• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2003

A precursor of lithium manganese oxide was synthesized by mixing $(CH_3)_2CHOLi\;with\;Mn(CH_3COO)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$ in ethanol using a sol-gel method, then heat-treated at $400^{\circ}C\;and\;800^{\circ}C$ in air atmosphere. The condition of heat treatment was determined by thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA). The characterization of the lithium manganese oxide was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical characteristics of lithium manganese oxide electrode for lithium ion battery were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry and AC impedance method using constant charge/discharge process. The electrochemical behaviors of the electrode have been investigated in a 1.0M $LiClO_4/propylene$ carbonate electrolyte solution. The diffusivity of lithium ions, $D^+\;_{Li}\;^+$, as determined by AC impedance technique was $6.2\times10^{-10}cm^2s^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.164-168
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Increase in application of liquid pig manure(LPM) in agriculture as nutritional source has become a social issue due to its influence on water quality. Also, proper application methods have not been developed with respect to indigenous properties of LPM and soil physical properties. Therefore, we conducted this experiment to observe the infiltration characteristics and distribution of dissolved organic compounds of LPM in soils having different soil textures. METHODS AND RESULTS: To do this experiment, we collected three different soils and LPM. We analyzed the physical and chemical properties of both soils and LPM to determine the dilution ratios of LPM. The LPM diluted to 4 different ratios with distilled water was applied to the top of soil column. Infiltration rates were observed by time and depth until the amount of effluent collected from the bottom of the soil columns were stabilized while maintaining the hydraulic head 3 cm above the soil column. The results showed that infiltration rates increased with increasing dilution ratios in the order of sandy, loamy sand, and sandy loam. The time required to reach steady state was increased with decreasing sand contents clay. CONCLUSION: The size and amount of the dissolved organic compounds in LPM that can determine the efficiency as fertilizer and environmental problems as nonpoint pollution source in water quality have not been investigated with respect to behavior and transport of them in soil. Therefore, it requires further research how we can properly apply LPM as valuable fertilizer substitute for inorganic fertilizers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.365-374
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• 2019

Loss of Control in Flight(LOC-I) due to aircraft upset attitude has the highest air accident rate, and International Aviation Institute such as ICAO and FAA recommended flight crew to operate aircraft safely through UPRT(Upset Prevention & Recovery Training) program. ICAO has selected Loss of Control(LOC) as key safety indicator, and recommended to respond using TEM(Threat and Error Management). However there are not much specific treats and errors classified for UPRT programs using real TEM based on evidences. This study intends to consider the importance of UPRT through the introduction of UPRT and accident analysis using TEM. Typical upset accidents were classified to common threats as IFR, inadequate training, Automation surprise, and inexperienced copilots. The common errors were cross-check, speed and altitude deviation, callouts, communication, thrust and stall action fail. The undesired aircraft states were inadequate automation mode, Deviation of speed and vertical, stall, and crash. These suggest areas to improve UPRT.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.1179-1184
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• 2008

Purpose : Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) primarily occurs in preterm infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and kept under mechanical ventilator care. Therefore, this study aimed to examine various risk factors for PIE, to identify conditions that can decrease the possibility of PIE development. Methods : PIE classification was conducted for 183 patients diagnosed to have RDS and receiving mechanical ventilator care with pulmonary surfactant between March 2000 and February 2007. The characteristics of each patient were analyzed through retrospective examination of their medical histories. Results : Among 183 patients, 17 had PIE; all factors, including birth weight, gestational age, RDS grade III or above, chorioamnionitis, and premature rupture of membranes, were statistically significant (P<0.05). The period of mechanical ventilator use was statistically significant, but the peak mean airway pressure and peak partial pressure of inspired oxygen were not. PIE mainly occurred on the right side or both sides rather than the left side and mostly developed within 72 h. The PIE group showed higher mortality rate than the control group, and the major cause of mortality was pneumothorax. Conclusion : Risk factors for PIE in infants suffering from RDS and kept under mechanical ventilator care include low gestational age, low birth weight, chorioamnionitis, and premature rupture of membranes. If any risk factors are noted, the infant must be observed closely for at least 72 h after birth.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 2003

Purpose: To identify injuries and profile the characteristics of injured skiers and to use this information in designing injury-prevention programs and protective equipment. Materials and Methods: Injured skiers treated at a clinic of a ski resort located in Kangwon province in Korea were reviewed from 1998 to 2001. An injury was defined as any accident occurred during alpine skiing that required medical treatment. All injured skiers were asked to fill in a questionnaire which documented the mechanism of injury, their experiences , and the slope where they were injured Results: 1197 patients experienced ski injuries over a three-year-period. The overall incidence of ski injuries was 6.4 injuries per 1000 skiers. There was a slightly higher proportion of men than women and the mean age was in the third decade. The injury rate was higher for beginners and for less difficult slopes . The sprain and ligament injuries were most common and knee injuries accounted for 30$\%$ of all ski injuries . Conclusion: In our study , ski injuries occurred more often compared with foreign reports. it was concluded that an insufficient injury prevention system, an increasing number of skiers and a growing proportion of beginners was responsible for such a result.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.613-622
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• 2007

