DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Evaluation and Maintenance for Alternative Habitats of the Narrow-mouth Frog (Kaloula borealis) - A Case Study on the Alternative Habitats of Kaloula borealis at the University of Seoul -

맹꽁이 대체서식지 조성 평가 및 유지관리 방안 연구 - 서울시립대학교 맹꽁이 대체서식지를 사례로 -

  • Park, Seok-Cheol (Institute of Urban Science, University of Seoul) ;
  • Han, Bong-Ho (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, University of Seoul) ;
  • Park, Min-Jin (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School, University of Seoul)
  • 박석철 (서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원) ;
  • 한봉호 (서울시립대학교 조경학과) ;
  • 박민진 (서울시립대학교 대학원 조경학과)
  • Received : 2019.01.22
  • Accepted : 2019.02.11
  • Published : 2019.02.28

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of and to derive future maintenance-management measures of the constructed alternative habitat for the Kaloula borealis at the University of Seoul, examining the period between 2015-2017. The research was constructed in 2014 and in a $191m^2$ area. The performance evaluation was divided into maintaining the habitat of the target species, maintaining the population and reproduction rates of the target species, maintaining the habitat of the wild species, the resilience of natural ecosystems, and the harmony with the surrounding environment. In terms of maintaining the habitat of the target species, soil collected from the existing habitat of the Kaloula borealis and was the depth was increased to 30cm in the alternative habitat. An artificial water supply was required every year during the supporting the spawning and hatching of other amphibians along with the Kaloula borealis. The sources of water of the alternative habitat were both rain and tap water, as it cannot be maintained naturally. Additionally, the Kaloula borealis thrived because it inhabited the research site and the average temperature was $26.2^{\circ}C$ from April-June, which is when the Kaloula borealis spawns. In terms of maintaining the population and reproduction rates of the Kaloula borealis, they were evaluated to have stable rates of reproduction. In terms of maintaining the habitat of the wild species, studies on vegetation and the structure of the characteristics of prey or predators will be needed. Also, alien species, such as Humulus japonicus and Bidens frondosa needed to be removed to maintain the wetland ecosystem of the wild species. In the assessment of the resilience of the natural ecosystems, the mud was monitored, noting the changes in the depth of water, with steps taken to reduce the leakage of water. The mud collected from the Haneul Pond wetland, which is located around the research site was piled up. Also, partial mowing management and the inducement of a natural vegetation colony was required for vegetation management. It was also necessary to create porous spaces, such as old trees and tree branches to create a habitat with hiding places and feeding and spawning places for small organisms. In terms of the harmony with the surrounding environment, the following threat factors needed to be managed: amphibian roadkill by vehicles and pedestrians and artificial draining due to nearby user access. Based on the monitoring results, alternative habitat management measures presented the promoting various waterside structures, in which amphibians can spawn and hide in, managing the water environment consistently, managing the vegetation, focused on the habitat of the wild species, and managing the surrounding environment for the habitat. The creation of an alternative habitat should be managed through monitoring, reflecting the characteristics of the changes in the site. Also continuing efforts are also needed to improve the habitat of the target species.

