• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2004

This study is aimed at investigating the influence of different quantitative knowledge of results on the measurement error during lumbar proprioceptive sensation training. Twenty-eight healthy adult men participated and subjects were randomly assigned into four different feedback groups(100% relative frequency with an angle feedback, 50% relative frequency with an angle feedback, 100% relative frequency with a length feedback, 50% relative frequency with a length feedback). An electrogoniometer was used to determine performance error in an angle, and the Schober test with measurement tape was used to determine performance error in a length. Each subject was asked to maintain an upright position with both eyes closed and both upper limbs stabilized on their pelvis. Lumbar vertebrae flexion was maintained at $30^{\circ}$ for three seconds. Different verbal knowledge of results was provided in four groups. After lumbar flexion was performed, knowledge of results was offered immediately. The resting period between the sessions per block was five seconds. Training consisted of 6 blocks, 10 sessions per one block, with a resting period of one minute. A resting period of five minutes was provided between 3 blocks and 4 blocks. A retention test was performed between 10 minutes and 24 hours later following the training block without providing knowledge of results. To determine the training effects, a two-way analysis of variance and a one-way analysis of variance were used with SPSS Ver. 10.0. A level of significance was set at .05. A significant block effect was shown for the acquisition phase (p<.05), and a significant feedback effect was shown in the immediate retention phase (p>.05). There was a significant feedback effect in the delayed retention phase (p<.05), and a significant block effect in the first acquisition phase and the last retention phase (p<.05). In conclusion, it is determined that a 50% relative frequency with a length feedback is the most efficient feedback among different feedback types.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2005

On entering new millenium, there has been an important switchover in the divergent View and its cases on commercial marketing. This study is to focus on the related influence factors of the optician's marketing. Aiming to improve the relationship of the manager and the manager and the clients, this study tried to find out the influences of the marketing. We defined quality of relation as three element, trust, satisfaction, absorption. We investigated how it influenced optician's characters, goods, service, price, physical convenience and communication to the quality of relation. Moreover, we investigated how it influenced optician characters like knowledge information, good impression, contact and relation marketing of dissatisfaction solution, also quality of relation could or not influence about repurchase intension and Big Mouth marketing. Optician's characters affect on affirmative effect to trust and absorption, but little affirmative effect to satisfaction. Since optician's characters are trust and absorption rather than satisfaction influence, they actively should improve customer-oriented variety of goods, service, physical convenience, communication. As price and communication structure of optician was formed so not modernized, we realized these have not influenced their trust, satisfaction, absorption to customer. Optician's characters influenced more affirmative effect to satisfaction than thrust and absorption. quality of relations mostly provided affirmative effect to the result of relation. The opticians should make efforts to influence on customer satisfied with goods and service, also to have trust and absorption for customer, should maintain good partnership with customer.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.84-93
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• 2004

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a technique that delivers a high dose to a target legion and a low dose to a critical organ through only one or a few irradiations. For this purpose, many mathematical methods for optimization have been proposed. There are some limitations to using these methods: the long calculation time and difficulty in finding a unique solution due to different tumor shapes. In this study, many clinical target shapes were examined to find a typical pattern of tumor shapes from which some possible ideal geometrical shapes, such as spheres, cylinders, cones or a combination, are assumed to approximate real tumor shapes. Using the arrangement of multiple isocenters, optimum variables, such as isocenter positions or collimator size, were determined. A database was formed from these results. The optimization procedure consisted of the following steps: Any shape of tumor was first assumed to an ideal model through a geometry comparison algorithm, then optimum variables for ideal geometry chosen from the predetermined database, followed by a final adjustment of the optimum parameters using the real tumor shape. Although the result of applying the database to other patients was not superior to the result of optimization in each case, it can be acceptable as a plan starling point.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 2016

In this study, a science museum teaching-learning model was developed with emphasis on play. In order to do this, the models of factor-centered museum education and process-centered museum education were reviewed and characteristics of science museum education were considered. The model developed in this study is called 'Play-Learning Model in Science Museum', and 'play' is defined as activities to achieve the mission in accordance with methods and rules set by individuals or small groups including scaffolding and play is divided into competition, simulation, and chance. 'Play-Learning Model in Science Museum' emphasizes learning using the articles on exhibition, scaffolding and interaction in small groups, and play. The model consists of four steps: 'Preparation', 'Exploring the exhibits', 'Experience', and 'Summary of learning content'. In the 'Preparation' step, the students form related knowledge and are ready to play. The 'Exploring the exhibits' step is the core step of this model, and entails the students solving problems in the mission by interacting with members of the small group. When they cannot find resolution, they get help. In the 'Experience' step, hands-on activities related to the prior step are included. In the 'Summary of learning content' step, the students summarize what they learned while playing. As science museum education is implemented in a variety of forms, continuous research about the science museum learning model and development of various programs are needed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.89-98
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• 1978

