• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.401-412
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• 2011

This study uses a vector error correction model to analyze the daily time series data of the spot price of EUA (European Union Allowance). As endogenous variables, five variables are considered for the analysis, including prices of crude oil, natural gas, electricity and coal in addition to carbon price. Data period is Phase 2 period (April 21, 2008 to March 31, 2010) to avoid Phase 1 period (2005-2007) where the EUA prices were distorted. Unit-root and cointegration test results reveal that all variables have a unit root and cointegration vectors exist, so a vector error correction model is adopted instead of a vector autoregressive model.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.189-224
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• 2015

To meet sectoral emission target by 2020 and prepare for the emission trading scheme from 2015, decomposition analysis of energy consumption and GHG emission is required by 18 subsectors in industry sector where emission targets are established. Log Mean Divisia Index decomposition method was used to analyze factors' effects on energy and emission in the industry sector and by 18 subsectors from 2004 to 2011. Industrial energy consumption was increased due to the production effect and energy intensity effect. However structure effect contributes to the decrease of energy consumption. In terms of emissions (including indirect emission due to electricity consumption) in the industry sector, only structure effect contributed to the emission reduction. Factors' effects by subsectors were different. Cement industry, which is included at Nonmetal shows different results from those of Nonmetal industry and machinery industry, which is a subsector of Fabricated Metal, was also similar. In this regard, we should not apply the policy implications from decomposition analysis of aggregated industry such as Nonmetal or Fabricated Metal to its subsectors uniformly and develop a differentiated policy for each subsector industry.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.158-169
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• 2014

In the context of $CO_2$ mitigation, how early reduction action taken by individual companies previous to the actual regulated period is implemented at the free allocation process, remains one of the major issues. This article considered efficiency factor as a criterion for the early action. Then the emissions allowance allocated was compared and analyzed with and without the consideration of early action. In the cases of manufacturing sectors of Korea for the period 2001~2009, it is shown that emissions in the all industries fell by their efficiency factors. The amounts of emissions allowance allocated to the all industries except petro-chemistry are increased when EA is counted in the allocation process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.867-876
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• 2013

To promote the carbon emission trading scheme and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission as following 'Korean GHG & Energy Target Management System', GHG emissions should be accurately determined in each industrial sector. For the estimation method of GHG emission from waste landfill, there are several error parameters, therefore we reviewed the estimation method and proposed a revised method. Methane generation from landfill must be calculated by the selected method based on methane recovery rate, 0.75. However, this methodology is not considered about uncertainty factor. So it is desirable that $CH_4$ generation is estimated using first order decay model and methane recovery should use field monitoring data. If not, $CH_4$ recovery could be applied from other study results; 0.60 of operational landfill with gas vent and flaring system, 0.65 of operational site with landfill gas recovery system, 0.90 of closed landfill with final cover. Other parameters such as degradable organic carbon (DOC) and fraction of DOC decompose ($DOC_f$) need to derive the default value from studies to reflect a Korean waste status. Proper application of MCF that is selected by operation and management of landfill requires more precise criteria.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.825-848
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• 2022

This paper analyzed the factors for increasing energy consumption in the domestic manufacturing sector using the LMDI (Log mean division index) decomposition method for the period from 1999 to 2019. Among the LMDI decomposition analysis methods, both additive and multiplicative factor decomposition methods were used. in this analysis. According to the result of the analysis, the factor that increased energy consumption in the domestic manufacturing industry was the production effect, and the structure effect and intensity effect were found to be the factors that decreased energy consumption. In particular, the reduction of energy consumption due to the structure effect was greater than that of energy consumption effect due to the intensity effect. By period, it can be seen that energy consumption increased rapidly due to the production effect until 2011, but after that, the increase in energy consumption due to the production effect slowed down. On the other hand, after that, the energy reduction effect due to the structure effect and the intensity effect became prominent. In order to save energy in the manufacturing sector in the future, energy diagnosis and management through EMS (Energy management system) and FEMS (Factory energy management system) are more necessary. In addition, restructuring into a low-energy consumption industry seems more necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2012

Korean government is enforcing 'Greenhouse gas target management' in order to achieve Greenhouse gas reduction target. To attain Greenhouse gas reduction target, companies in Korea must establish their GHG inventory system and analysis their GHG emissions characteristics for deduction of mitigation measures. LMDI(Log Mean Divisia Index) decomposition analysis is widely used to understand characteristics of GHG emission and energy consumption. In this paper, the characteristics of GHG emission from the line of railroad in Korea is respectively analyzed in terms of conversion effect, intensity effect, production effect and distance effect. Data of railroad GHG emission from 2000 to 2007 are used. As a result, total effect of railroad's GHG emission is $96,813tCO_2eq$. Production effect ($39,865tCO_2eq$) and distance effect ($327,923tCO_2eq$) affect increase of railroad GHG emissions while Conversion effect ($-158,161tCO_2eq$) and intensity effect ($-112,814tCO_2eq$) influence decrease of the emissions.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-123
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• 2013

