• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2021.06a
• /
• pp.174-174
• /
• 2021

지표면에서 소규모의 요철로 이루어진 미세지형 (Micro Topography)은 자연 지형의 일반적인 특징이다. 지표면에서의 흐름해석 시 이러한 미세지형에 의한 효과를 정확히 고려하기 위해서는 고해상도의 지형격자를 사용하여야 하나, 대부분의 지표유출모델은 미세지형이 존재하지 않는 저해상도의 거친 표면으로 간주함으로써 바닥 마찰 효과를 증가시켜 미세지형에 의한 영향을 대략적으로만 반영한다. 본 연구에서는 보다 정확한 강우-유출 및 유사-유출 해석을 목적으로 고해상도의 지형격자를 사용하여 미세지형을 포함한 건조 및 반건조 지대에서의 흐름을 수치적으로 모의하였다. 미세지형의 형태는 마루와 골 사이가 직선으로 이루어진 파동의 형태로 이상화 하였으며, 파동의 진폭과 파장을 조절하여 다양한 형태의 미세지형을 고려하였다. 수치모형은 흐름의 움직임에 대한 Saint-Venant 방정식과 침식 및 유사이송에 대한 Hairsine-Rose 방정식을 함께 계산하는 통합모형인 tRIBS-FEaST를 사용하였다. 수치 모의 결과에서 나타난 미세지형의 핵심 영향은 최대 유량 및 유사량 도달시간의 지연, 유사 입자 크기별 유사-유출량 증감, 그리고 하천 유출(stream flow)의 생성이었다. 또한, 미세지형의 형태에 따라 미세지형과 강우-유출 및 유사-유출 사이에 비례 혹은 반비례 관계가 성립함을 보였다. 수치 모의 결과를 종합적으로 검토하여 미세지형이 강우-유출과 유사-유출에 미치는 영향에 대해 논의하였으며, 기존 Manning 거칠기 계수를 통한 해석 방법의 적부를 판단하였다.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.141-149
• /
• 2018

The structure of the coacervate can dramatically influence deposition on the hair. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of coacervate with a relatively fine and uniform structure on the surface properties of hair and its influence on hair damage. In this study, coacervates of different sizes were explored in 10% shampoo solutions; one solution contained coacervates with non-uniform sizes ($10-300{\mu}m$ average), and the other solution formed a coacervate with a fine and uniform ($1-3{\mu}m$) structure. To study the effect of shampoo on the physical properties of hair and damage to the hair, the hair breakage characteristics, color changes, friction properties, lipid contents and hair surface were examined after using two different types of shampoo. The results clearly show that the relatively fine and uniformly sized coacervate was evenly deposited over the surface of the hair. As a result, the coacervate system can substantially influence the surface properties of the hair such as hair friction, breakage characteristics, and color. The frictional force was dramatically reduced. The use of a fine and uniformly sized coacervate can notably improve hair surface properties. Consequently, hair breakage decreased, and the effect of the coacervate on hair damage was remarkably high.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 1999.07a
• /
• pp.137-137
• /
• 1999

DLC(diamond-like carbon) 필름은 경도가 높고 마찰계수가 낮다는 장점을 가지고 있기 때문에 내마모성 코팅이나 윤활성 코팅에 대한 많은 응용이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 DLC 필름은 수 GPa 정도의 높은 필름 자체의 큰 잔류 응력을 가지며, 마찰 계수가 주변환경에 매우 큰 영향을 받는다는 단점이 있다. 이러한 단점은 DLC 필름의 응용에 대한 저해 요인이 되며, 이 점을 보완하기 위하여 DLC 필름에 Si를 첨가한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 r.f-PACVD 법을 이용하여 Si이 첨가된 DLC 필름의 바이어스 전압에 따른 특성변화를 연구하였다. 사용한 반응 가스는 벤젠(C6H6)과 희석된 (SiH4:H2=10:90)이며, 희석된 실랜과 벤젠의 첨가비율은 6:4 고정시키고, 음전압은 -150V에서 -750V까지, -150V씩 증가하여 바이어스 전압의 변화에 따른 필름의 특성을 분석하였다. 바이어스 전압을 증가시킴에 따라 수소의 함량은 48.8 at.%에서 20.3 at.%로, Si의 함량은 1.5 at.%에서 2.4 at.%로 증가하였다. 그리고 잔류응력은 0.5GPa에서 2.1GPa로 증가하였고, 경도의 경우 5GPa에서 21.5GPa로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 경향은 필름내부의 3차원 상호결합과 이온의 충돌에너지의 영향임을 알 수 있었다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.38 no.12
• /
• pp.1035-1042
• /
• 2014

Reducing the friction of engine parts is an important issue in engine design. The loss of energy in the piston assembly due to mechanical friction ranges from 40 to 55%, and there is an increase in the total energy of about 5% if the friction of the piston can be removed. In order to reduce the friction loss at the level of each engine part, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis with other engines to determine the important factors affecting the energy loss. Several studies have been performed to analyze the lubrication based on hydrodynamic modeling, since a piston lubrication system has dimensions in the nanoscale to microscale domain. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the correlations between the molecular and continuum systems. In this study, we investigated the friction changes due to the various interactions between molecules in the wall/fluid interface, where a microscopic movement of the oil film occurs along the cylinder liner of the engine.

