• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.15
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• pp.3-37
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• 2007

Until now, archives of colonial era preserved in each public institution including National Archives & Records Service can be called as the results of colonial chosun government general's records management activities. However, it is a fact that only the fragment of the archives from colonial era remained in public institutions without maintaining integrity of record. Therefore, it is virtually impossible to restore operations process of the era only with current records. It is somewhat because some records were institutionally abrogated by valuation selecting standard of colonial chosun government general, but it is more likely the result of systematic destruction of documents and records upon liberation. On the other hand, although records that were being preserved by colonial chosun government general's acquisition policy escaped the systematic abrogation, the scope and target of the historical records were changed according to acquisition policy. Historical records managed by each inquiry agency of colonial chosun government general were collected to be used for fundamental information of colonial rule or compilation of Chosun history. However, archives collected by colonial chosun government general could not escape partiality as a goal for colonial rule had priority over the standpoint for recording Korean society. Although records management system of colonial chosun government general was introduced from Japanese government's system, it clearly shows colonial characteristics in the process of collecting Chosun's historical records and its use.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2015

Gosan Yoon, Sundo's Gumswae-dong Garden Heritage has been designated as a National Historical Site 432 including Hyunsan old fortress wall. The site requires maintenance planning. For the plan, it also requires the consideration of Gosan's written documents describing the garden heritage and the site survey with on-site inspections for authentic maintenance approaches. It should be based on the thorough comprehension of historical remains. The site is a traditional ancient garden, so its approaches should be different with a historic structure and building. For the planning, the study conducts the interview of residents and experts, literature review, the investigation of historical materials, site survey, and the analysis of aerial photography. The results are following:5) Firstly, the paper suggests three types of an excavation area selection: core, recommend and investigation. Secondly, of 22 landscapes named by Gosan, it has the plan of guidance facilities, vegetation maintenance, safety facilities, landscape maintenance as view points, pathway maintenance, deck, and halting place. Thirdly, it also suggests pathway plan for authentic garden promenade according to the literature of Gumswaedong-Gi, an old map and aerial photography(1967, 1976, 1990), and interviews with residents. Fourthly, it suggests vegetation refurbishment at the site to check erection time and to require a preservation plan. In a case of no historic remains part, it also has a plan of amenities for visitors and wetlands for biodiversity of ecology and landscape. Finally, although it requires excavation and more historical evidences for the Hyunsan fortress wall, it suggests a maintenance plan of Pyeonchuksseong and Hyeopchuksseong partially.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.322-340
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• 2021

Due to climate change and its consequential spring temperature rise, flowering time of Robinia pseudoacacia has advanced and a simultaneous blooming phenomenon occurred in different regions in South Korea. These changes in flowering time became a major crisis in the domestic beekeeping industry and the demand for accurate prediction of flowering time for R. pseudoacacia is increasing. In this study, we developed and compared performance of four different models predicting flowering time of R. pseudoacacia for the entire country: a Single Model for the country (SM), Modified Single Model (MSM) using correction factors derived from SM, Group Model (GM) estimating parameters for each region, and Local Model (LM) estimating parameters for each site. To achieve this goal, the bloom date data observed at 26 points across the country for the past 12 years (2006-2017) and daily temperature data were used. As a result, bloom dates for the north central region, where spring temperature increase was more than two-fold higher than southern regions, have advanced and the differences compared with the southwest region decreased by 0.7098 days per year (p-value=0.0417). Model comparisons showed MSM and LM performed better than the other models, as shown by 24% and 15% lower RMSE than SM, respectively. Furthermore, validation with 16 additional sites for 4 years revealed co-krigging of LM showed better performance than expansion of MSM for the entire nation (RMSE: p-value=0.0118, Bias: p-value=0.0471). This study improved predictions of bloom dates for R. pseudoacacia and proposed methods for reliable expansion to the entire nation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 2008

In this study, the breads with medicinal herbs (MH) composites showing immunostimulating activity were prepared and their characteristics were examined. Fourteen kinds of medicinal herbs were extracted with hot water and divided into 3 groups (MH-1, MH-2, MH-3) based on their contents. All groups showed immunostimulating activity in terms of macrophage phagocytosis, nitrite production, cytostatic activity and cytokine production. In the preparation of breads containing MH extracts of various contents (0, 30, 50, 70, and 100%), there was no significant difference among dough pHs of all groups after first fermentation, but loaf volume was significantly (p<0.05) increased in 70% added group while decreased in 30%, 50%, and 100% added groups compared to the control. The "a" and "b" values of bread crumb increased with the content of MH extracts while "L" value decreased, but these values of bread crust were similar to the control group. Most improvements in hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of bread were noticed by the addition of 70% MH extracts, but those of springiness, cohesiveness and resilience were mostly by the 50% addition ones. Through the sensory evaluation, it was revealed that mouth feeling, taste and overall preference decreased at breads containing 70% and 100% extracts, although appearance and crumb texture were not significantly (p<0.05) different among all groups.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.110-125
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• 2015