Recently, sound design is being made by corporations for the production as well as for marketing and web with consideration of image of productions and attributes to improve corporational image through the design of melody which would remain in users. And sound is becoming an important factor to establish the identity of each area such as life environment and public facilities. At present, our local governments are promoting active business like as CIP to improve urban image but there is a limit to establish identity as the result of its partial focus on visual sense or insufficient recognition about it. Jeonju, the place of sound, has many festivals and great meetings related with sound but it has not identity in the sense of sound. So the purpose of this study is to suggest the condition of sound which has the trait of Jeonju and to provide data for the trait to be used as a necessary element to establish identity in order to activate regional image. For the method of research, sampling Korean beautiful 100 sounds among the natural sounds of residents. most favorite as the samples of sound to search the sound of regional image. Selecting favorite samples among them and analyzed the factors through the questionnaire on the image of adjective in each sample. As the result of analysis, it has been shown that the factor of sound to reveal trait of Jeonju is the image of bright, delight, and cozy with consideration of harmony, dynamics, contrast, and culture. For this study is to provide data so it can be used to actively establish and identify the local image.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.603-611
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• 2007

Initially, this study was to develop reliable and effective alcohol-associated visual cues. Alcoholic picture cues were chosen from the Normative Appetitive Picture System (NAPS). Additional images consisted of Korean beer and mild liquor was pre-tested to select the pictures that would induce craving most intensely. The images that recorded the highest scores on a scale were chosen through the pre-test. And then, the reliability and validity were examined for the selected alcohol cues from NAPS and pre-test via another psychometric test. Secondly, the study was to investigate differences in craving between subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and non-alcoholic control subjects when exposed to the alcohol visual cues. Alcohol abusers with AUD (n=9) and demographically similar non-abusers (n=9) participated in this study. After given 5cc of alcohol, subjects were exposed to different types of stimuli (i.e., alcohol, nonalcoholic beverage, and visual control pictures and one rest (cross-hair)). Craving levels were rated through self-report on a Likert scale immediately after the presentation of visual cues. Results showed statistically significant differences between the AUD group and the control group in the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) scores, pre-sip and post-sip alcohol craving. Also, the AUD group showed significantly a higher level of craving during alcohol cues compared to the control group. In conclusion, alcohol craving induced by alcohol cues among subjects with AUD was found to be different from that of non-abusers.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.336-344
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• 2006

Objects : This study has been carried out to assess the effects of the variable herbs on $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretion in the mouse spleen cell. Methods : 202 kinds of herb extracts were used to evaluate the $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretory distinction by each $1{\mu}g/ml$ and $10{\mu}g/ml$ density of water. All experimental herbs were grouped by oriental herbalogical method. But each herb had its independent variables. Results : The secretions increased in 20% of all herbal water. The density differences also make different effects on the secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$. The secretion of IFN-${\gamma}$ inclosed in some kinds of herbs of IFN-${\gamma}$. It has representatively increased in Imperaetae Rhizoma(白茅根) of $1{\mu}g/ml$ and Notopterygii Rhizoma(羌活)of $10{\mu}g/ml$. $IFN-{\gamma}$ incresed in 12 kinds of heybs of both densities. The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in some kinds of herbs of $IFN-{\gamma}$. It has representatively decreased in Moutan Radicis Cortex(蘇丹皮) of $1{\mu}g/ml$ and Angelicae Radix(富歸尾) of $10{\mu}g/ml$. $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in 18 kinds of herbs of both densities. In t oriental herb group, The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ increased in Bang-Hyang-Hwa-Sup group(芳香化濕藥), He-Pyo group(解表藥), I-Su-Sam-SuP group(利水渗) The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in Gu-Chung group(驅蟲藥), An-Sin group(安神藥). Su-Sap group(收澁) On-Li group(溫裏藥), I-Gi group(利氣藥). Conclusions : The result of this study will not only broaden applications of oriental medicine to biological therapy, but also form the basis of oriental medical therapy to find out the meaning of oriental classification.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2002

This study has been focused on improving transformation efficiency of rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We have demonstrated the effect of this system when the GPAT gene related to the cold-resistance was transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in rice. Transformation conditions were modified using intron $\beta$-glucuronidase (GUS) expression as a reporter gene in the rice. In this study, mature seed-derived calli of rice (Oruza sativa L. cv. Dongjin) were pre-cultured for 3 days and then infected with Agrobacterium. When this infected calli were cultured in the dark for 10 days on co-cu]lure medium containing 50 mg/L of CaCl$_2$, 30 mg/L of acetosyringone, 2 mg/L of 2,4-D, 120 mg/L of betaine, high GUS expression was observed. In the present transformation system, the efficiency of transformation of GPAT gene was about 54%. Stable integration of GPAT gene into chromosomal DNA was proven by southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from T$_{0}$ progenies. The progenies (T1 generation) derived from primary transformant of 5 lines were segregated with a 3 (resistant) : 1 (sensitive ratio) in medium containing hygromycin. This high frequency transformation system can be used as a useful tool in transformation of another monocotyledon.n.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 2002

Cotyledonary explants from immature zygotic embryos of each 85 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were cultured on medium containing MS salts, B5 vitamins, 40 mg$^{-1}$ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 30 g$^{-1}$ sucrose. Frequency of somatic embryo formation on cotyledonary explants showed in thirty-six lines(＜10%), in thirty-seven lines (11~49%), in nine lines (50~89%), and in three lines(>90%), respectively, The highest frequency (up to 90%) and number (6.36 per cotyledon) of somatic embryos were obtained from lines of KM1010, KM1032 and KM1064. Primary somatic embryos produced from three lines produced numerous secondary somatic embryos on the surfaces, which were subcultured for over one year. Upon transfer to maturation and conversion medium (Komatsuda, 1992), somatic embryos converted to plantlets at a frequency of approximately 25%.