• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.135-142
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate dietary effects of Marigold extract on laying performance, egg quality, oxidative stability of egg yolk and lutein transfer into chicken eggs. A total of one-hundred eighty nine 55-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were divided into seven groups and fed control diet or each experimental diet containing 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% Marigold extract. Egg production, egg weight and daily egg mass were not affected by dietary treatments. The yolk colors in groups fed diets containing Marigold extract were significantly higher than that of control. The Haugh unit were tended to be improved by feeding of diets containing Marigold extract although there were no significant difference in egg shell strength and thickness. The MDA (malondialdehyde) contents in groups fed diets containing Marigold extract above 0.5% were significantly reduced than that of control. After 14d of storage, the Haugh unit values in groups feed diets containing 0.3 and 1.0% Marigold extract were significantly higher than that of control (p<0.05). The concentration of lutein in egg yolk increased by feeding of Marigold extract. When 2% Marigold extract was supplemented to the diet, lutein content of egg was increased as much as 1.71 mg/60 g. These results indicated that the use of Marigold extract in layer diets was effective in egg quality and for the production of lutein fortified eggs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.46-53
• /
• 2009

Urbanization brings several changes to the natural environment. Its consequences can have a direct effect on climatic features, as in the Urban Heat Island Effect. One factor that directly affects the urban climate is the green area. In urban areas, vegetation is suppressed in order to accommodate manmade buildings and streets. In this paper we analyze the effect of green areas on the urban temperature in Seoul. The period selected for analysis was July 30th, 2007. The ground temperature was measured using Landsat TM satellite imagery. Land cover was calculated in terms of city area, water, bare soil, wet lands, grass lands, forest, and farmland. We extracted the surface temperature using the Linear Regression Model. Then, we did a regression analysis between air temperature at the Automatic Weather Station and surface temperature. Finally, we calculated the temperature decrease area and the population benefits from the green areas. Consequently, we determined that a green area with a radius of 500m will have a temperature reduction area of $67.33km^2$, in terms of urban area. This is 11.12% of Seoul's metropolitan area and 18.09% of the Seoul urban area. We can assume that about 1,892,000 people would be affected by this green area's temperature reduction. Also, we randomly chose 50 places to analysis a cross section of temperature reduction area. Temperature differences between the boundaries of green and urban areas are an average of $0.78^{\circ}C$. The highest temperature difference is $1.7^{\circ}C$, and the lowest temperature difference is $0.3^{\circ}C$. This study has demonstrated that we can understand how green areas truly affect air temperature.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.565-572
• /
• 2005

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of insoluble dietary fiber (Vitacel®) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs. A total of 96 pigs that averaged 6.49$\pm$0.52kg BW and 23$\pm$2.1d age were allocated in a randomized block design with two pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed 10-days interval for the 40-d trials to determine ADG, ADFI and feed:gain ratio(F:G). Pigs were fed one of four diets:1) Control diet (C) 2) C+0.3% insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) 3) C+0.6% IDF and 4) c+0.9% IDF. For the determination of fecal nutrients digestibility, pigs were fed diets(diet 2) with 1% Celite-545(Fluka) as a marker and feces were collected on $9^{th}$ day and $18^{th}$ day after feeding diet 2. During the whole experimental period, pigs fed diet with 0.3% IDF have significantly higher ADG than other dietary treatment groups(P<0.05). ADG of pigs fed diet with 0.6% IDF was higher than that of pigs fed control diet(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in ADG between control group and 0.9% IDF group(P>0.05). ADFI of pigs fed diet with 0.3% IDF was significantly higher than any other dietary treatment groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ADFI among control group, 0.6% and 0.9% IDF supplementation groups (P>0.05). Digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber and energy were significantly higher in 0.3% IDF supplementation group than any other dietary groups. However, there was no difference in over all nutrient digestibilities between 0.6% and 0.9% IDF group. Feeding diets more than 0.6% IDF did not affect the rest of the nutrients digestibilities except for ADF digestibility compared to control diet. Dietary supplementation level of IDF showed a significant quadratic effect on performance improvement of piglets. This response of growth performance to IDF supplementation is, as expected, in agreement with that of nutrient digestibility. Our results showed that IDF supplementation to diet for weaned piglets might be beneficial in terms of growth and nutrient digestibility. However, there should be more study on the relationship between level of IDF supplementation and piglet response as well as the exact mode of action of IDF in weaned piglets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.773-782
• /
• 2007