This research aims to find out the existence of considerable induced effect that the conventional I-O model cannot. First, we construct an environmental Social Accounting Matrix for Korea by combining statistics on the Korean GDP and I-O with physical data on the fossil energy consumption and $CO_2$ emissions. The impacts of productive activities on fossil energy consumption and $CO_2$ emissions are evaluated by calculating the e-SAM multipliers. By applying decomposition technique further, we get direct, indirect, and induced effects of production activities by industry. The result of decomposing the e-SAM shows that while the direct effect of the electricity industry is large, its indirect effect is very small. In the case of the primary metal industry, both the direct and the indirect influence of this industry were very large. On the contrary, in case of the service industry, the induced effect of fossil energy consumption was as high as 50% of the gross effect. These results suggest that different energy policies should be established for different industries. Also, the findings show the e-SAM model is better than I-O model in analyzing implications of policies on energy use in the economy.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2011

When we bury the infected poultry into the ground, we have many problems such as the difficulty of making sufficient area for burying, environmental contamination by the leachate, unpleasant ordor. Also, in case of burning the carcass of the infected poultry, there are some problems such as high cost, dust, unpleasant odor, etc. It could cause environmental contamination which many peoples and environmental organization complains about. In this study, we develop a treating system which treats the infected poultry carcass in a environmental method preventing the environment contamination. This system is composed of many processes. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap and to do a euthanasia the infected poultry with lethal gas, carbon dioxide. And then, with the tractor attached grappler infected poultry carcass could be put into the carcass treating system. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap the infected birds and to confine lethal gas, carbon dioxide. Infected poultry carcass are moved to carcass disposal system by collecting device which is attached at tractor. The carcass treatment system (capacity of disposal : 6.3 $m^3$) is installed on a truck and do one pass work, which is input, crush, stir, sterilize, and discharge treated carcass. 1,000 chickens was killed within 9.7min by $CO_2$ (300L/min) in the tent (10 $m^3$). The collecting device could carry 142 chickens at a time, and the movable carcass treatment system could sterilize 2 tons carcass per hour (at one time). This treatment systems was eco-friendly because it reduced the volume of carcass by 31.9% with no wastewater generation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 1992

사일리지의 사양가치에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요인은 사초의 종류에 기인되는 화학조성분이며 사일리지를 적기에 제조하므로 단위면적당 최고의 양분수량을 거둘 수 있다. 유기산의 생성량이 많고 낙산이나 암모니아태질소의 함량이 많으면 사일리지의 품질이 떨어지고 섭취량이 감소되므로 사일리지 품질 증진을 위한 연구방향은 발효를 감소시키고 단백질의 분해를 막는 것이다. 사일리지의 발효에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로는 사초의 화학조성분인 수분, 수용성탄수화물 등과 제조기술에 크게 좌우되는 공기(산소)혼입량이다. 재료의 수분함량은 사일리지 발효품질에 큰 영향을 미치며 수분이 많은 재료는 적당히 예건되면 젖산발효는 덜 제한되는 반면 불필요한 발효가 줄어들고 낙산발효를 억제할 수 있어 품질이 향상되고 기호성이 증진된다. 또한 사초를 알맞은 길이로 절단하므로 답압이 잘되어 공기 배출이 양호해 혐기상태의 유지가 가능하게 되고 사일리지의 취급또한 편리해 진다. 사일리지 첨가제는 재료를 적절히 예건하지 못할 때 필요하고 또한 특별한 조건하에서는 권장되고 있다. 이와같이 사일리지 발효에 도움을 준다는 가능성에도 불구하고 첨가제의 잇점은 양질 사일리지 제조를 위한 제반 처리를 대신할 수 없다. 양건 건초제조에 소요되는 기간은 기후에 크게 영향을 받게 된다. 건초제조 과정 중 포장에서 생기는 건물손실은 외기에 오랫동안 노출되면 잎이나 연한 줄기 부분이 부서지고 카로틴이 파괴된다. 또한 말리는 과정에 비를 맞힐 경우 양분이 용해되어 소화되기 쉬운 영양소와 건물 손실이 증가되며 섬유소함량이 증가되어 소화율과 섭취량이 감소된다. 그러므로 일기 예보에 따라 좋은 날씨가 $3\sim4$일 계속되는 시기를 택하여 적기 수확하고, 줄기의 압쇄(condition), 건조시 풀의 두께를 얇게, 뒤집기, 적절한 수분함량일 때 거둬들이는 조치가 필요하다.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.305-330
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• 2014

There has been a lot of studies to identify the driving forces of energy consumption. Many of them decomposed the final energy consumption into the intensity effect, structural effect, and production effect. Those approach, however, could not consider the transformation loss during the electric power generation. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a decomposition analysis on the primary energy use basis to reflect that transformation loss. Log mean Divisia index and refined Laspeyres methods were used for the index decomposition. As results, we could find out that the difference between two approaches were definite. The intensity effect in 2011 is -0.607 times against 1981 in the final energy case, but -0.236 times in the primary energy case. The structure effect in 2011 is 0.227 times against 1981 in the final energy case, but 0.434 times in the primary energy case. Therefore, an analysis on the primary energy basis is essential when conducting a decomposition analysis.