Mineralogy, beneficiation, and processes of titanium ores are reviewed from petrographic viewpoints. The most important titanium minerals are ilmenite ($FeTiO_3$) and rutile ($TiO_2$). Ilmenite will play major role :for raw material, because rutile are rapidly diminishing. Thus, there is a need to develope a successful process for producing high grade Ti02 from ilmenite. Commercial, as well as R and D processes to treat more abundant ilmenite ores fall in three general classess: 1. Iron in ilmenite is partially or completely reduced and separated either physically or chemically. 2. Iron is reduced to ferrous state and chemically leached away from the titanium. 3. Ore is treated to make chlorides either selectively or with subsequent separation and purification of $TiC_4$. Routes and efficiencies of these process technologies are primarily influenced by the particular ore deposit to be mined and secondly by environmental considerations. One deposit parameters which influence ilmenite process technologies are: 1. Complexity of microtextures of ilmenite intergrown with Fe-oxide minerals. 2. Composition of concentrates; ilmenites contain minor amounts of substituted Mg, Mn, and V. These elements plus iron and gangue minerals can cause difficulties to complete reactions, substantial acid consumption, difficulties of removing waste solids, and waste disposal problems. Major contributions to be made by petrologists for process optimization are: characterization and interpretation of compositional and physical changes of raw materials and solids derived from process streams. These informations can play significant role in selecting and improving process steps for titania production.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.705-711
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• 2007

We should treat carefully the one related to human rights among a large number of decision-making in our daily lives. As it is necessary to obtain physical evidences in the process of criminal investigation for solving a certain crime based on the principle of evidence, it leads to an increase in demand for forensic science and forensic geology. Forensic geology could be regarded as a fusion discipline of geology and forensic investigation and it is principally concerned to the study on the connection of a suspect and a crime scene with soil evidence which could be experimented using geological data and methods. So these results could be used as valuable information in a court. After its academic foundation has been builded since the last 1970s, its research objects have been expanded from soil evidence like rocks, minerals, soils, sediments to sociocultural, political, military and medical objects like ancient relics, mines, corpses. Its role is expanded from the simple finding of a particular location to the examination of archaeological theories and historical facts, the testimony of the cause of environmental pollution and the chronic demonstration of geological distribution of plants and anthropological origination. And these bring this discipline promptly to accept developed geological methodologies and to satisfy various forensic geological needs. Specialized forensic investigation institutes work actively for the R&D activities of forensic geology. In Korea, national institute of scientific investigation works a small part of forensic geological activities in total activities of forensic investigation. In conclusion, we concern to the importance of systematic discussion of building in proper position of forensic geology through its R&D methods, application cases of its performance and etc. based on geological characteristics in our country by a specialized geoscience institute.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2000

A study was conducted in order to determine back pain experience status of elementary. junior and senior high school teachers and the factors affecting their knowledge of back pain and physical therapy from April 2 through June 30, 1999 in major big cities and small and medium towns. Questionnaires were sent to 924 teachers and the collected daa were analyzed. The results summarized are as follows ; 1. $46.3\%$ of the respondents had experienced back pain, and $47.0\%$ of females, $62.0\%$ of the people over 50years old, $57.4\%$ of junior high school teachers, $47.5%$ of teachers of art and physical education, $46.9\%$ of married persons, $47.8\%$ of the people living in medium or small towns, and $58.6\%$ of the persons whose economic status was low han experienced back pains, $58.9\%$ of respondents who were not healthy, and $49.3\%$ of those who did not drink alcohol, $47.9\%$ of nonsmokers, and $49.1\%$ of those who slept on ondol had experienced back pains. $76.7\%$ of the respondents got health information on back pains from health professionals. 2. An average level of the respondents en physical therapy was $14.95\pm8.32$ points out of 44 and it was 34 points when converted to 100. The knowledge levels of males,. elementary teachers, married persons, those teaching students far more than 20 hours a week, smokers, those who did not drink, those who exercised regularly, and those who had experienced back pains were higher than those in other groups. The knowledge level of those who had experienced back pain prevention education was $18.88\pm8.88$ points and the difference between those with experience and those without experience was statistically significant. The depression level of those who got 40 pome on back pains, and physical therapy was higher than other group(p<0.001). 3, Depression levels of teachers on back pains and physical therapy related knowledge was higher in those with back pains than those without back pains(p<0.01). 4. The factors affecting experience of back pains were back pain related age, economic status, health status, smoking, style of kitchen, sown of information on back pain, and back pain prevention education. (p<0.001), 5. The factors affecting the knowledge on physical therapy were general knowledge levels on back pains, position when tilling, and moving heavy stuffs, driving position, sources of information on back pain prevention, type of bed, age, and health status, and the explanation power of those factors was $45.2\%$.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.279-290
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• 2021

