• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-46
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• 2020

An irrigated-maize agroecosystem is viewed as an open thermodynamic system upon which solar radiation impresses a large gradient that moves the system away from equilibrium. Following the imperative of the second law of thermodynamics, such agroecosystem resists and reduces the externally applied gradient by using all means of this nature-human coupled system acting together as a nonequilibrium dissipative process. The ultimate purpose of our study is to test this hypothesis by examining the energetics of agroecosystem growth and development. As a first step toward this test, we employed the eddy covariance flux data from 2003 to 2014 at the AmeriFlux NE1 irrigated-maize site at Mead, Nebraska, USA, and analyzed the energetics of this agroecosystem by scrutinizing its radiation, energy and entropy exchange. Our results showed: (1) more energy capture during growing season than non-growing season, and increasing energy capture through growing season until senescence; (2) more energy flow activity within and through the system, providing greater potential for degradation; (3) higher efficiency in terms of carbon uptake and water use through growing season until senescence; and (4) the resulting energy degradation occurred at the expense of increasing net entropy accumulation within the system as well as net entropy transfer out to the surrounding environment. Under the drought conditions in 2012, the increased entropy production within the system was accompanied by the enhanced entropy transfer out of the system, resulting in insignificant net entropy change. Drought mitigation with more frequent irrigation shifted the main route of entropy transfer from sensible to latent heat fluxes, yielding the production and carbon uptake exceeding the 12-year mean values at the cost of less efficient use of water and light.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of age of laying hens on egg internal and external qualities. A total of 8,300 eggs were randomly collected from 15 grading & packaging (GP) centers, and 50 eggs per farm during April to May in 2015. Age of laying hens ranged from 18 to 65 weeks of age and they were classified into 5 age groups (18~25, 26~35, 36~45, 46~55, and 56~65 weeks). Egg weight increased, but the Haugh unit decreased as the age of laying hens increased. Yolk color was higher in eggs laid from 25~35 weeks of laying hens compared with that of 18~25-weeks-old chickens. The incidence of dirty eggs was highest (P<0.05) in 18~25 week group and remained constant after 26 weeks. Among eggshell defects, speckled and pimpled eggs increased as the age of laying hens increased. The incidence of calcium deposits and misshapen eggs was highest during 18~25 weeks of age and remained constant after 26 weeks. The percentage of total eggshell cracks increased as the age of laying hens increased. Among eggshell cracks, star- and hair-like cracks were frequently noted. The percentage of meat spot was higher than that of blood spot and their incidence was highest among the 56~65 week group. Age of laying hens significantly increased egg weight, incidence of pimpled or speckled eggs, star- or hair-like cracks, and meat spot. On the other hand, a significant negative interaction between age of laying hens and the Haugh unit was noted. In conclusion, our study revealed that the age of laying hens affected internal and external egg qualities.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.911-922
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate growth characteristics of Kimchi cabbage cultivated in various highland areas, and to create a predicting model for the production of highland Kimchi cabbage based on the growth parameters and climatic elements. Regression model for the estimation of head weight was designed with non-destructive measured growth variables (NDGV) such as leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), head height (HH), head width (HW), and growing degree days (GDD), which was $y=6897.5-3.57{\times}GDD-136{\times}LW+116{\times}PH+155{\times}HH-423{\times}HW+0.28{\times}HH{\times}HW{\times}HW$, ($r^2=0.989$), and was improved by using compensation terms such as the ratio (LW estimated with GDD/measured LW ), leaf growth rate by soil moisture, and relative growth rate of leaf during drought period. In addition, we proposed Excel spreadsheet model for simulation of yield prediction of highland Kimchi cabbage. This Excel spreadsheet was composed four different sheets; growth data sheet measured at famer's field, daily average temperature data sheet for calculating GDD, soil moisture content data sheet for evaluating the soil water effect on leaf growth, and equation sheet for simulating the estimation of production. This Excel spreadsheet model can be practically used for predicting the production of highland Kimchi cabbage, which was calculated by (acreage of cultivation) ${\times}$ (number of plants) ${\times}$ (head weight estimated with growth variables and GDD) ${\times}$ (compensation terms derived relationship of GDD and growth by soil moisture) ${\times}$ (marketable head rate).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.100-110
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• 2015

