• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.474-482
• /
• 1993

Background: As a physiologic plasminogen activator, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) could induce effective thrombolysis in massive pulmonary embolism, without the risk of systemic hemorrhage. However, therapeutic doses of t-PA has been associated with systemic lytic state, and fibrin selectivity may be influenced by the dosing regimen of t-PA. To investigate the effects of duration of t-PA infusion on blood coagulation system, we performed this study. Method: In a canine model of pulmonary embolism, which was induced by injection of autologous blood clots, we administered equal doses of t-PA (1 mg/kg) over 15 minutes in $t-PA_{15}$ group, over 180 minutes in $t-PA_{180}$ group, and only saline in control group. Then serial blood samplings were made to check complete blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrin, plasminogen, ${\alpha}_2$-antiplasmin, coagulation factor V and VIII, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products. Results: 1) In all 3 groups, complete blood count showed same changes. Hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet count decreased, but WBC count increased. 2) Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time were prolonged during 15-60 minutes after t-PA administration in $t-PA_{15}$ group, and from 30 minutes through 180 minutes after administration in $t-PA_{180}$ gorup. 3) Fibrin, ${\alpha}_2$-antiplasmin, and cogulation factor V and VIII decreased in both $t-PA_{15}$ and $t-PA_{180}$ group, but returned to basal levels earlier in $t-PA_{15}$ group. 4) Fibrin(ogen) degradation products increased after pulmonary embolism in all groups, and further increased in both $t-PA_{15}$ and $t-PA_{180}$ groups after t-PA infusion. But more pronounced increment was noted in $t-PA_{180}$ gorup. Conclusion: In pulmonary embolism, the shorter (15 minutes) infusion of t-PA would have less risk of systemic hemorrhage than the longer (180 minutes) infusion when the doses is equal. And, this suggests that manipulating the duration of t-PA infusion can reduce the risk of major bleeding.

• Informatization Policy
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.57-80
• /
• 2021

This study aimed to identify the causes of adult cyberbullying, an issue which arouses little academic interest despite its seriousness and its harmful consequences, in order to provide basic data for the formulation of reasonable measures for preventing and reducing adult cyberbullying. To that end, the author of the study analyzed the results of the government-led Cyber Violence Survey conducted in 2019. First, the online survey panel owned by the research company selected a sample of 1,500 adult men and women in their 20s to 50s in proportion to reflect the composition of the local population. The survey was conducted online, with male subjects and female subjects accounting for 51.5% and 48.7% of the respondents, respectively. The result of the analysis shows that the respondents' attitude towards cyberbullying was fully mediaed according to such factors as gender, age, family relations, relationship with colleagues, Internet usage time, and contact with illegal content. In addition, partial mediation was observed with regard to online delinquency colleague numbers and cyberbullying victimization. As a result, the respondents' attitude towards cyberbullying was found to be the most important factor affecting adult cyberbullying. Based on these results, this study suggests that the formation of a non-conservative attitude towards cyberbullying should be considered to be more important than any other factors when preparing programs aimed at preventing cyberbullying.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.62-69
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The present study has an objective of effectively separating and making observations on a portion of radiopharmaceutical excreted via digestive organ to remain in the organ and invade a heart shadow. Materials and methods: When heart shadow is blocked by the organ in tests during a resting phase and a loaded phase, additional images were obtained using immobilization device. The immobilization devices were used to tilt the upper body forward from supine position. Results: In the reconstructed image for the separated case, as compared with the case where a part of organ is overlapped with heart, in terms of an overall mean value for each parameter, the end-diastolic volume increased by 2.75 mL, the end-systolic volume decreased by 3.16 mL, the left ventricle cardiac coefficient increased by 3.58%, and the area of defect region decreased by 3.58 and 3.92 cm for loading and resting phase, respectively. Conclusions: In the present study with myocardial perfusion SPECT, overlapped areas of heart and other organs could be effectively separated and visualization by the use of an immobilization device.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 1985

The tension leg platform (TLP) is a kind of compliant structures, and is also a type of moored stable platform with a buoyancy exceeding the weight because of having tensioned vertical anchor cables. In this paper, among the various kinds of tension leg structures, Deep Oil Technology (DOT) TLP was analyzed because it has large-displacement portions of the immersed surface such as vertical corner pontoons and small-diameter elongated members such as cross-bracing. It also has results of hydraulic model tests, comparable with theorectical analysis. Because of the vertical axes of symmetry in the three vertical buoyant legs and because there are no larger horizontal buoyant members between these three vertical members, it was decided to develop a numerical algorithm which would predict the dynamic response of the DOT TLP using the previously developed numerical algorithm Floating Vessel Response Simulation (FVRS) for vertically axisymmetric bodies of revolution. In addition, a linearized hydroelastic Morison equation subroutine would be developed to account for the hydrodynamic pressure forces on the small member cross bracing. Interaction between the large buoyant members or small member cross bracings is considered to be negligible and is not included in the analysis. The dynamic response of the DOT TLP in the surge mode is compared with the results of the TLP algorithm for various combinations of diffraction and Morison forces and moments. The results which include the Morison equation are better than the results for diffraction only. This is because the vertically axisymmetric buoyant members are only marginally large enough to consider diffractions effects. The prototype TLP results are expected to be more inertially dominated.