• Geotechnical Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 1996

A series of shear tests is performed to measure friction coefficients of the interface between different reinforcements and weathered granite soils. The reinforcements tested are smooth steel strip, Paraweb(friction tie) and geotextile with rough surface, while the weathered granite soils are composed of different, grain size distribution. Soils are compacted with the energy of 95% modified AASHTO and fully saturated before testing to simulate the worst site condition. Because of characteristics of the direct shear apparatus, shear strength is obtained in terms of drained condition. Test results show that the more fines the soils contain, the larger ratio of friction coefficient ($\mu=\frac{tan{\delta}}{tan{\Psi}}$) is obtained. Also the ratios are much higher for the Friction tie and the geotextile compared to the smooth steel strip. Those suggest that even weathered granite soils with 36% fines are possible to use as backfill of reinforced earth structures for the two reinforcements when a drainage system is provided.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.9 no.7
• /
• pp.94-99
• /
• 2019

Friction stir welding was first reported by TWI(The Welding Institute) in 1991, and this welding method has been rapidly used in various industrial areas such railway, automobile, aerospace and shipbuilding industry. Here, we study core characteristics of friction stir welding (FSW) applied to Al 6005-T6 extruded sheets, which is the typical alloy used for railway car bodies. With the fixed welding speed of 500 mm/min, the rotating tool speed was varied from 600 to 1800 RPM. The results of hardness measurement revealed that the hardness of nugget area is ~70% with respect to the parent material, and for the selected range of rotation speed, no clear dependence was observed and the hardness values close to the parent materials were achieved for the area located 5 mm away from the welding interface. The tension test shows that yield strength and tensile strength were slightly decreased with increasing RPM, with no observed difference for the elongation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2014

Ultrasonic imprinting is a novel process for replicating micropatterns on thermoplastic polymer substrates with low energy consumption and short cycle time. The polymer substrate is softened by the frictional heat and repetitive deformation energy under ultrasonic excitation; thus, a number of micropatterns are replicated on the softened polymer substrate. In the present work, the effect of mold temperature on the replication characteristics of ultrasonic imprinting is investigated. The temperature change in the patterned region is measured by varying the mold temperature. Numerical simulation is then performed for investigating pattern replication characteristics under various mold temperatures. In addition, pattern replication ratio and uniformity are compared through various experimental measurements. Through the results of these comparisons, it is found that the mold temperature has a significant positive effect on the replication characteristics of ultrasonic imprinting.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.149-154
• /
• 1998

The characteristics of drag reduction and rheological behaviors were investigated using cationic surfactants, whose microstructures are known to change when concentration of the surfactant exceeds CMC. The firstly formed spherical micelles change to rodlike or disklike micelles because of packing between surfactants micells, and of thermodynamic perference. The drag reduction becomes significant when the concentration increases over this micellar transient point. Drag reductions were measured as a function of concentration, and rheological characteristics of the surfactant were further investigated to understand the correlation between their rheological properties and drag reduction. Micelles show the non-Newtonian behavior, and shear thickening behaviors were observed due to the structural development. In addition, structural developments were determined by adding the counter-ion in case of DOBON-G.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.417-426
• /
• 2016

In this study, the optimal welding condition of an extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy plate was investigated through evaluation of the mechanical properties and microstructure in the friction stir welding zones. The friction stir welding conditions considered in this study were the tool rotation speeds of 400, 600, and 800rpm and the welding speeds of 200, 300, and 400mm/min. To evaluate the welding strength, tensile and hardness tests were carried out. Microstructures of the welded regions were examined using optical microscopes. Under a tool rotation speed of 800rpm and welding speed of 200mm/min, the joint showed the best joining properties. The UTS, yield strength, and elongation of the welded region showed values of 79.0%, 65.4%, and 30.1%, respectively, of those of the base metal.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2007.11a
• /
• pp.130-131
• /
• 2007

초고경도 박막을 얻기 위해 질화물을 이용한 CrN / CrAlN 초격자 박막을 CFUBM 시스템을 통해 합성하였다. 초격자 박막의 각층의 두께 (${\lambda}$)는 기판의 회전 속도를 이용하여 제어하여 4.4 에서 44.1 nm 까지 합성하였다. 박막의 결정구조 및 미세구조를 분석하기 위하여 고분해능 X선 회절 분석기 (HR-XRD)를 이용하였으며, 박막의 기계적 성질은 나노 인덴터와 ball on disk tester를 통해 분석하였다. CrN / CrAlN 초격자 박막은 각층의 두께 (${\lambda}$)에 따라 28.77 GPa에서 31.97 GPa의 경도 값을 나타내었으며, 미세구조와 기계적 특성이 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다.