• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 2012

EZW, also known as Embedded Zerotree Wavelet, is a technique that allows transforming original images into wavelet, then again compressing images using the transformed data. This algorithm demonstrates a simple structure and remarkable effectiveness. This paper has reformed the EZW to improve a compression efficiency. Fundamentally, EZW evaluates the priority level of wavelet-transformed data and stores them into four different categories considering the priority level of the data as well as their location information. The four categories are represented as the symbols P, N, Z, and T. Here, P and N correspond to the volume of data and the priority level whereas Z and T show the location information of data. Each letter is stored through the process of dominant pass. However, here is when the data of Z and T are stored redundantly which lead to unnecessary increase of data volume. In this paper, we propose a modified version of Embedded Zerotree Wavelet algorithm, which is designed to efficiently reduce the volume of redundantly stored data using four additionally inserted symbols. We name it EEZW, Extended Embedded Zerotree Wavelet. The proposed algorithm demonstrates the efficiency verified by a number of image and confirms an outstanding result through the PSNR(Peak Signal To Noise Rate) values, which measure their quality of images.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.89-102
• /
• 2004

The generated blasting pressure wave initiated under decoupled-charge condition is a function of peak blasting pressure, rise time, and wave-shape function. The peak blasting pressure and the rise time are also the function of explosive and rock properties. The probabilistic distributions of explosive and rock properties are derived from the results of their property tests. Since the probabilistic distributions of explosive and rock properties displayed a normal distribution, the peak blasting pressure and the rise time can also be regarded as a normal distribution. Parameter analysis and uncertainty analysis were performed to identify the most influential parameter that affects the peak blasting pressure and the rise time. Even though the explosive properties were found to be the most influential parameters on the peak blasting pressure and the rise time from the parameter analyses, the result of uncertainty analysis showed that rock properties constituted major uncertainties in estimating the peak blasting pressure and the rise time rather than explosive properties. Damage and overbreak of the remaining rock around the excavation line induced by blasting were evaluated by dynamic numerical analysis. A user-subroutine to estimate the rock damage was coded based on the continuum damage mechanics. This subroutine was linked to a commercial program called 'ABAQUS/Explicit'. The results of dynamic numerical analysis showed that the rock damages generated by the initiation of stopping hole were larger than those from the initiation of contour hole. Several methods to minimize those damages were proposed such as relocation of stopping hole, detailed subdivision of rock classification, and so on. It was found that fracture probability criteria and fractured zones could be distinctively identified by applying fuzzy-random probability.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.4
• /
• pp.619-625
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the variation of fruit, seed and germination characteristics among populations of Serrateleaf Pearlbush (Exochorda serratifolia S. Moore) distributed in Korea. Fruits collected from 96 trees in five natural populations and their five fruit, seven seed and three germination characteristics were analyzed. In 14 characteristics except for mean germination time, there were significant differences among populations and among individuals within population. Generally, fruit and seed characteristics showed higher values among population in total variance component. Coefficients of variations in weight of fruit (27.0%), length/thickness of seed (28.1%) and germination rate (52.5%) were relatively high compared to other traits. In seed germination behaviors, germination percentage, mean germination time and germination rate showed 62.9%, 64.0 days and 0.40 ea./day, respectively. As a result of simple correlation analysis, mean germination time showed a significant positive correlation with seed thickness, germination rate showed a significant positive correlation with height of parent tree and latitude, respectively. Also, latitude showed a positive correlation with fruit weight. The populations close geographically did not show the tendency of clustering into the same group. The results of principal component analysis showed that the first for principal components (PC's) explained 63.0% of the total variation. Primary 3 principal components appeared to be major variables because of the loading contribution of 97.0%.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.565-571
• /
• 2014

A long-range prediction system of tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) has been operated in the National Typhoon Center of the Korea Meteorological Administration since 2012. The model forecasts the spatial distribution of TC tracks averaged over the period June~October. In this study, we separately developed TC prediction models for summer (June~August) and autumn (September~November) period based on the current operating system. To perform the three-month WNP TC activity prediction procedure readily, we modified the shell script calling in environmental variables automatically. The user can apply the model by changing these environmental variables of namelist parameter in consideration of their objective. The validations for the two seasons demonstrate the great performance of predictions showing high pattern correlations between hindcast and observed TC activity. In addition, we developed a post-processing script for deducing TC activity in the Korea emergency zone from final forecasting map and its skill is discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.16 no.7
• /
• pp.50-62
• /
• 2016

The aim of this study was to develop scale of test taker to affect on process of selection of college. The study procedures were performed as follow : establish of study model, item generation, verification of content validity, 1st and 2nd pilot test and verification of construct validity and reliability. In order to verification of validity and reliability, 230 freshman were surveyed and the data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, skewness. kurtosis, Pearson correlation, Verimax factor analysis and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. As result of factor analysis, the 15 factors(61 items) that explain 68.37% of the total variance were extracted and each factors were classified by attribution as follow : Information collection-mass media(4items), college activity (3items), support and environment(4items), education(5items), Influential person on decision making(3items), education quality(4items), education service(5items), reputation(3items), accessibility(2items), personal circumstances(2items), college's mass media(5items), promotion (4items), on-line(4items), person's PR (3items), College image(10items). Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of total items was 0.916 and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of each factors were showed range between 0.694~0.878. Measurement scale of this study may be utilized to collect basic data be required to establish policy strategy of local college be faced with difficulty of admission recruitment.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.155-168
• /
• 2018