This study is objected to investigate the repairing method and the modification period of rafters via the transformation traces left in the superciliums, where repair process takes places frequently. This is the basic research of analyzing the architectural features of Deokkeori, one of the additional-rafter methods. Deokkeori method can be described as using Deokdori in the top section of Hayeon, and placement of Sangyeon above it. This method was started to be used since middle of the Joseon dynasty period(middle 18th Century) and mainly used at 19th Century to resist the transformation caused by repairing. It had been gradually developed from non-application stage to application stage including additional usage of complement. The architectural features of Deokkeori can be categorized into four. First, the usage of Deokdori to connect Sangyeon to the top section of Hayeon. It reduct the direct connection between Sangyoen and Hayeon, therefore give constructive benefits and prevent the downfall of the eaves by increasing the power which pressing the top section of Hayeon. Second, it gives the autonomy to the inside structure of ceiling by comprising it. By using Deokdori, the limit of top section's longitude was eliminated while also simplify the upper section by blocking the inside structures with ceiling. In addition, the complements occasionally seen in several buildings increase the power which pressing Hayeon. Third, the ceiling's slope has been changed to be concerned with Sangyeon, instead of Hayeon which was highly related with it before. The last factor is the thickness of rafters which used in Deokkeori. The diameter is thiner in Sangyeon than Hayeon.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.35
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• pp.161-206
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• 2013

'Maeul' is a concept connoting a community. As a place where ordinary people's lives are planned and realized, Maeul is the foundation of their daily lives as well as a place where they work, rest and enjoy pastime activities. In Korea, however, most Maeul communities are dismantled while going though the modern period representing colonization and developmental dictatorship. Growth-oriented industrialization and urbanization turned into such adverse effects as individualization, a sense of loss and a sense of alienation. Recently, through innovations from below, Maeuls are restored, and through Maeul communities restored this way, every Maeul and many researchers carry out activities to build a healthy civil society. This study was conducted on such a background. For a healthy restoration of Maeul communities and a sustainable operation of those communities, it is necessary to establish archives where record the trace of Maeul members' daily lives and relations between those members. The archive of Maeul communities is a place that contains each Maeul's local characteristics as well as human relations as well. It is because this place can be space where Maeul members can record their history, communicate with each other and make a better future. The archive of Maeul communities can be made into various different models, which can be operated by reflecting the identity of a community such as main agents and characteristics, objectives and orientation of objects recorded. Rather than when Maeul communities exist as individuals, they can display more important functions and better effect when they form a network. Therefore, it is needed to provide various and creative methodologies different from the existing government-led record management. Not only on the form of archives, but also all over their functions, such as collection, arrangement, classification, evaluation, management and utilization, Maeul and Maeul residents' norms, orientation and realistic conditions should be thoroughly reflected. Starting from a chance to look back at individuals' lives, the archive of Maeul communities will be a new chapter to restore and build a healthy community in our society and overcome social contradictions from below. Moreover, the archive of Maeul communities has a great significance that it will broaden its prospect creatively with a new paradigm, not only mechanically turning the existing public sector-centered record management into a non-governmental sector.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.76-87
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of and to derive future maintenance-management measures of the constructed alternative habitat for the Kaloula borealis at the University of Seoul, examining the period between 2015-2017. The research was constructed in 2014 and in a $191m^2$ area. The performance evaluation was divided into maintaining the habitat of the target species, maintaining the population and reproduction rates of the target species, maintaining the habitat of the wild species, the resilience of natural ecosystems, and the harmony with the surrounding environment. In terms of maintaining the habitat of the target species, soil collected from the existing habitat of the Kaloula borealis and was the depth was increased to 30cm in the alternative habitat. An artificial water supply was required every year during the supporting the spawning and hatching of other amphibians along with the Kaloula borealis. The sources of water of the alternative habitat were both rain and tap water, as it cannot be maintained naturally. Additionally, the Kaloula borealis thrived because it inhabited the research site and the average temperature was $26.2^{\circ}C$ from April-June, which is when the Kaloula borealis spawns. In terms of maintaining the population and reproduction rates of the Kaloula borealis, they were evaluated to have stable rates of reproduction. In terms of maintaining the habitat of the wild species, studies on vegetation and the structure of the characteristics of prey or predators will be needed. Also, alien species, such as Humulus japonicus and Bidens frondosa needed to be removed to maintain the wetland ecosystem of the wild species. In the assessment of the resilience of the natural ecosystems, the mud was monitored, noting the changes in the depth of water, with steps taken to reduce the leakage of water. The mud collected from the Haneul Pond wetland, which is located around the research site was piled up. Also, partial mowing management and the inducement of a natural vegetation colony was required for vegetation management. It was also necessary to create porous spaces, such as old trees and tree branches to create a habitat with hiding places and feeding and spawning places for small organisms. In terms of the harmony with the surrounding environment, the following threat factors needed to be managed: amphibian roadkill by vehicles and pedestrians and artificial draining due to nearby user access. Based on the monitoring results, alternative habitat management measures presented the promoting various waterside structures, in which amphibians can spawn and hide in, managing the water environment consistently, managing the vegetation, focused on the habitat of the wild species, and managing the surrounding environment for the habitat. The creation of an alternative habitat should be managed through monitoring, reflecting the characteristics of the changes in the site. Also continuing efforts are also needed to improve the habitat of the target species.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.562-581
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• 2018

