• Cement
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• s.3
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• pp.5-20
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• 1963

• Journal of Korean Electronics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.17-21
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• 1981

• The Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.3 s.334
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• pp.28-29
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• 1997

기술이 그 소임을 완벽하게 다하지 못하면 사고나 사건이 되고 그 부실을 탓하게 된다. 이런 물리적 잘못은 가려내기도 어렵지않고 회복도 가능하다. 부실은 객관적 합리성이나 옳고 정확한 것을 도외시하는 차원에서 생긴다. 과학기술의 특성은 정책수립 차원이나 기획차원에서부터 지켜져야 한다. 수요의 유효성ㆍ타당성, 물자나 인력의 수급성, 예산과 공정의 정당성 등을 정확하고 합리적으로 따져야 한다.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2011

According to the National Contract Law, when determining Estimation cost Contract officers should consider contract quantity, contract period, supply and demand condition, difficulty of contract enforcement, terms and condition, and other various conditions based market price, costing based pricing, and appraisal. And they should not overestimate or underestimate the estimation cost. But the estimation cost system is used as preparedness for audit against the contract law. In this study, we identified the factors affecting estimation cost and analyzed their influence on estimation cost.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.433-435
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• 2003

새로운 컴퓨팅 패러다임으로 대두되고 있는 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 환경에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 인터페이스 기술로 RFID가 이미지 기반 태그 등을 들 수 있다. RFID의 경우 여러 개의 태그를 인식할 수 있으나 태그의 존재를 모르는 사용자에게 혼동을 초래할 수 있고 이미지 코드만을 사용했을 때는 패시브 태그로 적송시간에 화물확인시간을 단축하기 어렵고 위치추적시에 액티브적인 요소가 없어 불편함을 가져올 수 있다. 그러므로 업무프로세스에서 인식거리 및 사용자 편의를 위한 액티브적인 요소가 요구되는 위치추적 및 신속한 입력을 위한 운송부문에 RFID를 사용하고 적품 여부를 확인하는 부분에 패시브적인 태그를 사용하여 유리한 점을 하나로 묶은 듀얼 태그 인터페이스를 제안한다. 이는 모든 운송자원을 파악하고 자원의 효율적인 활용을 통해 변화하는 환경에 신속하게 대응할 수 있는 인프라를 구축할 수 있으며 원재료의 수급에서 사용자에게 물품을 전달하는 과정에서 자원과 정보의 일련의 흐름을 관리하는게 가능하게 될 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.22-44
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• 2022

Lacquer, in addition to high-end crafts such as lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl, was an important strategic material used in a wide range of fields such as industry, architecture, and munitions during the Japanese colonial era. In particular, as the demand for lacquer used in munitions soared in the 1940s when the war started, a ticket system was introduced to restrict its distribution. Meanwhile, Japan experienced a chronic shortage of lacquer as a result of the rapidly increasing demand for it, and thus went on to import Chinese lacquer after the late 19th century. After the 1910s, the market share of Chinese lacquer reached 90%, and the local situation in China began to affect the supply and demand for lacquer in Japan. To counteract the issue, the Japanese government increased the production of lacquer in Joseon. As for the project to increase lacquer production in Joseon, objective indicators were prepared through a number of tests in the 1910s and 20s, which paved the way for the project to begin in earnest in the 1930s. Lacquer trees were planted and training classes on how to collect lacquer were held throughout the country. The Japanese government promoted the lacquer production industry as a promising side job for Koreans. The project, implemented in various parts of the country, reaped fruitful results, and it provided the basis for lacquer production in Korea that has continued to this day. At that time, the major regions in the southern part of the country where the project was concentrated were Wonju, Okcheon, and Hamyang, regions that are still known today as major production sites. The improved method of collecting lacquer taught to Koreans by the Japanese has now become the main method of collecting lacquer in Korea. This study attempts to identify the current status of the project to increase lacquer production through various records from the Japanese colonial era with a view to contributing to the study of modern lacquer craft history.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.114-129
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• 2010

