• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.110-119
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• 2017

The agroclimatic indices are produced by statistical analysis based on primary climate data (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and solar irradiance) or driving agronomic models. This study was carried out to evaluate how selection of daily temperature for a climate normal (1983-2012) affected the precision of the agroclimatic indices. As a first step, averaged daily 0600 and 1500 LST temperature for a climate normal were produced by geospatial schemes based on topo-climatology ($365days{\times}1$ set, EST normal year). For comparison, 30 years daily temperature data were generated by applying the same process ($365days{\times}30sets$), and calculated mean of daily temperature (OBS normal year). The flowering date of apple 'Fuji' cultivar, the last frost date, and the risk of late frost were estimated based on EST normal year data and compared with the results from OBS normal year. The results on flowering date showed 2.9 days of error on average. The last frost date was of 11.4 days of error on average, which was relatively large. Additionally, the risk of the late frost was determined by the difference between the flowering and the last frost date. When it was determined based on the temperature of EST normal year, Akyang was classified as a risk area because the results showed that the last frost date would be the same or later than the flowering date in the 12.5% of area. However, the temperature of OBS normal year indicated that the area did not have the risk of a late frost. The results of this study implied that it would be necessary to reduce the error by replacing the EST method with the OBS method in the future.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.516-523
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• 2016

For old-age makeups, makeup artists first make a mold cast of an actor's face using plaster and then sculpt wrinkles in clay on the plaster mold. After finishing the clay sculpture, its negative plaster mold is fabricated and silicone skin patches are finally made for application to the actor's face. This process takes a few days and is tedious for actors and makeup artists. With recent advances in 3D printing and scanning technology, it is becoming easier to scan and fabricate 3D faces. This paper presents a new pipeline composed of facial scanning, interactive wrinkle modeling, and mold printing stages to easily and efficiently fabricate silicone masks for old-age makeups without the use of plaster and clay. An intuitive sketch interface based on a normal map is proposed for the creation of wrinkles in real time, even with a high-resolution face model. Then the geometry of the final wrinkles is reconstructed using a depth map and the negative mold of the wrinkled face is printed. We also show that the presented pipeline can fabricate a silicone mask more conveniently than the traditional one that consists of pouring silicone into the prepared negative mold and then overlapping the mold with the original positive one.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

In this study, to investigate the strength enhancement and stress transfer effect of the inflatable chemicals used in the recovery of soft ground or partial settlement, the dilatant solution was prepared and classified by measuring the density and the earth pressure in the sand ground. The inflation reinforcing agent was prepared by injecting into a separate impervious vacuum sheet by dividing into a relatively high expansion group and a low expansion group, and a cementation experiment was performed in the lower part of the homogeneously formed model ground. As a result, reinforcing effect was shown up to about 15cm above the expansion reinforcement, and the soil pressure showed a compaction tendency similar to the concentrated load of $1.150{\sim}11.298t/m^2$.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.289-302
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• 2006

For a reconstruct draft of the Gyupyo (Gnomon) in King Sejong Era, we collected a lot of documents of the Chosen Dynasty. With the result we made a reduced model by 1/10 and drawing set for the Gnomon in Sejong Era. It is composed of the Gyu, Yongpyo, Hoengryang (a beam), Yeongbu and granitic prop. You can read the scale where the shadow of vertically-standing stick touches the horizontal Gyu. A Shadow-Define. (Yeongbu) was used to focus the shadow cast by the sun's center, measuring the (gnomon) shadow length precisely. A Yeongbu is made of a leaf of copper in the middle of which is pierced a pin-hole for the tiny optical image of the sun which tilted to face the incident sunlight, used the principle of the a pin-hole camera and Scheimplug principle.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1017-1021
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• 2006