A total of thirty sows(Landrace×Yorkshire) were used to determine the effects of plant protein source containing multienzyme on performance, nutrients digestibility and milk characteristics. A feeding trial was conducted for 21 days from parturition to weaning. Experimental diets were supplied for 1 week before the parturition day and throughout the experimental period. Dietary treatments included: 1) Control(CON; basal diet), 2) CGLT(included corn gluten) and 3) FSPM(included fermented soy protein containing multienzyme). Through the entire experimental period, backfat loss and return-to-estrus intervals were not affected by the treatments(P>0.05). Nitrogen digestibility was increased significantly(P<0.05) in FSPM treatment compared to CON treatment. Blood urea nitrogen(BUN) concentration was increased significantly (P<0.05) in FSPM treatment compared to CON treatment. At the initial  period, total protein content of milk was higher significantly(P<0.05) in FSPM treatment compared to CGLT treatment and at the final period, total fat content of milk was higher significantly(P<0.05) in FM treatment compared to CON treatment. Rectal temperature showed similar tendency of change among treatments. The final piglet body weight, weight gain and ADG were higher significantly in FSPM treatment compared to CON treatment. On diarrhea rate in piglet, just one piglet occurred in CGLT treatement. In conclusion, 2.5% dietary plant protein source containing multienzyme suppelmentation improved N digestibility, BUN concentration, fat and protein contents in milk and weight gain in piglet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.783-800
• /
• 2007

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of high quality hay on the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty(20) Hanwoo(7 months old) were allocated into either Control(rice straw fed) or Treatment(timothy hay and rice straw fed) group(10 animals per group) and fed for 710 days until the animals reached at 30 months old. Concentrates were fed according to the feeding program composed with three(3) phases; growing, fattening, and finishing period. For the overall feeding period, final body weights were 761.3 and 799.6kg for the Control and Treatment groups, respectively, showing 38.3kg heavier body weight in Treatment group. ADG were 0.79 and 0.84kg for Control Treatment groups, respectively. These results might be because of the intake of high quality hay during growing phase and the effects persisted until the end of the experiment. Feed intake tended to be higher in Treatment group whereas feed conversion did not show significant difference between groups. Cold carcass weights were 451.0 and 475.3kg for Control and Treatment, There were no significant difference between groups in both yield and quality grade. There were no remarkable differences in physico-chemical characteristics fatty acid composition of carcasses between groups. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to feed high quality hay such as timothy during growing period of Hanwoo steers to produce high quality beef with heavier live and carcass weight.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2011

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a silicate mineral (D Lite) on growth performance, nutrient retention, carcass characteristics and meat quality in broiler chicks. A total of 640 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 40 broilers in each replicate. Dietary treatments were as follows: control (0% D Lite), and diets supplemented with 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% of D Lite. The starter and finisher diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and d 21 to 35, respectively. Body weight gain during starter (p<0.05), finisher (p=0.057) and overall (p<0.001) experimental period and feed intake (p<0.05) during starter period decreased quadratically with increasing dietary D Lite levels. The birds fed 0.15% D Lite showed the greatest (p<0.05) overall weight gain, feed intake and retention of gross energy and calcium. There were no differences (p>0.05) in carcass characteristics, organ weights and breast meat composition. However, as the level of D Lite was increased in the diet there was a linear decrease in the TBARS values of breast meat (p<0.05) at d 12 of storage. These results suggest that D Lite supplementation at the level of 0.15% is shown to be effective in improving performance and nutrient retention in broilers.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 2001

