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• 1985

최근에 과수농가의 농민과 원예 및 능금조합의 지도기사들을 대상으로 과수해충 방제실태에 대한 설문조사를 한 결과, 사과원에서는 응애류가 심식충류나 진딧물보다 방제가 어려운 해충으로 지적되고 있다. 또한 필자가 전국 6개 지역의 15개 일반 농가의 사과원을 2년간 년 3회 이상 관찰한 결과에서도 심식충류의 피해를 받고 있는 농가는 거의 없었으며, 응애류는 그 발생정도에 차이는 있으나 대부분의 사과원에서 상존하고 있는 현상이었다. 이와 같이 응애류가 사과원에서 주요해충으로 등장하게 된 이유는 첫째, 시비$\cdot$농약살포 등 관리상태의 향상으로 사과나무 잎의 생리적 조건이 변화되어 응애류의 생식력을 자극시켰기 때문이라는 ''생식자극설''(生殖刺戟設)과 둘째, 1940년대 후반 이후 농약 사용의 급증으로 인하여 응애류의 발생을 억제하던 포식성 응애를 비롯한 천적류가 감소 또는 멸종되었기 때문에 응애류가 격발(激發)하게 되었다는 ''포식자억제설''(捕食者抑制設) 등이 있다.

• 가정의 벗
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• v.37 no.4 s.428
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• pp.10-11
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• 2004

매주 목요일 저녁에 방송되는 <사과나무>라는 프로그램이 끝나면 많은 시청자들이 감동의 시청소감들을 올린다. 도대체 <사과나무>가 무슨 프로그램이길래 이렇게 많은 사람들이 자신을 뒤돌아보고 새로운 삶의 의지를 다지는 걸까?

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 1993

Apple pomace and soymilk residue which have 36.3% and 20.2% of neutral detergent fiber, respectively, were evaluated as potential dietary fiber supplement. Apple pomace showed strong functional properties as source of dietary fiber when Created with water, and n-hexane continually. The neutral detergent fiber content of treated apple pomace was 60.9% and holding capacities were 11.3g water/g and 2.01g fat/g. Canon exchange capacity was 65.0meq./100g. Soymilk residue showed good functional properties as source of dietary fiber when treated continually with water, n-hexane, acid and alkali. The neutral detergent fiber content of treated soymilk residue was 52.7% and holding capacities were 10.2g water/g and 1.52g fat/g. Canon exchange capacity was 63.7meq./100g. The color of treated dietary fiber sources were slightly shifted to darkness.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.89-98
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to exploit the use of this nutrient-rich byproduct in cookies by replacing wheat flour at 10~30% levels. The specific gravity and pH of cookies decreased slightly with increasing apple pomace concentration, but the specific gravity of cookies showed no significant difference in the additive group. The sugar contents of cookies was significantly increased to $2.07^{\circ}Brix$ at 30%. Moisture content, spread factor, loss rate, and leaving rate of cookies increased with increasing apple pomace concentration. Lightness, redness, and yellowness of cookies decreased from 70.46 to 56.25, and 5.60 to 3.01, and 37.52 to 27.92, respectively, with increasing apple pomace concentration. In the sensory evaluation, sensory scores for color, flavor, texture, appearance, and overall preference were highest in the 10% and 20% apple pomace cookies in the additive group. Thus, our results suggested that the optimum amount of apple pomace that can be added to cookies was 20%.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2003

This study was tried to examine the efficacy of apples that had grown with agro-chemical alternatives in an apple orchard. The chlorophyll content of apple leaves was a little higher in the plot of Charcoal powder, Chitosan, and Peat moss treatment among the other agro-chemical alternatives. On the contrary, the sugar content of apple fruits was higher in the plot of Amino acids, and Green ion calcium treatment, but there was quite a difference among them. Vitamin C content of apple fruits was high at the cell division period. It became lower at the hypertrophic period and then got higher again at the harvest. Vitamin C content was the highest in the chemical fertilizer plot as well. In an apple orchard where agro-chemical alternatives were used only, the commercial grade of ripened apples had declined by 25％, compared to those in customary cultivation. The commercial grade of ripened apples with agricultural chemicals using fertilizers and pesticides was over 90％ with over 250g of its weight in the plot of Charcoal powder, Amino acids, and Vitamin C treatment. Therefore. we guessed the environment-friendly method of cultivation in an apple orchard shall be established by reducing the usage of agricultural chemicals gradually and increasing the agro-chemical alternatives at the same time.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.4 s.53
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• pp.222-226
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• 1982

Changes in levels of phenolic compounds such as total phenols, flavonols and anthocyanins in Macrophoma-infected apples were studied at various developmental stages of apple fruits. The amounts of total phenols in apple fruit flesh and peel drastically decreased as apples became mature. Apple rot resulted in concentration of total phenols somewhat lower than those of healthy apple flesh. The decline in amount of total phenols was distinct in infected fruit flesh of the cultivar Fuji, which was more susceptible to Macrophoma sp. than the cultivar Miller. Higher amounts of total phenols were found in infected than in heathy fruit peel. In the case of the cultivar Miller, increased accumulation of total phenols was pronounced in infected peel. Apple rot resulted in concentrations of flavonols much higher than those of healthy apples. In particular, the drastically increased accumulation of flavonols was detected in infected peel at the first collection on 10 July, when the cultivars tested were completely resistant to Macrophoma sp. Production of anthocyanins was increased considerably by apple rot: anthocyanins in infected fruits of the cultivar Miller increased markedly as compared with their concentration from healthy fruits. These results suggest that the altered phenolic metabolism in apple fruits may be associated with the development of apple rot.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2009

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, overwintered as adult or nymph stage on rootstocks, and crown- and root sucker in the soil. In an un sprayed apple orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colony started to increase from mid-April, showed the 1st peak between late June and early July, thereafter decreased followed by the 2nd peak in late July, and then again peaked in late September as the size in the 1st peak. In this orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colonies per tree did not exceed 3.5 colonies during the peak occurrence period, and was maintained around 2 colonies throughout seasons. In all seasons, parasitism of Aphelinus mali on E. lanigerum was much lower on root colonies than on aerial colonies that located on shoots and tree trunks above the ground. The parasitism of E. lanigerum was high in most orchards examined, showing parasitism of > 70% in maximum in most cases. In the laboratory bioassay for the mortality effects of several insecticides on E. lanigerum, fenitrothion, dichlorphos, machine oil, methidathion, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid showed 97.8, 96.8, 95.4, 91.5, 26.7, and 7.8% morality, respectively. Also, the adult emergence rates from A. mali mummies were 51.2, 72.6, 14.2, 3.5, 72.2, and 85.4% in the treatment of the above insecticides, respectively. Insecticides belong to neonicotinoid, which are newly developed to control aphids, showed low mortality against E. lanigerum. Fenitrothion and dichlorphos were effective on E. lanigerum control and had a low toxic to A. mali. Consequently, the insecticides should be useful in integrated pest management system for E. lanigerum in apple orchards.