• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of compost on the availability of micronutrients in lettuce. Micronutrient contents of manure-based composts containing various other source materials were investigated. Total and extractable contents of micronutrients in the composts were analysed. Pots containing soil of relatively low micronutrient levels were treated with 1,000 and $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$ of compost and used to grow lettuce plants under greenhouse conditions. Fresh and dry weights of lettuce and micronutrient uptake were determined after harvest. Manure-based composts of various other source materials contained very different amounts of total and extractable micronutrients. Total contents of B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn were in the range of 26-42, 27-160, 4,300-9,500, 290-790, 0-0.5 and $140-420mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The contents of 0.1 N HCl extractable B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were 23-32, 1.3-2.6, <1, 7-32 and 0.5-5% of total content, respectively. Contents of micronutrients extractable in DTPA solution were generally higher than those extractable in 0.1 N HCl. It was found that the fresh and dry matter productions of the plants were significantly higher in the compost treatment of $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$. Lettuce grown in soil treated 1,000 and $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$ of manure-based compost contained higher levels of B, Cu, Mo and Zn than lettuce grown without compost application. However, contents of Fe and Mn in lettuce were relatively lower in the compost treatments. In the compost treatments the proportions of micronutrients in soil and plant were all in the optimum ranges and below the toxicity levels. The results obtained allow us to establish that commercial composts could be used as soil amendment for plastic film house crop production with sufficient supply of micronutrients.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

Biochar is a carbon-rich solid product obtained by the pyrolysis of biomass. It has been suggested to mitigate climate change through increased carbon storage and reduction of greenhouse gas emission. The objective of this study was to evaluate carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from soil after various biochars addition. The biochars were produced by pyrolysing pear branch, rice hull and bean straw at $400{\sim}500^{\circ}C$. The treatments were consisted of a control without input of biochar and three type biochars input as 5.0 Mg/ha. Emissions of $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ from upland soil were determined using closed chamber for 8 weeks at $25^{\circ}C$ of incubation temperature. It was shown that the cumulative $CO_2$ were 207.1 to $255.2g\;CO_2/m^2$ for biochar input treatments and $258.6g\;CO_2/m^2$ for the control after experimental periods. The cumulative $CO_2$ emission was slightly decreased in biochar input treatment compared to the control. It was appeared that cumulative $N_2O$ emissions were $2,890.6mg\;N_2O/m^2$ for control, 379.7 to $525.2mg\;N_2O/m^2$ for biochar input treatment at the end of experiment. All biochar treatments were found to significantly reduce $N_2O$ emission by 82~87%. Consequently the biochar from byproducts such as pear branch, rice hull and bean straw could suppress the soil $N_2O$ emission. The results from the study imply that biochar can be utilized to reduce greenhouse gas emission from the upland field.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27
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• pp.47-55
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• 1984

The results of series studies on the ratio of supplements, out-door composting and out-door fermentation induced by using the rice straw as a main substrates at the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, and the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus using the rice straw bundles on its compost are as follows; When rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus was used as the main substrates in synthetic compost as a carbon source, yields were remarkably high. Fermentation was more rapid than that of barley straw or wheat straw and the total nitrogen content was high in rice straw compost. Use of barley straw compost for cultivation of A. bisporus was shown of low yield compared with rice straw, but when a 50% barley straw and 50% rice straw mixture was used, the yield was almost the same as that using only rice straw. The total organic nitrogen on the compost were shown the positive relation to the yield of A. bisporus, but the ammonium nitrogen negative relation to the mycelial growth and yield of A. bisporus. When rice straw was used as the main substrate for compost media, urea was the most suitable source of nitrogen. Poor results were obtained with calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. When urea was applied three separate times, nitrogen loss during composting was decreased and the total nitrogen content of compost was increased. The supplementation of organic nutrient activated compost fermentation and increased yield of A. bisporus. The best sources of organic nutrients selected were as follows: perilla meal, sesame meal, wheat bran and poultry manure, etc. Soybean meal, tobacco powder and glutamic acid fermentation byproducts which were industrial wastes, could be substituted for perilla meal, sesame meal and wheat bran as organic nutrient sources for compost media. During out door composing of rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus, using of tuner, composter and tunnel system increased up to 13% of its yield, and also cut down 34% of production Cost. The cultivation of P. ostreatus and utilizing of rice straw and wheat straw was established and its yield was high on the rice straw pots. When the substrates 'Rice straw' was heated by steam at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr. mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was moderately rapid and its yield was high.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1143-1152
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• 2012

We established a top-down methodology to estimate carbon footprint as national mean value (reference) with the statistical data on agri-livestock incomes in 2007. We also established LCI (life cycle inventory) DB by a bottom-up methodology with the data obtained from interview with farmers from 4 large-scale farms at Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do province to estimate carbon footprint in 2011. This study was carried out to compare top-down methodology and bottom-up methodology in performing LCA (life cycle assessment) to analyze the difference in GHGs (greenhouse gases) emission and carbon footprint under conventional rice cultivation system. Results of LCI analysis showed that most of $CO_2$ was emitted during fertilizer production and rice cultivation, whereas $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ were mostly emitted during rice cultivation. The carbon footprints on conventional rice production system were 2.39E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by top-down methodology, whereas 1.04E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by bottom-up methodology. The amount of agro-materials input during the entire rice cultivation for the two methodologies was similar. The amount of agro-materials input for the bottom-up methodology was sometimes greater than that for top-down methodology. While carbon footprint by the bottom-up methodology was smaller than that by the top-down methodology due to higher yield per cropping season by the bottom-up methodology. Under the conventional rice production system, fertilizer production showed the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on most categories except GWP (global warming potential) category. Rice cultivation was the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on GWP category under the conventional rice production system. The main factors of carbon footprints under the conventional rice production system were $CH_4$ emission from rice paddy field, the amount of fertilizer input and rice yield. Results of this study will be used for establishing baseline data for estimating carbon footprint from 'low carbon certification pilot project' as well as for developing farming methods of reducing $CO_2$ emission from rice paddy fields.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.517-523
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• 2008