인공순환수로에 정육면체 수리구조물을 구간별로 설치하여 흐름특성에 따른 깔따구의 서식경향을 조사하였다. 정밀한 흐름특성을 분석하기 위하여 난류계산을 수행하였으며, 인공순환수로에 깔따구를 투입하고 3일경과 후 깔따구의 개체수를 조사하였다. 인공순환수로는 단면 폭 29cm, 높이 30cm인 구조로 제작되었으며 직선구간의 길이는 120cm이다. 인공순환수로의 직선구간에 길이 10cm의 정육면체 수리구조물을 20cm 간격으로 양쪽 벽면부에 4개씩 균일하게 설치하였다. 자연하천에서 채집된 원수를 수심 20cm가 되도록 투입한 후 유기물을 하상에 고르게 깔고, 회전날개를 이용하여 평균유속 10cm/s로 안정화 시킨 후 깔따구 투입하였다. 실험시작 3일 경과 후, 깔따구의 서식경향을 조사한 결과 깔따구는 수리구조물 직하류부에 주로 서식하였다. 이는 주 흐름방향 유속분포가 수리구조물 후방에서 급격히 작아져 깔따구들이 정착하기 좋은 환경을 제공하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 인공순환수로 직선구간의 안쪽 벽면과 바깥쪽 벽면의 깔따구 개체수는 안쪽 벽면이 바깥쪽 벽면에 비하여 2배 정도 많다. 이는 수리구조물 사이 안쪽 벽면 하상의 시계방향 회전흐름 때문으로 분석되며 상대적으로 이러한 흐름은 바깥쪽 벽면에서 작다. 실험 및 수치해석 결과, 깔따구는 상대적으로 유속이 작은 곳에 서식하며, 이차류의 경향에 따라 서식처를 이동하는 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 생태적 기능을 고려하여 다양한 수리학적 조건 하에서 난류계산 및 유속측정을 통한 연구가 필요하다. 이와 같은 연구는 친환경적으로 하천을 복원시키는데 유용한 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.은 silt나 clay보다 입경이 큰 모래나 자갈을 경유 하면서 오염물의 저감효과가 감소한 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 유입유량의 대부분이 표면으로 유출된다는 점을 고려할 때 표면유출수의 오염도를 낮추는 것이 유입오염물 저감효과에 보다 큰 효과가 있을 것으로 판단된다.문에 자료의 이상적 유지 관리가 이루어지며 복잡한 2차원 수질해석 모형을 수월하게 운영할 수 있는 시스템으로 개발하였다.제외하면, 부자측정 방법에 의한 유량산정시 가장 큰 오차원인은 홍수시 측정된 유속측선의 위치와 홍수 전후로 측정된 횡단면상의 위치가 일치하지 않는 점과, 대부분 두 측정 구간의 평균값을 대푯값으로 사용한다는 점이다. 본 연구는 다년간의 유량 측정 및 검증 경험과 자료를 토대로 현장에서 부자를 이용하여 측정된 측정성과를 정확도 높은 유량자료로 산정하는데 있어서의 문제점을 도출하고, 이로 인해 발생하는 오차를 추정하여 그 개선방안을 제시해 보고자한다. 더불어 보다 정확한 유량 산정을 위한 기준과 범주를 제시하고자 한다.리적 특성을 잘 반영하며, 도시지역의 복잡한 배수시스템 해석모형과 지표범람 모형을 통합한 모형 개발로 인해 더욱 정교한 도시지역에서의 홍수 범람 해석을 실시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 모형의 개발로 침수상황의 시간별 진행과정을 분석함으로써 도시홍수에 대한 침수위험 지점 파악 및 주민대피지도 구축 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 있을 것으로 판단되었다.4일간의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2010

This paper aims to analyze success factors for the construction of Supdari(a traditional wooden bridge to connect small streams temporarily), which is a citizens' initiative project to revitalize local community in Jeonju-River, Jeonju City. Recently Supdari has been restored for the use of belongings in local festivals. But Jeonju-River Supdari was designed and built to unite local citizens and connect river-divided villages. This project shows how investing social capital like Supdari makes the community vitalize through citizen's active participation. As a citizen leading project, there were several critical factors for sucess. At first, there were some noticeable ways to encourage local citizen's participation in online and offline. In the online, the Supdari internet cafe introduced what is a Supdari, how to make it and where we build using various media of UCCs and photos. In the offline, the small scaled model of Supdari was made and exhibited in the entrance of the village and related several seminars were hosted to discuss how to construct Supdari with citizens, local assembly men and public officials together. The Second is the movement to restore traditional and cultural resources for the community recovery triggered the supports from local councils and many civic groups. Civic groups supported ecological and structural expertise to guarantee environment friendly and stable construction. And local councils mediated citizen's and administrative office's opinions. The third is flexible administrative management to help citizen's ideas to be realized. Officials extended setting period of Supdari on the condition with the civic-control safety management.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.8-14
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• 2019

In Korean traditional wooden architecture, joint performance varies with the material characteristics of timber, the form of joint, the precision of timber-trimming and the like. Case studies prove that the beam-to-column joint type has large influence on the degrees of deformation and spacing. This is not only true of single-story buildings, but also of large-scale multi-story buildings more apparently. Therefore, this study followed the process of examining to joint types, producing their specimens and testing their structural performance. As a consequence of structural test, the dovetail joint specimen showed the best outcomes of the maximum load and rigidity. Synthesizing the structural performances by respective forms of joints, the Doraegeoji dovetail joint specimen showed the higher performance, followed in order by the Doraegeoji mortise joint specimen and the Tongneoko dovetail joint specimen. The structural performance of a building varies with the characteristics by the shouldering forms of penetrating beams and with the joint types within the columns. This should be considered for the new construction or restoration of multi-story buildings, and be continuously researched henceforth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Regardless of the recent observed warmer winters in Korea, more freeze injuries and associated economic losses are reported in fruit industry than ever before. Existing freeze-frost forecasting systems employ only daily minimum temperature for judging the potential damage on dormant flowering buds but cannot accommodate potential biological responses such as short-term acclimation of plants to severe weather episodes as well as annual variation in climate. We introduce 'dormancy depth', in addition to daily minimum temperature, as a complementary criterion for judging the potential damage of freezing temperatures on dormant flowering buds of grape vines. Dormancy depth can be estimated by a phonology model driven by daily maximum and minimum temperature and is expected to make a reasonable proxy for physiological tolerance of buds to low temperature. Dormancy depth at a selected site was estimated for a climatological normal year by this model, and we found a close similarity in time course change pattern between the estimated dormancy depth and the known cold tolerance of fruit trees. Inter-annual and spatial variation in dormancy depth were identified by this method, showing the feasibility of using dormancy depth as a proxy indicator for tolerance to low temperature during the winter season. The model was applied to 10 vineyards which were recently damaged by a cold spell, and a temperature-dormancy depth-freeze injury relationship was formulated into an exponential-saturation model which can be used for judging freeze risk under a given set of temperature and dormancy depth. Based on this model and the expected lowest temperature with a 10-year recurrence interval, a freeze risk probability map was produced for Hwaseong County, Korea. The results seemed to explain why the vineyards in the warmer part of Hwaseong County have been hit by more freeBe damage than those in the cooler part of the county. A dormancy depth-minimum temperature dual engine freeze warning system was designed for vineyards in major production counties in Korea by combining the site-specific dormancy depth and minimum temperature forecasts with the freeze risk model. In this system, daily accumulation of thermal time since last fall leads to the dormancy state (depth) for today. The regional minimum temperature forecast for tomorrow by the Korea Meteorological Administration is converted to the site specific forecast at a 30m resolution. These data are input to the freeze risk model and the percent damage probability is calculated for each grid cell and mapped for the entire county. Similar approaches may be used to develop freeze warning systems for other deciduous fruit trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.24-36
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• 2021