With the trend for the construction of barrier-free living environments in accordance with the ever-increasing external activity of the aging population, multi-culture families and socially disadvantaged, there is also a demand for the facilities improvement at parks for their convenience of use. This study analyzed the possibility of Barrier-Free Certification of an existing open space and defined its prototype renovation plan. This study is intended to help develop Borame Park into a barrier-free park by securing a barrier-free line of movement linking the major facilities sites within the park, improving park facilities lest there should be inconvenience in the use of the major facilities, and a guidance system convenient for use by physically and mentally impaired people. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it diagnosed the possibility of the BF Certification of existing urban parks and established a barrier-free park, which is easy for anyone to use. In the course of doing research on this, this study was able to discover the limitations of the BF Certification system, and its related tasks to be solved in the future as follows: The first thing this study shows is that there is a lack of understanding and awareness of the BF Certification system. Basically, there is a need for giving consideration to the development of a barrier-free living environment from the planning and design phase of a park, but in actuality, an examination of the certification is undertaken at the time of the completion of design and construction, which causes a large loss both time-wise and economically. Second, as evaluative items for the BF Certification of a park, applied are detailed evaluation items that fail to reflect the characteristics of an outdoor space whose natural constraints are large, such as geographical highs and lows and existing trees, plants, etc. Third, guidelines for establishment of a barrier-free park must be created in the light of the locational conditions of the park, followed by improvements of its BF Certification evaluation items.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.534-541
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• 2019

his study assessed microbial contamination of leeks and leek-cultivated soil. Leeks and leek-cultivated soil were collected in A and B regions and accounted for 39 and 33 samples, respectively. All of the samples were analyzed for the presence of sanitary indicator bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli), Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. In A and B region, the total aerobic bacteria was in the range of 5.87-8.78 log CFU/g for leeks and 5.94-8.45 log CFU/g for leek-cultivated soil. The coliform in leeks and leek-cultivated soil was in the range of 1.20-7.36 log CFU/g and 2.45-5.87 log CFU/g, respectively. B. cereus was detected from some of the samples while other pathogens were not detected. This study provides important background information on the microbiological safety of fresh vegetable cultivation environments.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2003

Purpose : Baby-walkers are used by many parents because of the convenience they provide in keeping children occupied, quiet, happy, and in stimulating ambulation. But, these devices have more risks than benefits. Therefore, we performed a study to evaluate the effects of baby-walkers on motor development of human infants according to the hours used in a day, total duration(months), and types of injuries associated with the walkers, and to establish effective methods. Methods : 1,045 questionnaires were filled out by parents who had a baby whose aged between 8 months and 15 months that visited local pediatric clinics and medical centers in Chonju and Iksan from May 1, 2002 to July 31, 2002. They were analyzed in a control group that didn't use babywalkers, a low-user group that used baby-walkers less than 2 hours a day and a high-user group that used them more than 2 hours a day. Results : The mean age of the 1,045 babies whose parents responded to the question investigation was $12.6{\pm}2.4$ months. The number of babies who used the baby-walkers were 811(77.6%). Crawling and walking alone were delayed in the high-user group. The parents who knew the side effects of the baby-walkers totalled 392(48.3%). Conclusion : The findings of this study revealed that many parents didn't know the effects of baby-walkers on motor development in their infants and the risks associated with baby-walkers. Therefore, we should educate parents on the risks of baby-walkers and recommend reducing the use of baby-walkers.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.39-69
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• 2013

Business value of information technology has been the biggest interest of all such as practitioners and scholars for decades. Information technology is considered as the driving force or success factor of firm agility. The general assumption is that organizations making considerable efforts in IT investment are more agile than the organizations that are not. However, IT that should help the strategies of the firm that can hinder business or impede agility of the firm occasionally. In other words, it is still unknown if IT helps the agility of the firm or bothers it. Therefore, we note that contrary aspects of IT such as promotion and hindrance of firm agility have been observed frequently and theorize the relationships between them. In other words, we propose a rationale that firms should need to develop superior firm-wide IT capability to manage IT resources successfully in order to realize agility. Thus, this paper theorizes two IT capabilities, including technical IT capability and managerial IT capability as key factors impacting firm agility and firm performance. Further, we operationalize firm agility into two sub-types, including operational adjustment agility and market capitalizing agility. The data from 171 firms was analyzed using PLS approach. The results showed that technical IT capability has positive impact on firm agility and managerial IT capability had positive moderating effects between technical IT capability and firm agility. In addition, it was identified that top management championship positively moderates between agility and firm performance. Finally, it was indicated that firm agility was a very important causal variable of firm performance. Our study provides more exquisite and practical empirical evidences in the relationship between IT capability and firm agility by proposing applicable solution although IT has some contradicting effects on firm agility. Our findings suggest many useful implications to agility related researches in relatively primitive stage and working level officers in organizations.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.3 s.71
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• pp.299-314
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• 2007

