• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.438-452
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• 2008

The purposes of National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA) are to assess Korean students' achievement of the educational goals as well as to diagnose the trends of educational achievement in order to monitor the quality of education at the national level. We analysed average scores in science achievement and trend of achievement level at the National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA) from the year 2003 to 2006 for 6th, 9th and 10th graders. The results are as follows: For grades 6, 9, and 10, the average scores of NAEA did not tend to increase or decrease. About the trend analysis of gender, females outperformed males for grade 6, but males outperformed females for grade 10. For grade 6, the ratio of females in Advanced level was more than that of the males in the same level. For grades 9 and 10, the ratio of male was higher than the females. For grades 6, 9 and 10, the ratio of males in Below-Basic level was more than that of females in the same level. The results of the educational achievement of urbanization shows that students in rural area scored the lowest. And the ratio of Below-basic level students was highest in rural area. It is needed that educational surroundings be improved to lessen the score difference both between genders and regions. An additional study is needed to used the results of NAEA for the improvement of curriculum and educational policy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.236-247
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• 2021

This study is to investigate the effect of pre-primary teachers' gender and earth science completion while attending high school on the diversity of concepts, the level of conceptual understanding, and misconceptions about seasonal changes. This study was conducted with 71 pre-primary teachers. The conclusion of this study is as follows. First, the area of concepts used by pre-primary teachers to explain seasonal changes showed a greater difference depending on whether or not they completed earth science while attending high school, rather than depending on gender. Second, although there was no significant gender difference in the conceptual level of pre-primary teachers for seasonal change, the group who completed earth science while attending high school had a statistically significantly higher level of conceptual understanding than the group that did not complete it. Third, the ratio of misconceptions related to seasonal change of pre-primary teachers by gender was not significant, but the group who did not complete earth science while attending high school had a statistically significantly higher percentage of misconceptions than the group that completed it. As a result of the above examination, it is judged that the area of concepts, the level of conceptual understanding, and the misconceptions about seasonal changes of pre-primary teachers are more affected by the completion of earth science courses during high school than by gender differences.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cutting frequency and level of fertilizer application on the botanical composition and forage yield of alpine pasture. Field experiment was established at 600 m (a.s.1) altitude with two cutting frequency schedules (two and three times annually) and two levels of fertilizer application (lower level of fertilizer, 200-200-200 kg / ha and standard level of fertilizer, 280-200-240 kg / ha; N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, respectively). Higher grass to clover ratio was observed in two cutting frequencies. The clover ratio was highest as $16\%$ in thee cutting frequencies with lower level of fertilizer application End the ratio of weed was low in all treatments ($3.7 {\~} 6.7\%$). No significant difference was observed in forage dry matter (DM) yield among treatments, however forage DM yield in three cutting frequencies tended to be greater in standard level of fertilizer application compared to lower level of fertilizer application. The forage quality was greater in three cutting frequencies, but not changed with different levels of fertilizer application. This result indicates that three cutting frequency and standard level of fertilizer application system are considered to be proper management methods at alpine grassland of 600 m altitude considering the botanical composition, forage DM yield md forage quality.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 2021

This study examined yearly trend of sugar-sweetened beverage(SSB) intake and compared nutritional status by SSB intake level in middle school students aged 12~14 years(n=2,543) using the data from 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. SSB included carbonated drinks, sports drinks, and caffeinated drinks contained added sugar. Subjects were classified into three groups by SSB intake level obtained from 24-hour recall method: SSB 1(SSB intake 0 g/d), SSB 2(0 g/d < SSB intake < 50th percentile) and SSB 3(SSB intake ≥ 50th percentile). Result of daily intake of SSB was 76.1±6.2 g/d for boys and 59.5±4.7 g/d for girls and it was increased significantly for boys(p-trend 0.0004) and girls(p-trend 0.0038) by year. The most intakes were carbonated drinks followed by fruit juices and sports drinks for boys and girls. Percentage of daily intake compared to the dietary reference was increased for energy and iron while was decreased for calcium and vitamin C toward SSB 3 group. Ratio of excess intake of energy/fat was increased significantly for boys(p=0.0091) and girls(p<0.0001) toward SSB 3 group. Ratio of calcium deficiency was 86.8~94.9% for boys and girls and it was very high. Therefore, it should be emphasized to reduce SSB intake and drink plain water without added sugar, etc. and milk as a source of calcium for improving nutritional status of middle school students through dietary education and social support.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 1991

The effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on hepatic and cerebellar glutathione (GSH) statuses and lipid peroxide levels in rats were investigated. In the liver, chronic ethanol feeding (6.9 g/kg, per day) as 10% (v/v) drinking water for 4 weeks produced a slight decrease of total GSH and an increase in the ratio of GSSG/total GSH without change of GSSG (oxidized GSH). Lipid peroxide level however was not modified. Many other studies have shown the acute ethanol loading effect in the rat liver, that is moderate decrease of total GSH and elevation of lipid peroxide level. Relating to this, it was observed that total GSH in the plasma obtained from post. hepatic inferior vena cava was increased by acute ethanol injection (50 mmol/kg, i.p.). This increased hepatic efflux of GSH into blood, in addition to the promoted antioxidative utilization of GSH, could be suggested as one of the possible reasons for the decrease of hepatic GSH induced by ethanol load. In the cerebellum, acute ethanol load did not change the total GSH and GSSG, but increased the lipid peroxidation rate. In the chronic, neither GSH pattern nor lipid peroxidation rate was changed.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.251-272
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• 2005

Given that cognitive demands of mathematical tasks can be changed during instruction, this study attempts to provide a detailed description to explore how tasks are set up and implemented in the classroom and what are the classroom-based factors. As an exploratory and qualitative case study, 4 of six-grade classrooms where high-level tasks on ratio and proportion were used were videotaped and analyzed with regard to the patterns emerged during the task setup and implementation. With regard to 16 tasks, four kinds of Patterns emerged: (a) maintenance of high-level cognitive demands (7 tasks), (b) decline into the procedure without connection to the meaning (1 task), (c) decline into unsystematic exploration (2 tasks), and (d) decline into not-sufficient exploration (6 tasks), which means that the only partial meaning of a given task is addressed. The 4th pattern is particularly significant, mainly because previous studies have not identified. Contributing factors to this pattern include private-learning without reasonable explanation, well-performed model presented at the beginning of a lesson, and mathematical concepts which are not clear in the textbook. On the one hand, factors associated with the maintenance of high-level cognitive demands include Improvising a task based on students' for knowledge, scaffolding of students' thinking, encouraging students to justify and explain their reasoning, using group-activity appropriately, and rethinking the solution processes. On the other hand, factors associated with the decline of high-level cognitive demands include too much or too little time, inappropriateness of a task for given students, little interest in high-level thinking process, and emphasis on the correct answer in place of its meaning. These factors may urge teachers to be sensitive of what should be focused during their teaching practices to keep the high-level cognitive demands. To emphasize, cognitive demands are fixed neither by the task nor by the teacher. So, we need to study them in the process of teaching and learning.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to provide basic data for environmentally friendly treatment of manure using vermicomposting. This was done by investigating the influence of physiochemical property change during the composting period on the survival of earthworms after mixing cow manure in different levels (0(CRH0), 10(CRH10), 20(CRH20), 30(CRH30), and 40%(CRH40)) with the rice hull that is generally added for composting manure. As composting proceeds, earthworms were able to survive in all conditions after 3 weeks. In terms of the C/N ratio by treatment groups, the rice hull mix treatments were significantly higher than the CRH0 treatment. Among rice hull mix treatments, the treatments with 30~40% rice hull level (CRH30 & CRH40) showed the highest ratio out of all composting periods (p<0.05). The C/N ratio in the 3rdweek when earthworms started surviving was 23.26~34.44. As composting progressed, pH and electrolytic conductivity (EC) were the highest in the CRH0 treatment (p<0.05) and tended to decrease with higher proportion of rice hull in the mix. It was found that pH and electrolytic conductivity (EC) that earthworms start to survive are 7.58~7.74 and 0.41~1.17 mS/cm, respectively. To summarize, when composing cow manure with various levels of rice hull mix, all physiochemical property changes turned out to allow the survival of earthworms, but the results suggest that efficient vermicomposting requires the tests to examine the growth and reproduction according to the rice hull mix ratio.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2016

