• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.460-466
• /
• 2014

To evaluate wood charcoal as raw material for mineral water production, dissolution of inorganic ions from charcoal to water, pH and adsorption ability of chlorine in water were investigated as main variables. More potassium ion was dissolved in water as higher temperature manufactured charcoal but other ions showed no difference with different charcoal making temperatures. Highest dissolved cation was potassium followed by calcium and sodium. Among wood species, charcoal from Quercus variabilis and Platanus occidentalis showed significantly higher potassium content in water than that of larch, red pine and white pine. Other cations had similar pattern to the potassium but their difference was not apparent as much as potassium. pH value of water treated with charcoal was higher for wood charcoals from Platanus occidentalis (pH 8.5) and Quercus variabilis (pH 8.4) which contained higher inorganic cations. In chlorine removal in water by charcoal, all wood charcoals showed greater chlorine removal than that of the control, but softwood charcoals resulted in higher removal than those of hardwoods. There was no significant difference in the dissolution of cations and pHs between particle charcoal and whole charcoal. With easy of control, whole charcoal is better for mineral water making raw material than particle charcoal does.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.371-378
• /
• 2014

This study aims to evaluate the influence of vitamin and mineral supplement intake, and degree of calcium and phosphorus intake on occurrence of dental caries in primary teeth. Research data was derived from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and 1,139 Korean children of 3 to 6 years were selected as subject for this study. The dft index, nutrition factor including vitamin or mineral supplement intake and degree of intake for calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were identified. Chi-square test was performed to assess the difference in socioeconomic status, oral health behavior and nutrition factor, including vitamin or mineral supplement intake and degree of intake for Ca and P. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify the relationship between the dft index and the related variables. As a result, the dft index was increased with the age. Significant differences in Ca intake was examined according to the sex, and P intake was different according to the sex in 3-year-old group. Among the 4-year-old children, the vitamin and mineral supplement takers had 1.206 less dft index than the non-takers. In conclusion, intake of Ca, P and vitamin/mineral supplement was not a pivotal factor to influence the incidence of primary teeth caries. However, significantly low dft index was observed from 4-year-old group who intake vitamin or mineral.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2009

The feasibility of the geopolymer as a cultural asset restoration material was studied by investigating compressive strength and chromaticity change. Metakaolin that was synthesized by calcination of the kaolin at $750^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours was used as a geopolymeric starting material. Kaolin lost its crystallinity and changed into non-crystalline phase during calcination. NaOH solution and water glass were used as an initiator for the geopolymeric reaction. As the concentration of NaOH solution and water glass increased the compressive strength increased. When alumina was substituted with metakaolin, the compressive strength decreased at a small amount of alumina, but increased at a large substitution. For the most composition of geopolymers, the change of chroma values remained within the limit of slight variation after exposure to sunlight for 8 and 100 days. However, even small amount of organic pigment addition increased chroma values of metakaoline. It was shown that geopolymer had excellent chroma value change over epoxy resins.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.389-398
• /
• 2000

Transparent, abrasion resistant coatings with 4~13 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness were prepared by spin-coating on polycarbonates with organic/inorganic hybrid solutions, followed by UV curing and heat treatment at 12$0^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours. The coating solutions were composed of inorganic phase and organic phase in 0:100, 20:80, 30:70, 50:50, 80:20 wt% ratios, respectively, mixed with photoinitiator, senaitizer and surfactant. The inorganic phase was formed by sol-gel reaction of TEOS and silane coupling agent MPTMS in 1 : 2 or 2 : 1 molar ratios, the organic phase consisted of difunctional urethane acrylate oligomeric resin, multifunctional acrylate TMPTA and HDDA in 4 : 3 : 3 wt% ratio. The coating systems were investigated by FT-IR, $^{29}$ Si-NMR spectra. In addition, TGA/DSC for thermal analysis and SEM, AFM observation for coated surface were examined. Gererally, the homogeneity of phases, the surface smoothness of coating and abrasion resistance were improved with the higher content of inorganic component. Namely, coating system with below 10 $\AA$ surface roughness and T$_{g}$ of 15$0^{\circ}C$ showed only 10% decrease in light transmittance after abrasion test, whereas uncoated polycarbonate substrate exhibited 46% decrease..