Countries around the world, including the Republic of Korea, are participating in efforts to preserve biodiversity. Concerning species, in particular, studies that aim to find potential habitats and establish conservation plans by conducting habitat suitability analysis for specific species are actively ongoing. However, few studies on mid- to long-term changes in suitable habitat areas are based on accumulated information. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the time-series changes in the habitat suitable area and examine the otters' changing pattern (Lutra lutra) designated as Level 1 endangered wildlife in Gangwon-do. The time-series change analysis used the data on otter species' presence points from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th national natural environment surveys conducted for about 20 years. Moreover, it utilized the land cover map consistent with the survey period to create environmental variables to reflect each survey period's habitat environment. The suitable habitat area analysis used the MaxEnt model that can run based only on the species presence information, and it has been proven to be reliable by previous studies. The study derived the habitat suitability map for otters in each survey period, and it showed a tendency that habitats were distributed around rivers. Comparing the response curves of the environmental variables derived from the modeling identified the characteristics of the habitat favored by otters. The examination of habitats' change by survey period showed that the habitats based on the 2nd National Natural Environment Survey had the widest distribution. The habitats of the 3rd and 4th surveys showed a tendency of decrease in area. Moreover, the study aggregated the analysis results of the three survey periods and analyzed and categorized the habitat's changing pattern. The type of change proposed different conservation plans, such as field surveys, monitoring, protected area establishment, and restoration plan. This study is significant because it produced a comprehensive analysis map that showed the time-series changes of the location and area of the otter habitat and proposed a conservation plan that is necessary according to the type of habitat change by region. We believe that the method proposed in this study and its results can be used as reference data for establishing a habitat conservation and management plan in the future.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.229-241
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• 2006

Global air temperature has risen by $0.6^{\circ}C$ over the last one hundred years due to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases. Moreover, this global warming trend is projected to continue in the future. This study was carried out to evaluate spatial variations in rice production areas by simulating rice-growth and development with projected high resolution climate data in Korea far 2011-2100, which was geospatially interpolated from the 25 km gridded data based on the IPCC SRES A2 emission scenario. Satellite remote sensing data were used to pinpoint the rice-growing areas, and corresponding climate data were aggregated to represent the official 'crop reporting county'. For the simulation experiment, we used a CERES-Rice model modified by introducing two equations to calculate the leaf appearance rate based on the effective temperature and existing leaf number and the final number of leaves based on day-length in the photoperiod sensitive phase of rice. We tested the performance of this model using data-sets obtained from transplanting dates and nitrogen fertilization rates experiments over three years (2002 to 2004). The simulation results showed a good performance of this model in heading date prediction [$R^2$=0.9586 for early (Odaebyeo), $R^2$=0.9681 for medium (Hwasungbyeo), and $R^2$=0.9477 for late (Dongjinbyeo) maturity cultivars]. A modified version of CERES-Rice was used to simulate the growth and development of three Japonica varieties, representing early, medium, and late maturity classes, to project crop status for climatological normal years between 2011 and 2100. In order to compare the temporal changes, three sets of data representing 3 climatological years (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) were successively used to run the model. Simulated growth and yield data of the three Japonica cultivars under the observed climate for 1971-2000 was set as a reference. Compared with the current normal, heading date was accelerated by 7 days for 2011-2040 and 20 days for 2071-2100. Physiological maturity was accelerated by 15 days for 2011-2040 and 30 days for 2071-2100. Rice yield was in general reduced by 6-25%, 3-26%, and 3-25% per 10a in early, medium, and late maturity classes, respectively. However, mid to late maturing varieties showed an increased yield in northern Gyeonggi Province and in most of Kwangwon Province in 2071-2100.