This study was designed to predict the changes in species richness of plants under the climate change in South Korea. The target species were selected based on the Plants Adaptable to Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula. Altogether, 89 species including 23 native plants, 30 northern plants, and 36 southern plants. We used the Species Distribution Model to predict the potential habitat of individual species under the climate change. We applied ten single-model algorithms and the pre-evaluation weighted ensemble method. And then, species richness was derived from the results of individual species. Two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) were used to simulate the species richness of plants in 2050 and 2070. The current species richness was predicted to be high in the national parks located in the Baekdudaegan mountain range in Gangwon Province and islands of the South Sea. The future species richness was predicted to be lower in the national park and the Baekdudaegan mountain range in Gangwon Province and to be higher for southern coastal regions. The average value of the current species richness showed that the national park area was higher than the whole area of South Korea. However, predicted species richness were not the difference between the national park area and the whole area of South Korea. The difference between current and future species richness of plants could be the disappearance of a large number of native and northern plants from South Korea. The additional reason could be the expansion of potential habitat of southern plants under climate change. However, if species dispersal to a suitable habitat was not achieved, the species richness will be reduced drastically. The results were different depending on whether species were dispersed or not. This study will be useful for the conservation planning, establishment of the protected area, restoration of biological species and strategies for adaptation of climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.575-581
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• 2010

This study was accomplished for verifying the biotope field survey accuracy in the forests. Biotope data is used as the standard for the preservation and restoration of the urban ecosystem. The study area is the forests of Gwanak-gu, Seoul. For verifying accuracy, first we compared biotope field survey results between 2000 and 2005, second we compared between field survey results and satellite imagery. For comparing with satellite imagery, we delineated the evergreen-coniferous forests from imagery taken during winter season. As a result of comparison, the ratio of most actual vegetation types by delineated detail field surveys were matched around 92% between 2000 and 2005. But, between 2 field surveys, around 60% of total vegetation type was regionally matched. Evergreen-coniferous forests extracted by satellite imagery were regionally matched 69.4% of field survey result in 2000, and matched 80% of the result in 2005. If we consider the delineating errors from deciphering the picture, the results have high accuracy, especially 2005. The processes of verifying accuracy have not been proceeding in the part of delineating actual vegetation works. The verification of accuracy is important for the renewal process. Thus, the various verification methods will be studied and criteria should be developed for enhancing objectivity.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.8
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• pp.13-24
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• 2007

The Department of Fine Art requested the conservation science team to examine the technique of painting with gold powder on the gold painted porcelains, which were made in Korea and China, among the items possessed by National Museum of Korea in order to publish it in the research paper collection of the Exchange Exhibition of Korea and China Porcelains. Among the items possessed by National Museum of Korea, such items were included as, an item of Koryo inlaid celadon (No. Gaesung 106), called the celadon with inlaid work (Korean name: Cheongjasanggam suhawonmun geumchaepyunho), which was decorated in the layer of glaze using gold power, an items of tea cup called "Temmku da wan" (No. Bongwan 10011), which was manufactured in the time of Song dynasty of Chinese history, an items of gold cup called "Siyuchohwamun hwageumwan" (No. Bongwan 2027), and an items of a porcelain called "Siyuwan" (No. Duksoo 3322). As the result of the examination, the stabilizing method of baking the decorated porcelains is similar, after they are painted with the pigment mixed with fine gold powder and the glaze solvent, but the treatment method of the colors is a little different among them. In other words, there is a big difference between them, for example, in the case of Koryo celadon, because the gold coloring was painted carefully one by one on the splendid decorations of inlaid works, while in the case of Chinese porcelains, butterflies or arabesque designs are decorated on the layer of the glaze in the porcelains of no decoration, using the stencil skill. According to the result of this examination, the part of the porcelain, whose layer of gold color was peeled off, could be restored, and as the result of the restoration, it was confirmed how beautiful and splendid the gold porcelain had been at the time of being manufactured.