• 한국산학경영학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.101-123
• /
• 2004

This study examines empirically the significant changes in tax payments when the consolidated tax return is introduced in the future. We estimate the consolidated tax payments under the eight cases which are classified as such : whether only 100% ownership subsidiaries should be included or 80% and over, whether all subsidiaries should be included or only subsidiaries with loss, and whether unrealized profits from intercompany transactions should be excluded or not. After estimating the consolidated tax payments, we test the difference between the consolidated tax payments and the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. The results of the test show that the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. We interpret that the inclusion of the losses of the subsidiaries in the consolidated tax base makes the tax payment decrease. Based on our analysis about 3.8 billion Won per each parent company would decrease due to the introduction of the consolidated tax return. And we find that under the mandatory consolidated tax return system the significant difference between the consolidated and individual tax payment exists except that the only 100% ownership subsidiaries are included and unrealized profits from intercompany transactions are not excluded. However, when the parent companies have the discretion to select the consolidated subsidiaries, the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries regardless of the ownership percentage, inclusion of the loss of the subsidiaries and exclusion of the unrealized profits.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.169-177
• /
• 2002

Purpose: Hypertension accelerates the progression of chronic renal disease, whether it results from, or causes, the renal disease. Therefore, the control of hypertension is one of the important factors that retard the rate of renal deterioration. We compared the effects of different antihypertensive agents on renal function and glomerular morphology In subtotal nephrectomized rats. Materials and methods: After induction of chronic renal failure with 5/6 nephrectomy, the rats were divided into three groups; control group (Group C), enalapril group (Group E), and nicardipine group (Group N). Systolic blood pressure was measured by tail cuff method every 4 weeks until 12 weeks after nephrectomy. At 12 weeks after nephrectomy, all rats were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hour urine collections to measure urinary protein and creatinine excretion. After urine collection and blood sampling for serum creatinine, all rats were sacrificed. The renal tissue was processed for morphometric study with light microscope and electron microscope. Results: 1. The blood pressure of Group C increased progressively, but both enalapril and nicardipine prevented the development of hypertension, and the two drugs were equally effective in maintaining normal blood pressure throughout the study. 2. Twenty-four hour urinary protein excretion was lower in Group E compared to Group C and Group N 3. Mesangial expansion score in both treated groups were significantly lower than the control group. Mean glomerular volume in Group E was significantly reduced compared to Group C and Group N. There was no significant difference in mean glomerular volume between Group C and Group N. 4. There was no significant difference in podocyte structural changes, estimated by filtration slit length density, among control, enalapril and nicardipine treated groups. Conclusion: Control of hypertension with enalapril or nicardipine afforded considerable protection from mesangial expansion in the rat remnant kidney model. But protein excretion and glomerular growth were significantly reduced in Group E compared to Group N. There was no significant difference in podocyte structural changes among the 3 groups.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2018

Purpose Standardized uptake value(SUV) has been widely used as a quantitative metric of uptake in PET/CT for diagnosis of malignant tumors and evaluation of tumor therapy response. However, the SUV depends on various factor including PET/CT scanner specifications and reconstruction parameter. The purpose of this study is to validate a EQ PET to evaluate SUV across different PET/CT systems. Materials and Methods First, NEMA IEC body phantom data were used to calculate the EQ filter for OSEM3D with PSF and TOF reconstruction from three different PET/CT systems in order to obtain EARL compliant recovery coefficients of each spheres. The Biograph true point 40 PET/CT images were reconstructed with a OSEM3D+PSF reconstruction, images of the Biograph mCT 40 and Biograph mCT 64 PET/CT scanners were reconstructed with a OSEM3D+PSF, OSEM3D+TOF, OSEM3D+PSF+TOF. Post reconstructions, the proprietary EQ filter was applied to the reconstruction data. Recovery coefficient can be estimated by ratio of measured to true activity concentration for spheres of different volume and coefficient variability(CV) value of RC for each sphere was compared. For clinical study, we compared SUVmax applying different reconstruction algorithms in FDG PET images of 61 patients with lung cancer using Biograph mCT 40 PET/CT scanner. Results For the phantom studied, the mean values of CV for OSEM3D, OSEM3D+PSF, OSEM3D+TOF and OSEM3D+PSF+TOF reconstructions were 0.05, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.03 respectively for RC. Application of the proprietary EQ filter, the mean values of CV for OSEM3D, OSEM3D+PSF, OSEM3D+TOF and OSEM3D+PSF+TOF reconstructions were 0.04, 0.03, 0.03 and 0.02 respectively for RC. Clinical study, there were no statistical significance of the difference applying EQ PET on SUVmax of 61 patients FDG PET image. (p=1.000) Conclusion This study indicates that CV values of RC in phantom were decreased after applying EQ PET for different PET/CT system and The EQ PET reduced reconstruction dependent variation in SUVs for 61 lung cancer patients, Therefore, EQ PET will be expected to provide accurate quantification when the patient is scanned on different PET/CT system.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 1995