As the university's academic management was not carried out smoothly due to COVID-19, and most of them were conducted as non-face-to-face classes, students' dropout is steadily increasing. In this study focus group interviews were conducted to analyze physics students and professors' recognition of the COVID-19 non-face-to-face class environment. Based on the results, the implications of non-face-to-face classes for physics education were presented. Physics students described their feelings about un-tact teaching as 'the class in which the body is comfortable but the mind is uncomfortable', 'a person who is smarter than me seems to explain a book, reading it' and 'a short clip lecture which may be comfortable but cause losses to me', while the professors also described them as 'a fully transformed class system' and 'a online class putting much burden on me'. Regarding school dropout, students said that the concerns about dropout during non-face-to-face classes were deepened about transfer or transfer. The professors said that the department atmosphere had lost vitality due to the increase in non-face-to-face classes and academic dropouts, and had a lot of worries because of the recruitment rate and external university evaluation. The implications of the COVID-19 non-face-to-face class situation for physics education suggest that it is required to strengthen the interaction between professors and students, finding ways to enhance the sense of reality to supplement laboratory classes and giving opportunities to professors to share their pedagogical contents knowledge in physics.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.533-547
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• 2023

This study is an action research aimed at improving the instruction of a teacher educator who teaches science teaching methods to elementary preservice teachers. After identifying the cause of their low levels of curiosity and interest in physics, teaching plans addressing this problem were explored, applied to classes, and reflected upon. Through this process, ways to improve teaching practice in science classes for elementary preservice teachers and pique their scientific curiosity and interest were proposed. A spiral implementation structure that repeats implementation and reflection a total of three times was designed for the prospective preservice teachers who participated in elementary science textbook research physics classes. Self-reports, student participation data, and results from both peer and self-evaluations were collected and analyzed. The reasons for the preservice teachers' low levels of curiosity and interest in science were identified as their inability to recognize and express information gaps and their low levels of willingness to resolve this. Practice expressing information gaps, raising the level of knowledge to be able to recognize information gaps, and a strategy to have the will to resolve information gaps were introduced into the class. To the extent that changes can be made by improving unit classes, elementary preservice teachers can express their curiosity and interest in science through this process.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.502-509
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze physics problem solving processes according to students' cognitive style in the area of 'Force and Motion' at high school level. Students who have already learned t e area of 'Force and Motion' during the first semester of the 10th grade have taken physics test and cognitive style test to choose students who have basic knowledge of physics and reflective or impulsive style. Four students who got over 19 points in the cognitive style test were selected as reflective students, and another four students who got below 12 points were selected as impulsive students. After explaining the purpose and procedure of this study, think-aloud method was introduced to the students, and the students practiced it. After that, the students solved three quantitative and qualitative problems each. Then, the questionnaire on the belief system on physics and physics problem solving and prerequisite knowledge test were also administered. By recording the students' problem solving processes, protocol was made and analyzed. After solving the problems, the students expressed their confidence, intimacy, and preference on each problem by the five point Likert scale. Impulsive students tended to succeed in solving more problems, less intimate, and more spontaneous and positive in seeking alternative solution when confronted with unacquainted problems. On the other hand, reflective students used more time in executing the problems even without planning, and used more time in solving problems and verification. Whether making effective plan or not was important rather than how much time they used in the planning step. In addition, repeating steps were more likely shown to impulsive students; they tended to be attached to their first idea.