Purpose : Irradiation cones by using backscatter electrons are made for the treatment of superficial small lesions of skin, oral cavity, and rectum where a significant dose gradient and maximum surface dose is desired. Methods and Materials : Backscatter electrons are produced from the primary electron beams from the linear accelerators. The design consists of a cylindrical cone that has a thick circular plate of high atomic number medium (Pb or Cu) attached to the distal end, and the plate can be adjusted the reflected angle. Primary electrons strike the metal plate perpendicularly and produce backscatter electrons that reflect through the lateral hole for treatment. Using film and a parallel plate ion chamber, backscatter electron dose characteristics are measured. Results : The depth dose characteristic of the backscatter electron is very similar to that of the hard x-ray beam that is commonly used for the intracavitary and superficial lesions. The basckscatter electron energy is nearly constant and effectively about 1.5 MeV from the clinical megavoltage beams. The backscatter electron dose rate of $35\~85\;cGy/min$ could be achieved from modern accelerators without any modification. and the depth in water of $50\%$ depth dose from backscatter electron located at 6mm for $45^{\circ}$ angled lead scatter. The beam flatness is dependent on the slit size and the depth of treatment, but is satisfactory to treat small lesions. Conclusions : The measured data for backscatter electron energy, depth dose flatness dose rate and absolute dose indicates that the backscatter electrons are suitable for clinical use.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.527-539
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets ($22.5{\pm}1.3$kg average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in T2 and T3 treatments compared to those in control. Moisture content of feces was not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in feces were significantly different among treatments. The CFU of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in T3 treatment were reduced by feeding probiotics B. From this study, we suggest that probiotics A and B are likely able to improve the growth performance and nutrients digestibility, reduce noxious gas emission and change the fecal microbial composition in growing piglets.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary direct-fed microbials(DFM) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of two hundred eighty eight broiler chickens were randomly allocated into six treaments with four replications and fed for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) DFM-1(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri), 3) DFM-2(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum), 4) DFM-3(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum), 5) DFM-4(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Yeast), 6) DFM-5(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Bacillus subtilis). During the period of 1∼3weeks, average daily gain (ADG) and Feed/Gain were not significant different among treatments. In the later(3∼5weeks) and overall period(l∼ 5weeks), ADG and Feed/Gain tended to be improved in DFM treatments compared to the control. However, there were no significant differences among DFM complexes and between control and DFM treatments. The broilers fed DFM-3 diet was showd poor growth performance compared to the broilers fed DFM-l diet and similar to the broilers fed DFM-2 diet but there was no significant differences. The treatments of DFM-4 diet added Yeast and DFM-5 added Bacillus subtilis were improved in ADG and Feed/gain but no significant differences were found and also there was no specific DFM treatments in experiment period. In digestibility, the broiler chicks fed DFM treatments tended to improve N digestibility compared to control treatment. However, they were not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, DFM tended to improve growth performance in later stage of broiler.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.275-280
• /
• 2003

This study conducted to investigate the effect of dietary germanium biotite by protein level in laying hen diets. One hundred forty four, 51 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in experiment. Dietary treatments were 1) low protein diet(LPD), 2) high protein diet(HPD), 3) LPD-GB(LPD + 1.0% germanium biotite) and 4) HPD-GB(HPD + 1.0% germanium biotite). Henday egg production tended to be increased as the concentration of protein in diets increased with significant difference(P<0.01). Egg weight tended to decrease by increasing of supplementation germanium biotite in the diets(P<0.01). Egg shell breaking strength was not influenced by germanium biotite supplementation(P>0.05). Large band of egg decrease as increasing of supplementation germanium biotite in the diets(P<0.02). Sharp and middle band of egg were not influenced by germanium biotite supplementation. Egg yolk index tended to decrease as increasing of supplementation germanium biotite in the diets(p<0.01). Fecal propionic acid(P<0.01) and butyric acid(P<0.03) were decrease as the concentration of germanium biotite in the diet was increased. Also, butyric acid increased as the concentration of protein in diets increased with significant difference(P<0.02). Supplementation germanium biotite in the diet reduced the fecal acetic acid(P<0.01). Fecal $NH_3$-N of hens fed HPD-GB diet was decreased(P<0.05) compared to that LPD-GB diet. In conclusion, germanium biotite supplementation to layer diets can reduce fecal volatile fatty acid compabebts.