• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.403-416
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• 2016

Mineral composition and content of 22 Korean Dancheong pigment products were obtained by Rietveld quantitative analysis. Jubosa, Hwang, Seokrok, Seokcheong and Hobun consist of pure cinnabar, orpiment, malachite, azurite and calcite (or aragonite), respectively. Whereas Seokganju, Hwangto, Noerok, Lapis lazuli, Baekto and Cockie hobun mainly consist of hematite, goethite, celadonite, lazurite, kaolin mineral and portlandite, respectively. And they all consist of soil minerals (quartz, feldspar, sericite and vermiculite) and filler minerals in the industry field (calcite, gypsum and anhydrite) at a different content. Quantitative XRD proved more useful method to determined exact mineral composition and content than chemical or microscopical data. If this method utilize for specification of natural pigment product, it is considered to be applicable in restoration technology and conservation science field.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.27-38
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• 2004

This study was performed to characterize historical paper artefacts from 16th to 19th century from Chungbuk National University Museum (CNUM) in Korea. In order to know the fiber composition, surface features and fiber orientation in historic paper artefacts, LM, SEM and EDX analysis observations were applied. Based on tested results, it was concluded that Korean historic papers from 16 to 19th century were made of paper mulberry fibers called dak, which had 2.79-16.03 m of fiber lengthes and $4.5-26{\mu}m$ of lumen widthes, and they were relatively well preserved. According to EDX analysis, the examined papers differed to the contents of inorganics. High contents of S, Si, Ca, P and Al refer to use fillers, such as gypsum, clay and talc, for paper artifacts. In particular, half of samples contained some amounts of S, Cl and Fe. Since those inorganics might be potentially harmful for the paper permanency, therefore it should be considered special restoration measures from the preservation point of view.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.443-455
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• 2015

To verifying the stability of Natural pigments for Dancheong which is available on the market was carried out as light resistance and gas corrosion test. In this particular case, we will confirm the characteristics of the only pigments except of Dancheong technique and influence of substance. Medium using for coloring are animal glue and synthetic resin that widely used for Dancheong in currently. Selected to artificial light source is a xenon arc lamp, contaminated gas is nitrogen dioxide gas in experiment. Degree of degradation of pigment were compared by measuring the degree of color change. The result of light resistance test, mineral pigments were good; color is green and blue type, soil pigments also good; color is yellow ocher, white clay, red clay etc. Gamboge, unghwang, cinnabar, red lead were confirmed not good. The result of gas corrosion test, most of the natural pigments were good condition except the red lead. Generally, animal glue samples had better than a synthetic resin samples.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.457-466
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• 2014

Rigorous analysis was performed to identify the structure and materials of the murals to study techniques used on mural tombs of ancient Daegaya era(6th century). The murals were painted by applying mortar on the walls and the ceiling after building a stone chamber and creating ground layers on mortar layers. Mud was applied on most of the mortar layers on four sides of the walls except the ceiling. Sand was not used in mortar but was made of materials with pure calcium substances. In addition, shells in irregular sizes with incomplete calcination were mixed; and the mortar's white powder was inferred as lime obtained by calcination of oyster shells. Kaolinite($Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_4$) was used in the ground layer, Cinnabar(HgS) was used for red pigment, Malachite($Cu_2CO_3(OH)_2$) for green and Lead white($PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$) for white. Mud plaster was applied on the mortar and was composed thinly and densely using clayey of particle size smaller than that of medium sand. It was assumed that the finishing was for repair after long time had passed since the mortar layer came off. Using lime made with oyster shells as mortar is unprecedented in ancient Korean mural tombs and its durability was very poor, suggesting that Gaya's mortar production technique was relatively behind compared to that of Koguryo's in the same era.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 1976

This study was done to find out the effect of hay and silage versus soilage on the rabbit meat prodution for summer period from June 1 to September 28, 1976. Fourty eight rabbits were fed by hay. silage and soilage. respectively. with some amount of concentrate. and the results obtained were as follow. Daily body weight gain of rabbits were slightly higher in soilage feeding group as 16.86g compared with other groups but not significantly different. And the mortality was the highest in soilage feeding group as 16.7% and silage feeding group was 8.3%. but hay feeding group showed the best health condition during the period of experiment. Feed efficiency was slightly better in silage feeding group as 5,61 than other groups but not significantly' different. The dressing percentage was higher in hay feeding group as 49% and lower in soilage feeding group as 46.79%. It was concluded that high quality of rabbit meat could be produced by high quality of hay rather than by silage and soilage for summer period.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1188-1195
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determin basic mineral compositions, chemical components, description of particle size distribution and whiteness for 32 items of insoluble mineral substances, i.e., 3 items of diatomaceus earth, 1 item of kaolin, 10 items of bentonite, 13 items of acid clay, 3 items of talc and 2 items of perlite. The chemical components and XRD (X-Ray diffractometer) for insoluble mineral substances, were similar with those of the reported references except kaolin. However, whiteness was determined in 90% level for talc, diatomaceus earth and kaolin. The contents of heavy metals in insoluble mineral substances were determined as follows : Pb, $nd{\sim}23.10$ ppm ; Cd, $nd{\sim}0.67$ ppm ; Hg, $nd{\sim}0.58$ ppm ; As, $nd{\sim}1.42$ ppm ; Cu, $nd{\sim}39.35$ ppm. These data were significanty lower than the references.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.167-180
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• 1994