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.144-150
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient components and physicochemical properties of general ('Superior') and colored potato. Proximate composition, reducing sugar, free sugars, free amino acids, organic acids, minerals were analyzed, and Hunter color values were measured in the study. 'Rose' and 'Blue' (colored potatoes) contained high levels of reducing sugar, and total free sugar content was greatly different according to varieties. Glutamic acid, arginine and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid were detected to be the three major amino acids in colored potato, and the major organic acids of general potato were oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and citric acid. All potato contained high level of potassium, calcium and magnesium. The Hunter 'L' value was the highest in 'Jaseo'; Hunter 'a' value was high in 'Blue' and 'Jasim'; Hunter 'b' value was the highest in 'Haryoung'. Overall, colored potato had higher amount of nutrients and physicochemical properties than 'Superior'. Therefore, colored potatoes are expected to be highly valuable items for the development and applications of a functional food. In addition, these results will provide fundamental data for improving sitological value, breeding of new cultivar and promoting of roughage usage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.357-365
• /
• 2011

The variation of the dissolved inorganic nutrients were investigated four times per year in the costal area of Gunsan, Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2010. Water samples were collected at 10 stations and phsico-chemical parameters were analyzed including water temperature, salinity, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a and dissolved inorganic nutrients. The average of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) for ten years at Gunsan area showed similar concentration between surface and bottom. The average of DIN at surface was 0.421mg/L (0.198~0.846mg/L) and bottom was 0.344mg/L(0.148~0.717mg/L). The highest value of annual average of DIN at surface was 0.846mg/L in 2002 and the lowest value was 0.198mg/L in 2010. The percentage of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate for the average DIN of 10 years showed 27%, 3% and 70% which showed most of DIN was nitrate. Dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) for ten years at Gunsan area showed similar concentration between surface and bottom and DIP was decreasing from 2003 to 2010. The average of DIP of 10 years was 0.024mg/L and annual average 0.021mg/L in 2008, 0.007mg/L in 2009 and 0.008mg/L in 2010 which showed decreasing pattern from 2007 to 2010. The average of DIN/DIP ratio from 2002 to 2010 was 6.0(3.2~10.1) at surface and 4.6(2.6~7.0) at bottom. The average value of dissolved inorganic silicate from 2004 to 2010 showed 0.372mg/L at surface layer and 0.352mg/L at bottom layer and was on decreased from 2006 to 2010. The Spearman's correlation analysis was carried out to knowrelation among the salinity and dissolved inorganic nutrients at the surface and bottom layer. The correlation factor of DIN was -0.72, DIP was -0.46 and dissolved inorganic silicate was -0.63 at surface layer and DIN was -0.70, DIP was -0.44 and dissolved inorganic silicate was -0.57 at bottom layer. The dissolved inorganic nutrients at the nearshore of Gunsan was affected from the freshwater discharge of Geum river. Especially, a lot of DIN flowed into the nearshore of Gunsan from Guem river. The concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients at Gunsan showed high at station 1, 2 and 3 and there was a little concentration differences according to the cruise time. The concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients showed high value at the station 1, 2, 3 which exist nearshore of Gunsan city and it means these stations mainly affected by Geum river and Gunsan city. The annual average of dissolved inorganic nutrients showed gradually decreased from 2003 to 2010 and we need more research on this conditions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.224-229
• /
• 1981

Perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton var. Crispa Decasne) cultivated in three geographical areas of Korea, Gwangju, Taegu and Jeju, was analyzed for carbohydrate, lipid, protein, inorganic components and fatty acid composition. Carbohydrate, lipid and protein content of perilla seed ranged from 40 (Taegu) to 44% (Jelu), from 28 (Jeju) to 34% (Taegu) and from 15 (Gwangju) to 16% (Jeju), respectively. The overage contents of potassium, silicate, calcium, phosphate, iron, zinc, magnesium and mangane in the perilla seed varied between $426{\sim}446$, $197{\sim}229$. $124{\sim}136$, $46{\sim}56$, $30{\sim}49$, $42{\sim}45$, $40{\sim}45$, and $30{\sim}36mg%$, respectively and those variations different cultivation areas were not significant except iron. Saponification number, iodine value and acid value of the perilla oil were between $194{\sim}198$, $196{\sim}200$ and $4{\sim}5$, respectively. Those variations among the cultivation areas were not significant. The composition of the perilla oil was observed to be composed of $92{\sim}95%$ of triglyceride, $1.2{\sim}1.3%$ of phospholipid, $1.7{\sim}1.9%$ of unsaponifiables, $0.7{\sim}0.9%$ of free fatty acid, and $1.1{\sim}1.4$ linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid as $55{\sim}56$, $16{\sim}18$ and $16{\sim}20%$ of total fatty acids, but in phospholipid, the content of saturated fatty acids, $12{\sim}24$ of total fatty acid, was higher than that in triglyceride, $8{\sim}19%$ of total fatty acids. The content of saturated fatty acids in sterylester $(14{\sim}19%)$ was higher than that in sterylglycoside ($6{\sim}7%$ of total fatty acids). The variation in fatty acid composition was not significant in the composition of total fatty acid but a significant difference was observed in the composition of phospholipid, in which the content of palmitate ranged from 11.8%(Taegu) to 24%(Gwangju) of total fatty acids. No significant variation was found in the fatty acid composition among the cultivation areas, while a significant difference was observed in phospholipid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.7
• /
• pp.658-666
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the mineral and vitamin intake according to the stage of change in fruit and vegetable intake. The subjects consisted of 256 students, 122 males and 134 females, who are fourth, fifth and sixth grade in an elementary school located in Yeongi-Gun, Chungnam province. The dietary intake wasexamined by 24 hr dietary recall for 1 day and by food record for 2 days from April 19 to May 01, 2007. Stage of change of intake of fruits and vegetables of the students was categorized into three groups: precontemplation, contemplation and preparation, and action. The subjects at the stage of action took kimchi and vegetables more frequently, and also took more vitamin C as well. But the subjects at other two stages did not show any difference in the intake of any food group and nutrients. Percentage of the male subjects who took less than EAR did not show any significant difference by stage of change in all the nutrients. However, there was gradual decrease in the percentage of female taking less than EAR of vitamin C and vitamin B2. The result concludes that vitamin C intake significantly increase gradually as the stages of behavioral change of fruit and vegetable intake proceed although almost all vitamins and minerals tended to increase.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.733-737
• /
• 2002

Cooking characteristics of rice uncoated and coated with prickly pear water extracts (4% v/w for rice) were investigated. Prickly pear contained 83.22 mg% of $\alpha$-aminoadipic acid and 75.61 mg% of tyrosine as major free amino acids. After cooking, the coated rice contained 1.66 mg% of $\alpha$-aminoadipic acid which was not found in the uncoated rice. The free amino acid composition of the coated rice revealed significantly higher contents (about 2.0 to 4.2 times) of arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine and tyrosine compared with those of the uncoated rice. The major minerals in the prickly pear were Ca, K and Mg accounting for 95% of the total minerals present. After cooking, the mineral contents in the coated rice were higher by 10～45% than those in the uncoated rice. The coated rice showed lower hardness, gumminess and brittleness, and higher cohesiveness than the uncoated rice. In sensory evaluation, there were no differences in sweet taste, and overall and color acceptability between the uncoated and coated rice. However, tile coated rice showed higher scores for savory and sticky taste than the uncoated rice.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.180-191
• /
• 2015

Marine environmental characteristics and primary productivity of phytoplankton were investigated in seaweed bed of northwestern coast of Jeju Island during Autumn, 2014. The trophic state based on dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus was mesotrophic. The Redfield ratio was less than 16, indicating that nitrogen was the limiting factor for the growth of phytoplankton. Dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus accounts for 63 and 46% of the dissolved total nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Light utilization efficiency (${\alpha}$) and maximum photosynthetic capacity ($P_m{^B}$) were highest in the Donggwi (third-year marine forest), followed by Gonae (one-year marine forest), Biyangdo (natural seaweed bed) and Geumneung (whitening area). The primary productivity of phytoplankton in the Donggwi, Gonae and Biyangdo also was higher than that in the Geumneung. Although nitrogen is the limiting factor, enriched dissolved organic nitrogen might play an important role to maintain primary productivity. In addition, phytoplankton community through photosynthesis could produce about 14% of phytoplankton carbon in one hour. These results will be able to use the important information for material cycle and ecological valuation of seaweed bed.