This study singled out 30 smart car features and surveyed 250 respondents. Assuming that the relationship between fulfillment of a feature or a customer need and the satisfaction with that feature is not necessarily linear, this study was conducted using Kano's method. Two devices, Timko Deviation(TD) and Kano Distribution Index(KDI), were devised to help evaluate resulting Kano table quantitatively. Previous research based on Kano's original framework showed the limit to the analysis of new or unfamiliar features: more than 85% of the features surveyed turned out to be either Attractive or Indifferent attributes. This study attempted a new empirical approach by applying customer experiences, price conditions, and customer self-stated importance. The results showed that customer experience of the surveyed features affected the overall satisfaction level, signifying that Kano's method should be conducted with care when analyzing emerging technologies such as smart cars. It is expected that this study would be utilized for better understanding of the perception and trends of customers regarding new technologies. This study also suggests a new approach to the analysis of customer requirements by providing price conditions.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2009

The XRF core scanner was used, to analyze high resolution chemical elements in deep sea sediment cores from Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone of the northeastern Pacific. Comparison of data estimated by the XRF core scanner with ICP-AES showed relatively weak correlation coefficients between elements (especially Ba, Pb, Sr, Zr) except for Mn contents ($r^2$ > 0.89). However down-core variations of most elements seemed to be well matched each other and furthermore, XRF core scanner data reflected changes of sedimentary facies characterized by sediment colors. Mn/Al ratio dramatically changed at boundaries of facies in BC08-02-05 and BC08-02-13 but progressive changes occured in BC08-02-02, BC08-02-09 and BC08-02-10 where the sediments have been affected by bioturbations. The difference of Mn/Al ratio in each facies (Facies I, Facies II, Facies III) has been caused by redox condition of depositional environment. Vertical change of Mn/Al ratio were divided into two types probably affected by activities of benthic organisms in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.533-538
• /
• 2013

The damage caused by Recent frequently occurring locality torrential rains is increasing rapidly. In case of densely populated metropolitan area, casualties and property damage is a serious due to landslides and debris flows and floods. Therefore, the importance of predictions about the torrential is increasing. Precipitation characteristic of the bad weather in Korea is divided into typhoons and torrential rains. This seems to vary depending on the duration and area. Rainfall is difficult to predict because regional precipitation is large volatility and nonlinear. In this paper, Very short-term precipitation forecasting pattern model is implemented using KLAPS data used by Korea Meteorological Administration. we designed very short term precipitation forecasting pattern model using GA-based RBFNNs. the structural and parametric values such as the number of Inputs, polynomial type,number of fcm cluster, and fuzzification coefficient are optimized by GA optimization algorithm.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.18-35
• /
• 2000

The most dominant type of landslide in Korea is debris flows which mostly take place along mountain slopes during the rainy season, July to August. The landslides have been reported to begin activation when rainfall is more than 200mm within 2days. The debris flows are usually followed by translational slips which occur upper part of mountain slopes and they transit to debris flow as getting down to the valleys. Lithology, location, slope inclination, grain size distribution of soil, permeability, dry density and porosity have been proved as triggering factor causing translational slides. The triggering data taken from mapping are statistically analysed to get landslide potential quantitatively. Rock mass creeps mostly occur on well bedded sedimentary rocks in Kyeongsang Basin. Although the displacement of rock mass creep is relatively small about 1m, the creep can cause severe hazards due to relatively large volume of the involved rock mass. Examples are rock mass creep occurred in the mouth of Hwangryongsan Tunnel, in Chilgok and in Sachon in 1999. Although the direct factor of the creeps are due to slope cutting at the foot area, more attention is required A rotational slide occurring within thick soil formation or weathered rock is also closely related to bottom part of slope cutting. It is propagated circular or semi-circular type. Especially in korea, the rotational slide may be frequently occurred in Tertiary tuff area. Because they are mainly composed of volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials, well developed joints and high degree of swelling and absorption can easily cause the slide. The landslide among the Pohang-Guryongpo national road is belong to this type of slide.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The assessment of trauma patients in the prehospital setting is difficult, but appropriate field triage is critical to the prognosis of trauma patients. We sought to evaluate the triage given by the emergency medical technicians (EMTs) using the trauma score to patients injured in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Methods: From June 2012 to July 2012, questionnaires were distributed to EMTs, who had transported injured patients to the study hospital. Scene records, photos of the damaged vehicle, and ambulance run sheets were used to provide physiologic, physical, and mechanistic information about the MVC. To evaluate the appropriateness of the injury assessment by EMTs, we compared their impressions with the hospital's final diagnosis within a 3 level triage system comprising both the maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) and the injury severity score (ISS). Kappa (k) was calculated to evaluate the agreement between the triage by EMTs and the triage based on hospital's final diagnosis. Results: A total of 91 patients were analyzed by 31 EMTs. The percentage of males was 57.1%, the mean age was 44.5, and the mean MAIS and ISS were 2.7 and 16.6 respectively. While EMTs correctly diagnosed patient injuries to the extremities in 35.7%, and to the neck in 32.1%, pelvic injuries were missed in 80.0%. The agreement between the triage by the EMTs and the triage based on the hospital's final diagnosis was 62.6%(k=0.366) by the MAIS and 50.5%(k=0.234) by the ISS. The kappa value was higher in EMT-I than in EMT-II. Conclusion: In MVC, the assessment of injured patients by EMT-I was more appropriate, and the 3-level triage method based on the MAIS could contribute to a more accurate triage. Prospective studies to search for appropriate methods of field triage are required for programming practical education for EMTs.