본 연구는 서울시립대학교 맹꽁이 대체서식지의 2015~2017년 사후모니터링 이후 대체서식지 조성 평가 및 유지관리방안 도출을 목적으로 하였다. 연구대상지는 2014년에 조성되었으며, 면적은 $191m^2$이다. 조성 평가는 목표종의 서식환경 유지, 목표종의 개체수와 번식률 유지, 자생종 서식환경 유지, 자연생태계로의 회복력, 주변 환경과의 조화로 구분 평가하였다. 목표종의 서식환경 유지 측면에서 대체서식지 내 토양을 기존 맹꽁이 서식지에서 채취하여 토심 30cm 깊이로 조성하였다. 대체서식지 수원은 우수와 수돗물이라 자연적으로 이루어질 수 없으므로 맹꽁이와 함께 다른 양서류 산란 및 부화시기에 인위적인 물 공급이 매년 필요하였다. 그리고 연구대상지는 대체서식지 조성 이후 산란 및 번식을 하는 시기인 6~8월의 평균 기온이 $26.2^{\circ}C$로 맹꽁이 서식에는 어려움이 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 맹꽁이 개체수와 번식률 유지 측면에서는 맹꽁이가 점차 안정적인 서식 및 번식을 이루고 있는 것으로 평가하였다. 자생종 서식환경 유지 측면에서는 피식자 또는 포식자 특성을 고려한 식생 종 및 식생 구조 개선이 필요하였고, 환삼덩굴, 미국가막사리 등 외래종은 자생종의 습지생태계 유지를 위해 제거가 필요하였다. 자연생태계로 회복 평가에서 물빠짐 현상의 완화를 위해 수심 변화 모니터링을 통한 진흙다짐을 실시하였다. 진흙은 대상지 주변에 위치한 하늘연못 습지 바닥에서 채취하여 이설했다. 식생 관리는 부분적인 예초관리가 필요하고, 자연적인 식생 군락 형성 유도가 필요하였다. 또한 고목, 나뭇가지 등 다공질 공간을 조성하여 소생물의 서식 공간 및 은신처, 먹이 산란처를 조성할 필요가 있었다. 주변 환경과 조화 측면에서는 차량 및 보행자에 의한 양서류 로드킬, 인공 배수로에 양서류 빠짐, 주변 이용자 접근 등 위협요인 관리가 필요하였다. 대체서식지 관리방안은 모니터링 결과를 바탕으로 산란 및 은신할 수 있는 다양한 수변구조, 지속적인 수환경 관리, 자생종 서식환경 중심의 식생관리, 야생생물의 서식환경을 위한 주변 환경관리를 제시하였다. 창출형 대체서식지는 모니터링을 통해 대상지 변화 특성을 반영한 관리와 복원 목표종의 서식 환경 개선 노력이 지속적으로 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Cho, D. G. and Y. J. Shim(2016) Planning of narrow-mouth frog (Kaloula borealis) habitat restoration using habitat suitability index (HSI). Korean Society of Ecology and Infrastructure Engineering 3(1): 62-69.
  2. Cushman, S. A.(2006) Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: A review and prospectus. Biological Conservation 128(2): 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.031
  3. Gibbons, J. W., D. E. Scott, T. J. Ryan, K. A. Buhlmann, T. D. Tuberville, B. S. Metts and C. T. Winne(2000). The global decline of reptiles, Deja Vu Amphibians: Reptile species are declining on a global scale. Six significant threats to reptile populations are habitat loss and degradation, introduced invasive species, environmental pollution, disease, unsustainable use, and global climate change. AIBS Bulletin, 50(8): 653-666.
  4. Hong, S. G., C. K. An, H. J. Kim, K. C. Oh, S. Y. Park, S. M. Na and H. B. Yi(2017) Ecological study of narrow-mouthed Toad (Kaloula borealis) population at Myeongji district in Busan Metropolitan City. Journal of Wetlands Research 19(1): 172-179. https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2017.19.1.172
  5. Hur, M. J., B. H. Han and J. I. Kwak(2017) Planning for amphibians habitats in urban forest wetlands, Korea. The Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 20(6): 1-19.
  6. Hwang, Y. S.(2000) Study in the Korean narrow-mouth frog(Kaloula borealis) In-situ Conservation. JHU Press 9(2): 89-98.
  7. Jang, J. H.(2013) Method of Restoration and Management for Biodiversity Improvement of Urban Wetlands in Seoul. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Seoul. Seoul. Korea.
  8. Jung, Y. S., M. O. Park and B. H. Koo(2013) A substitute habitat planning for 'Kaloula borealis' based on wetlands. The Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 16(1): 1-15.
  9. Kim, J. C.(2009) A Study on Habitat Improvement for Narrow-Mouth FRog(Kaloula borealis) In-situ Conservation. Master's Thesis, University of Seoul. Seoul. Korea.
  10. Ko, S. B., Y. M. Ko and H. S. Oh(2011) Distribution of spawning site of Kaloula borealis in Jeju Island. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 25: 846-852.
  11. Korean Ministry of Environment.(2013) Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline for Creation and Management of Compensatory Habitat.
  12. National Institute of Biological Resources(2012) Precise Ecological Survey of Endangered Herptile (Kaloula borealis) and Post Evaluation and Improvement of Proliferation and Restoration Project.
  13. Rho, P. H.(2016) Relationship between abundances of Kaloula borealis and meteorological factors based on habitat features. The Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 19(3): 103-119. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2016.19.3.103
  14. Shim, Y. J., D. G. Cho, S. H. Park, D. J. Lee, Y. H. Seo, S. H. Kim, D. H. Kim, S. B. Ko, J. Y. Cha and H. C. Sung(2014) Development of habitat suitability index for habitat restoration of narrow-mouth frog (Kaloula borealis). Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 17: 109-123. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2014.17.2.109
  15. Shim, Y. J., D. G. Cho, J. P. Hong, D. H. Kim, Y. S. Park and H. C. Sung(2015) Site selection of narrow-mouth frog (Kaloula borealis) habitat restoration using habitat suitability index. Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 18: 33-44. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2015.18.2.33
  16. Wake, D. B. and V. T. Vredenburg(2008) Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(Supplement 1): 11466-11473. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801921105
  17. Yang, S. Y., J. B. Kim, M. S. Min, J. H. Suh and Y. J. Kang(2001) Monograph of Korean Amphibia. Seoul: Academy Press.
  18. http://www.ddm.go.kr