Busan port's main function is handling container cargo compared to world major ports and the percentage of handling general cargo such as dirty bulk cargo is very low. In other words, although total cargo weight of Busan port that recorded the handling result of 13.29million TEU in 2008 reached 113.05million ton, total cargo weight of general cargo was 15.31million ton, so container cargo accounted for 88.1% of whole cargo weight. However, it is the time to create high added value by the increase of handling and marketing dirty bulk cargo. Originally, the dirty bulk cargo was not the avoided object from the first. Somehow, it is a very high added value cargo, and is surely essential strategic material to basic industries of nation. However, it becomes dirty bulk cargo as the companies are reluctant to handle it because of environmental problem, distinct characteristic in handling, uncertain break even point due to imbalance between supply and demand compared to container cargo. However, items that are classified as dirty bulk cargo now are certainly necessary strategic materials to national basic industries or national life. Besides it seems to be a high added value cargo here and now. Therefore, it is time that increasing of handling dirty bulk cargo by marketing it and the system for efficient handling such as constructing the exclusive use wharf in Busan port, modernizing of facilities and equipments, stable secure of place for holding and handling through development of distribution complex by item, efficient data processing and closer cooperation by setting up a SCM of related authorities are needful.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.165-189
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine process and organization of local government-managed construction by reviewing official documents and materials in regard to the official residences and castles officially constructed in Dongnae in the 19c Chosun Dynasty. Results of this study can be described as follows. 1) The construction of official residences requires exchanges of official documents among upper and lower governmental agencies concerned. Previously prepared for some 1 or 2 months, the construction was proceeded through proceeded from Paok to Gaegi, Ipju, Sangryang, Gaeok and to Iptaek. Such construction was carried out independently and concurrently Gijang and Yangsan neighboring Dongnae provided cooperation by way of supplying labor and timbers. 2) Dongnaebu castle was constructed under local autonomy system, like other government-oriented works, as governor of Dongnae became responsible for defending such establishment in 1739. The castle was built up in 1731 as an establishment with 6 gated and 15 forts. Directly controlled by governor of Dongnae, the castle continued to be partially repaired until the 19th century. Under the regime of Daewongun, the castle was enlarged and extended for military strengthening. Besides the gate having double-gated structure for the outside wall, the other five gates came to have bastions and 30 forts were additionally established, dramatically changing the structure of the castle as whole. 3) Government-managed construction was often implemented by an organization whose members included local government officials, lower administrative agencies and local influential persons. The construction of official residences was implemented by Gamyeokdogam which was headed by Jwasu of Hyangcheong. In the construction, chief of military officials became supervisor, who was responsibly supported by Saekri. The construction of castled were divided into several works, for example, establishments of fortress, tower gate and quarrying stone were implemented by the organization of Paejang, Gamkwan and Saekri. As a military official, Gamkwan supervised the construction. Saekri was in charge of related internal affairs. Paejang was an technical expert leading several workers. The construction of castles in 1870 were organized as a general rule having particularity of social conditions on Dongnae.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.192-199
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• 2015

Under the economic banner of "self-reliance," North Korea has focused on hydro and thermal power as its main energy supply sources. However, in the face of extreme energy penury caused by machinery and material supply instability in the wake of the collapse of the former communist block as well as equipment aging and deterioration due to floods and other disasters, North Korea and international aid organizations are increasingly turning their attention toward energy source diversification. In particular, renewable energy is recognized as the best strategic energy source for North Korea and it is a decentralized energy option that is suitable in light of North Korea's power distribution networks and its pursuit of self-reliance. Biogas can contribute to improving the human rights situation of North Koreans in conjunction with an increase in food production. For this reason, renewable energy is the most promising option for an energy source that is likely to secure humanitarian aid from international organizations such as the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP). However, the implementation of such humanitarian aid has been hampered by rising concerns about the diversion of provided energy materials for military purposes and the disguised introduction of dual use items strategic materials as well as UN Security Council resolutions and sanctions of the international community against North Korea's military provocation, including nuclear tests and missile launches. This paper explores the possibility of solving this dilemma and proceeding with the humanitarian aid to North Korea by evaluating the potential for sanction and the risk of diversion of the possible products for biogas-related aid on the basis of the list of UN-sanctioned items.