Consecutive brain 〔Tc-99m〕ECD SPECT studies before and after acetazolamide (Diamox) administration have been performed with patients for the evaluation of cerebrovascular hemodynamic reserve. However, the quantitaitve potential of SPECT Diamox imaging is limited as a result of degrading fractors such as finite detector resolution, attenuation, scatter, poor counting statistics, and methods of data analysis. Making physical measurements in phantoms filled with known amounts of radioactivity can help characterize and potentially quantify the sensitivities. However, it is often very difficult to make a realistic phantom simulating patients in clinical situations. By computer simulation, we studied the sensitivities of ECD SPECT before and after Diamox administration. The sensitivity is defined as ($\Delta$N/N)/($\Delta$S/S)$\times$100％, where $\Delta$N denotes the differences in mean counts between post-and pre-Diamox in the measured data, N denotes the mean counts before Diamox in the measure data, $\Delta$S denotes the differences in mean counts between post-and pre-Diamox in the model, and S denotes the mean counts before Diamox in the model. In clinical Diamox studies, the percentage changes of radioactivity could be determined to measure changes in radioactivity concentration by Diamox after subtracting pre-from post-Diamox data. However, the optimal amount of subtraction for 100％ sensitivity is not known since this requires a thorough sensitivity analysis by computer simulation. For consecutive brain SPECT imaging model before and after Diamox, when 30％ increased radioactivity concentrations were assingned for Diamox effect in model, the sensitivities were measured as 51.03, 73.4, 94.00, 130.74％ for 0, 100, 150, 200％ subtraction, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the partial voluming effects due to finite detector resolution and statistical noise result in a significant underestimation of radioactivity measurements and the amount of underestimation depends on the. ％ increase of radioactivity concentration and ％ subtraction of pre-from post-Diamox data. The 150％ subtraction appears to be optimal in clinical situations where we expect approximately 30％ changes in radioactivity concentration. The computer simulation may be a powerful technique to study sensitivities of ECD SPECT before and after Diamox administration.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2019

Purpose: Tomo therapy and Proton therapy treatment plans for the treatment of prostate cancer patients were established, and the characteristics of dose distribution according to beam delivery method using Tomo therapy IMRT method and Proton therapy PBS method to compare and analyze the treatment effect were sought. Materials and Methods: Tomo IMRT treatment plan and Proton PBS treatment plan were established using the Hi.art planning station 5.1.1.6 of Tomo therapy and Eclipse 13.7 of VARIAN for three prostate cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy only for radical purposes without surgery. For the evaluation of two treatment plans, the average dose (Dmean) and maximum dose (Dmax) of PGTV were calculated from dose volume histogram (DVH) to confirm the coverage and calculate CI and HI. In OAR evaluation, the dose received from the rectal volume 25% and the dose received from the bladder were evaluated to compare the normal long-term protection effect. Results: The mean maximum doses of the three patients were 71.4Gy, 75.3Gy and the mean doses were 70.4Gy and 72.8Gy in the DVH of the Tomo IMRT and Proton PBS. The CI was 1.16 and 1.31, and the HI was 0.04 and 0.12 respectively, and the Tomo IMRT was superior to the Proton PBS in dose suitability. Conclusion: The mean dose of PGTV in prostate cancer patients was 3.4% higher in Proton PBS than in Tomo IMRT. This is because the Dose suitability of Tomo IMRT was better, but it is considered to be a small difference to be seen as a significant result. However, the results of the two methods were 51.2% in D 25% and 55.7% less in the average dose of bladder, which could reduce the side effects of patients in proton PBS.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study 띤as to determine the potential role of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in the treatment of primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The preliminary results on the efficacy and the toxicity of 3D-CRT are reported. Materials and Methods : Seventeen patients were enrolled in this study, which was conducted prospectively from January 1995 to June 1997. The exclusion criteria included the presence of extrahepatic metastasis, liver cirrhosis of Child-Pugh classification C, tumors occupying more than two thirds of the entire liver, and a performance status of more than 3 on the ECOG scale. Two patients were treated with radiotherapy only while the remaining 15 were treated with combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiotherapy was given to the field including the tumor plus a 1.5 cm margin using a 3D-CRT technique. The radiation dose ranged from $36\~60\;Gy$ (median; 59.4 Gy). Tumor response was based on a radiological examination such as the CT scan, MR imaging, and hepatic artery angiography at $4\~8$ weeks following the completion of treatment. The acute and subacute toxicities were monitored. Results : An objective response was observed in 11 out of 17 patients, giving a response rate of $64.7\%$. The actuarial survival rate at 2 years was $21.2\%$ from the start of radiotherapy (median survival; 19 months). Six patients developed a distant metastasis consisting of a lung metastasis in 5 patients and bone metastasis in one. The complications related to 30-CRT were gastro-duodenitis $(\geq\;grade\;2)$ in 2 patients. There were no treatment related deaths and radiation induced hepatitis. Conclusion : The preliminary results show that 3D-CRT is a reliable and effective treatment modality for primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma compared to other conventional modalities. Further studies to evaluate the definitive role of the 3D-CRT technique in the treatment of primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma are needed.