Purpose: The current study was conducted for evaluation and comparison of dietary behavior and food intake in different regions of Lao PDR. Methods: The survey was conducted on 979 people aged 40~59 years old living in 25 urban provinces and 25 rural provinces in four districts (VTE Capital-Chanthabuly, Xaysetha, VTE Province-Phonhong, and Thoulakhom) of Laos. General demographic information, health status, and dietary behavior were surveyed using a questionnaire. Results: The literacy ratio (p = 0.000), education level (p = 0.000), asset ownership level (p = 0.000), and government and private employee ratio (p = 0.000) were higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. The mean value of weight (p = 0.000), waist circumference (p = 0.000), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.009) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.000), self-rated health status (p = 0.001), and the rate of obesity (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the rate of current smoker was significantly higher in the rural group (p = 0.023). Meals are becoming more westernized by higher frequency of eating out, consumption of fatty meat and fried or stir-fried food in urban areas compared to rural areas. Urban subjects had relatively better balanced meals compared to rural subjects whereas they consumed insufficient meals per day and consumed meals irregularly compared to rural subjects. Intake of fruit and milk was significantly higher in urban subjects compared with rural subjects. However, the intake of vegetables was significantly higher in rural areas than urban areas. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the traditional Lao diet is being replaced by an unhealthy western dietary pattern, which may be a risk factor for increasing development of non-communicable disease (NCD) in Lao PDR. Planning of proper personalized nutritional intervention and education in each area is needed to decrease the health risks of NCD.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze objectively the current state of preparation of SW education in Korea based on the survey of educational technology of elementary and secondary school which is investigated periodically every year. For this purpose, we extracted indicators related to SW education from educational technology level indicators such as human, material, and utilization and analyzed the change in the level of domestic educational technology level from 2014 to 2016. The main results of this study are as follows. Firstly, the ratio of teachers who have informatics teacher certificates among middle school informatics teacher is continuously decreasing from 2014(71%) to 2016(54%), and the number of information and the number of informatics teachers moving from informatics subject to other subjects is steadily increasing. On the other hand, there is a paradoxical situation in which the total number of teachers in informatics subject is continuously increasing for three years. Secondly, the total amount of ICT related budgets for elementary and secondary schools has been steadily decreasing since 2014. Thirdly, The ratio of informatics(computer) related creative activities in elementary schools dropped to 87.7% in 2015 and 84.6% in 2016. Also, the ratio of informatics subject operating school in middle school is gradually decreasing from 34.8% in 2014, 30.8% in 2015, and 28.2% in 2016. Based on the results of this analysis, this study suggested a method for stable settlement of SW education in elementary and secondary public education field.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2004

The effects of concentrate to roughage ratios on duration and frequencies of rumination and chewing in Hanwoo steers were determined. Five Hanwoo steers fitted with rumen fistula were used to evaluate the effects of concentrate to rice straw ratio on eating and ruminating behavior. Experimental diets were formulated with different concentrate to rice straw ratios(50 : 50, 60: 40, 70: 30, 80: 20, 90: 10). When level of roughage feed was increased by 10, 20, 30, 40 to 50% of total dry matter of the diet, total chewing time was increased linearly from 286.99, 321.09, 390.29, 406.63 to 423.30 min/d, which was mainly due to increased ruminating time from 204.91 to 342.80 min/day. However, the level of roughage did not affect eating time. The number of chews per day for rumination and number of chews per rumination were significantly decreased(p < 0.05) as roughage level was increased. In summary, the duration and frequencies of rumination in Hanwoo increased with increased rice straw level.