• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.69 no.3
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• pp.9-33
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• 2017

This study estimated the socioeconomic costs of child poverty. Based on previous studies, the present study organized component categories for direct and indirect costs of child poverty, and estimated the cost of each category in 2015 through the collection of existing data and Delphi survey techniques among experts. The total socioeconomic costs of child poverty were compared to Korea's GDP. The results of this study were as follows. First, the socioeconomic costs of child poverty in Korea in 2015 ranged from 55 trillion KW(3.5% of GDP) to 99 trillion KW(6.5% of GDP). Second, the indirect socioeconomic costs of child poverty are much higher than the direct costs. Third, among the total cost categories, costs related to productivity loss and unemployment accounted for the largest portion of both the socioeconomic costs based upon absolute poverty and relative poverty. Crime costs are the second largest. Based on these results, we discussed the importance of early intervention for children in poverty; implementation of two-generation program that intervenes simultaneously with parents and children; and long-term, continuous and integrated intervention for high-risk groups such as poor children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.53
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• pp.25-50
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• 2016

For child abuse prevention in Korea, this study estimated the socioeconomic costs of child abuse. Based on previous studies, the present study organized component categories for estimable direct and indirect costs of child abuse, and estimated the cost of each category in 2014 through the collection of existing data and through Delphi survey techniques among experts. The total socioeconomic costs of child abuse were compared to Korea's GDP. The results of this study were as follows. First, the socioeconomic costs of child abuse in Korea in 2014 ranged from 389.9 billion KW(0.03 percent compared to GDP) to 76 trillion KW(5.1 percent compared to GDP). Second, the indirect socioeconomic costs of child abuse are much higher than the direct costs. Third, costs related to productivity loss and unemployment accounted for the largest proportion of the total costs. In addition, the proportion of the child protection budget in Korea was very low compared to developed countries. These findings suggest that there is a need to increase Korea's child protection budget and to take urgent action to detect unrevealed child abuse cases. Furthermore, in order to reduce indirect costs, it is important to provide abused children with early professional treatment.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-117
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• 1977

국방조직과 규모의 대형화와 군사위협에 따른 전략전술개념의 변동은 방위비의 부담을 가속화시킬 것이다. 군사력 증강소요의 제기와 국민경제에 의한 가용자원의 합목적적인 자원배분과정은 능률적인 정책과제의 선택과 결정을 위한 기본정보자료가 정책법정권자나 입안자들에게 요구된다. 따라서 신무체계의 구매우선순위 결정은 물론 기존 무기체계의 경제적 운용 기간에 대한 운영총괄비용의 추계방법론을 시도하였다. 이는 분석내용이나 결과의 사용에 대한 관점의 상이성을 제시해 주고 있다. 또한 신항공무기체계를 중심으로 운영총괄비용의 추계를 위한 일반적인 개념정립은 물론 비용산정의 구체적인 절차와 기법을 기구하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.276-284
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• 2013

A stochastic expected cost model has been suggested by combining the nonlinear cumulative damage model with the expected cost model together which can be useful for doing the preventive optimal-maintenance of the armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters. The suggested model has been satisfactorily calibrated by comparison of the results from others models, also the sensitivity analysis has been carried out in detail under the variation of the associated parameters with the model. The optimal repair times can be directly evaluated by minimizing the expected cost rates that depend on the social importances, damage intensity functions and resistance limits. Finally, the present cost model has been straightforwardly applied to the armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters. Based on the assumption of turning the damaged structure back to the state as good as new after repairs, the required optimal repair times and magnitudes can be determined quantitatively in terms of the optimum balance between the costs and benefits on the preventive maintenance.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2015

An increase in patients' medical expenses for their injury. accident and intoxication is a major challenge to improve the sustain-ability of a national health security system, and increasing medical expenses need be suppressed through improving relevant systems and/or efficiently operating and managing the health insurance. At this juncture, in Korea which has a high rate of injury incidence and mortality, it is necessary to estimate social and/or economic costs for injuries with a focus on their social effects. This research has examined the results of a Korea medical panel investigation conducted in 2008, which largely surveyed of the actual conditions of outpatients' medical use for their injury, accident and/or intoxication and investigated relevant medical expenses, with a view to estimating the directly incurred costs when the patients use medical services and the production loss costs caused by an production decline and others, so that social and/or economic costs for injuries may be ultimately aggregated.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.167-183
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• 1982

• Journal of the Korean hospital association
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• v.34 no.5 s.297
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• pp.79-89
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.717-724
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• 2018

To prepare for the explosive increase in maintenance costs of bridges according to the aging of infrastructure, future maintenance costs of bridges should be predicted. For this purpose, the management status of bridges was investigated and modeled as the upper limit of the performance level and the target management level according to the life cycle. This paper proposes methodologies and procedures for estimating the bridge maintenance costs using two models and existing cost and performance prediction models that consist of unit repair cost model according to the safety score, performance degradation model of bridges, unit reconstruction cost, and average reconstruction time. To verify the applicability, future maintenance costs can be forecasted for specific management agency considering the number of bridges, degree of aging, and current management status. As a result, it is possible to obtain the maintenance cost and safety level of an individual bridge level for each year. In addition, by summing them up to the agency level, the average safety score, ratio of the safety level, inspection costs, repair costs, and reconstruction costs can be obtained. In a further study, the changes in maintenance costs can be analyzed according to the changes in the target management levels using the developed method. The optimal management level can be suggested by reviewing the results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

An expected-discounted cost model based on RRP(Renewal Reward Process), referred to as a stochastic decision model, has been developed to estimate the optimal period of in-depth inspection which is one of critical issues in the life-cycle maintenance management of harbor structures such as rubble-mound breakwaters. A mathematical model, which is a function of the probability distribution of the service-life, has been formulated by simultaneously adopting PIM(Periodic Inspection and Maintenance) and CBIM(Condition-Based Inspection and Maintenance) policies so as to resolve limitations of other models, also all the costs in the model associated with monitoring and repair have been discounted with time. From both an analytical solution derived in this paper under the condition in which a failure rate function is a constant and the sensitivity analyses for the variety of different distribution functions and conditions, it has been confirmed that the present solution is more versatile than the existing solution suggested in a very simplified setting. Additionally, even in that case which the probability distribution of the service-life is estimated through the stochastic process, the present model is of course also well suited to interpret the nonlinearity of deterioration process. In particular, a MCS(Monte-Carlo Simulation)-based sample path method has been used to evaluate the parameters of a damage intensity function in stochastic process. Finally, the present stochastic decision model can satisfactorily be applied to armor units of rubble mound breakwaters. The optimal periods of in-depth inspection of rubble-mound breakwaters can be determined by minimizing the expected total cost rate with respect to the behavioral feature of damage process, the level of serviceability limit, and the consequence of that structure.

• Water for future
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.169-180
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• 1995

The cost of a looped pipe network is affected by a set of loop flows. The mathematical model for optimizing the looped pipe network is expressed in the optimal set of loop flows to apply to a stochastic optimization method. Because the feasible region of the looped pipe network problem is nonconvex with multiple local optima, the Modified Stochastic Probing Method is suggested to efficiently search the feasible region. The method consists of two phase: i) a global search phase(the stochastic probing method) and ii) a local search phase(the nearest neighbor method). While the global search sequentially improves a local minimum, the local search escapes out of a local minimum trapped in the global search phase and also refines a final solution. In order to test the method, a standard test problem from the literature is considered for the optimal design of the paralled expansion of an existing network. The optimal solutions thus found have significantly smaller costs than the ones reported previously by other researchers.