In order to inquire the most effective management of increased intracranial pressure(ICP), mannitol, steroid and hyperventilation were used in rabbits after ligation or non-ligation of the carotid artery. Mannitol was more effective than steroid and hyperventilation in the degree of the reduction of ICP. The intracranial pressure was decreased 43~45% for 25~30 minutes after injection of mannitol. Steroid was less effective than mannitol in the degree of the reduction of ICP. But the time of reduction of ICP was longer, that is, the degree of reduction was 24~60 minutes after injection of steroid. Hyperventilation is effective in the initial time only, for 10 minutes after hyperventilation. The degree of ICP reduction was 13.5~16.7% for 10 minutes after hyperventilation. The combined group, that is three kinds of mangenent were used, is the most effective treatment to reduce ICP of ICP. The degree of the reduction of ICP was 42.1~49.3% for 20 minutes, 47.7~52.5% for 30minnutes. There was no significant difference between ligation and non-ligation group.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.34-51
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• 2020

In order to clarify the lime-based building method used in the Joseon Dynasty, lime materials, production techniques, and mixing methods recorded in ancient literature were examined. In ancient Joseon Dynasty literature, the use of low grade limestone as a raw material was recorded, and the use of pozzolanic materials such as Hwangtoh, white clay, and roof tile powder as mixing aids to enhance the strength of lime was recorded. In addition, various lime hydration and mixing methods were recorded, and based on re-experiments carried out with regards to this, a physical property evaluation was deemed to be required in accordance with the various types of raw lime materials, lime hydration methods, and mixture ratios. In the early Joseon Dynasty, lime was used for various aspects, but frequent problems were experienced due to lack of supply and poor production techniques. In the late Joseon Dynasty, lime production techniques developed along with mass production. Based on analysis of the manufacturing techniques of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar in the 16^th and 18^th centuries during the Joseon Dynasty, it was found that mixing ratios and the methods described in the ancient literature had been applied. It was confirmed that the mixing ratio differed depending on mixing materials and lime quality. Since the mixing ratio of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar changed over time and it was produced strictly on the basis of a guidebook, it is believed that if continuous scientific analysis of the Hoegwagmyo lime mortar production method were carried out, this would be helpful for ascertaining the chronological methodology of Hoegwagmyo.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.895-900
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• 1998

In order to the effective utility of marine by-product, crude lecithin was isolated from skipjack viscera oil and the lecithin was refined by bleaching and deodorization. Crude lecithin was separated from the skipjack viscera oil degummed with 0.4 ml of citric acid per 100 ml of the oil. Bleaching was effected by adding $5\%$ activated clay and treating for $40^{\circ}C$ for 90 min under vacuum, and deodorization was effectively conducted by steam distillation at $130^{\circ}C$ for 60 min under 4 ton of vacuum. The major fatty acids of the skipjack viscera oil. were 16:0. 18:1 (n-9), 22:6 (n-3), 18:0, and 16:1 (n-7). Crude and refined lecithins contained more aproximately $7\~18\%$ of 22:6 (n-3) than raw oil, the skipjack viscera oil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 1980

A series of tests ware conducted to find out whether continuous heat bleaching of the refined Malaysian plam oil stored in different conditions could reduce color of the finished oil in an actual plant situation. When the refined oil was stored in a stainless steel tank and was not abused by heat during 5 month storage period, heat bleaching followed by clay bleaching and deodorization resulted in a substantial reduction in color of the finished oil in comparison to conventional process (clay bleaching of the refined oil followed by deodorization) (2.6 vs 1.3 red in Lovibond color). However, when the refined oil was stored in a carbon steel tank and was highly abused by heat in the presence of iron picked up from the tank (6.53 ppm) during the same storage period, heat bleaching followed by clay bleaching and deodorization did not help reduce color of the finished oil in comparison to the conventional process (2.7 vs 2.8 red in Lovibond color). It was also shown that oxidation values were not good indices for heat bleachability. Heat bleaching caused slight increase in polymer content of the oil. However, trans isomers were not increased when the oil was heat bleached.