For the past 20 years, the growth and development of university-design-educational institutes contributed to the industrial development of our country. Due to the technological fluctuation and changes in the industrial structure in the latter half of the 20th century, the enterprise is demanding professionally-oriented design manpower. The principle which appears from instances of the advanced nations is to accommodate the demands in social changes and apply them to educational design programs. In order to respond promptly to the industrial demand especially, the advanced nations adopted "multidisciplinary design education programs" to lead innovation in the area of design globally. The objective of the research consequently is to suggest an educational system and a program through which the designer can be educated to obtain complex knowledge and the technique demanded by the industry and enterprise. Nowadays in order to adapt to a new business environment, designers specially should have both the knowledge and techniques in engineering and business administration. We suggest that the IPDI, a multidisciplinary design educational system and program is made up of the coordinated operation of major classes, on-the-job training connection, educational system for research base creation, renovation design development program for the application and the synthesis of alternative proposals about the training facility joint ownership by connecting with the education of design, business administration and engineering.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2002

This study was designed to examine the ability of the bovine (MII) oocytes cytoplasm to support several mitotic cell cycles under the direction of differentiated somatic cell nuclei of bovine, porcine, mouse and human. Bovine GV oocytes were matured in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% FBS. At 20h after IVM, recipient oocytes were stained with 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ Hoechst and their 1st polar body (PB) and MII plate were removed by enucleation micropipette under UV filter. Ear skin samples were obtained by biopsy from an adult bovine, porcine, mouse and human and cultured in 10% FBS added DMEM. Individual fibroblast was anlaysed chromosome number to confirm the specificity of species. Nuclear transferred (NT) units were produced by electrofusion of enucleated bovine oocytes with individual fibroblast. The reconstructed embryos were activated in 5 $\mu$M ionomycin for 5 min followed by 1.9 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) in CR1aa for 3 h. And cleaved NT embryos were cultured in CR1aa medium containing 10% FBS on monolayer of bovine cumulus cell for 8 days. Also NT embryo of 4~8 cell stage was analysed chromosome number to confirm the origin of nuclear transferred somatic cell. The rates of fusion between bovine recipient oocytes and bovine, porcine, mouse and human somatic cells were 70.2%, 70.2%, 72.4% and 63.0%, respectively. Also, their cleavage rates were 60.6%, 63.7%, 54.1% and 62.7%, respectively, there were no differences among them. in vitro development rates into morula and blastocyst were 17.5% and 4.3% in NT embryos from bovine and human fibroblasts, respectively. But NT embryos from porcine and mouse fibroblasts were blocked at 16~32-cell stage. The chromosome number in NT embryos from individual fibroblast was the same as chromosome number of individual species. These results show that bovine MII oocytes cytoplasm has the ability to support several mitotic cell cycles directed by newly introduced nuclear DNA.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.502-509
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• 2003

After 800 students of Chonbuk National University was examined, 86 people (male : 43, female : 43, mean age : 22.2 years old) was selected as a group of normal occlusion. From their gypsum cast, this conclusion was obtained. 1. Intra-observer measurement errors in buccolingual diameter, maxillary lateral incisors have somewhat bigger errors. In mesiodistal diameter, maxillary first molars and maxillary second molar have bigger numerical value. Mean errors of measurement are 0.051mm at buccolingual diameter of crown and 0.083mm at mesiodistal diameter. 2. Fluctuating asymmetry is 0.030 average in buccolingual diameter, and 0.037 average in mesiodistal diameter. Statistically there are no big differences. 3. Male has longer buccolingual diameter than female in every permanent teeth. Teeth which have statistical difference in buccolingual diameter are maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary second molar, mandibular central incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular second premolar, and mandibular first molar. In mesiodistal diameter maxillary central incisor, maxillary canine, and mandibular first molar have statistically difference. 4. Tooth which has the biggest difference depending on gender is maxillary lateral incisor in buccolingual diameter and mandibular canine in mesiodistal diameter. 5. Both sexes have similar crown index. Male has bigger value of crown module measurement and crown area measurement in every tooth. Crown area considered as size of tooth from occlusal surface was bigger in male than in female statistically except some teeth, maxillary first premolar, mandibular lateral incisor, first premolar and second premolar.