The degradation mechanism of Triclosan(TCS), which is a potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent and has been considered as an emerging pollutant, was investigated in the Fenton and the hybrid reaction with Fe$^{2+}$ and UV-C. The results show that the Fe$^{2+}$ is oxidized to 30% by $H_2O_2$, 28% by UV-C, and 15% by UV-A for 10 min. The degradation rate of TCS for beginning time(10 min) was higher in UV-C only reaction than that in hybrid reaction, which of the order was inverted according to the lapse of reaction time. The effect of methanol was the greatest in Fenton reaction, in which the degradation rate of TCS decreased from 90% to 5% by the addition of methanol. Chloride, ionic intermediate, was produced to 77% for 150 min of hybrid reaction(Fe$^{2+}$ + UV-C), which was the greatest. In case with methanol, the generation rate of chloride for 15 min was ignorable in all reactions($\leq$2%) but the hybrid reaction with Fe$^{2+}$ and UV-C(12%). Additionally, the removal rate of TOC in each reaction was estimated as the followed orders; Fe$^{2+}$ + UV-C > Fe$^{2+}$ + $H_2O_2$ > Fe$^{2+}$ + UV-A > UV-C > UV-A. However, the Fenton reaction was almost stopped after 90 min because the reaction between Fe$^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$ cannot be kept on without adding the oxidant. The phenomena was not observed in the hybrid reaction. In view of generating chloride, the reductive degradation of TCS may be in the hybrid reaction with Fe$^{2+}$ and UV-C, which is favorable to mineralize halogenated organic compounds such as TCS. Consequently, the hybrid process with Fe$^{2+}$ and UV-C may be considered as the alternative treatment method for TCS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.595-602
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate on food component characteristics of seafood cooking drips (skipjack tuna cooking drip, octopus cooking drip and oyster cooking drip) as a source of functional seasoning. Heavy metal contents of seafood cooking drips were below food safety level. Among seafood cooking drips concentrated to 5 folds, the crude protein content was the highest (18.1%) in skipjack tuna cooking drip (SCD). The free amino acid content and taste value were higher in SCD than in other seafood cooking drips, and the major free amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Total amino acid content of SCD was 16.2 g/100 mL and the major amino acids were glutamic acid (11.9%), proline (9.2%), glycine (9.1%) and histidine (11.5%). SCD in comparison with other seafood cooking drips showed the highest angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity at $IC_{50}$ of 14.1 mg/mL. These results suggested that SCD could be used as a source of functional seasoning.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 2010

The nutritional components, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of water and a 50% methanol extract from litchi fruit pericarp were investigated. The most abundant mineral, amino acid, and fatty acid were K, proline, and palmitic acid, respectively. In addition, the total water phenolics and 50% methanol extracts were 8.02 and 12.28 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the water and 50% methanol extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity. In a cell viability assay using MTT, almost all extracts showed a protective effect against $H_2O_2$-induced neurotoxicity, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage was also inhibited by the pericarp extracts. In particular, the 50% methanol extract showed a higher cell membrane protective effect than the water extract at the highest concentration. Consequently, these data suggest that litchi fruit pericarp can be utilized as an effective and safe functional food substances for natural antioxidants and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disorders.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.350-363
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• 2009

Inter- and intra-specific differences in removal activities, filtering rates (FR) and production of feces-and pseudo-feces (PF) between a native freshwater bivalve in Korea, Anodonta woodiana Lea and Unio douglasiae Griffith et Pidgeon, were compared using a continuous removal of organic matters (CROM) system. The CROM system comprised five steps; input of polluted water, control of water flow, mussel treatment, analysis of water quality and discharge of clean water. The study was designed to compare the removal activity of organic matters between A. woodiana and U. douglasiae, and the intra-specific differences between density and length in A. woordiana. Results clearly indicate that two kinds of mussels had obvious removal activities of seston in the eutrophic reservoir. First, if both are similar in shell length, there were no significant inter-specific differences in removal activity between A. woordiana and U. douglasiae (P>0.5), but FRs of U. douglasiae was relatively high due to low ash-fee dry weight. Second, if both are same in animal density, the smaller mussels (1$\sim$2 years old) showed a higher filtering rate and production of feces- and pseudo-feces and less release of ammonium than the larger mussels. Third, if both are same in biomass, FRs and PF of mussels were higher in the low-density tank than the high-density tank, While the Concentration of $NH_4$-N and $PO_4$-P released WRS similar to each other (P>0.5). Therefore, these results suggest that CROM system using a young bivalve A. woordiana can be applied to control the nuisance seston in eutrophic lake system, if a relevant species and density were selected. Additional pilot tests to optimize the age and density of domestic bivalves were needed for the generalization of CROM operation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2009

In the present study, three types of teriyaki sauce were prepared using chicken bone and eel bone, which are commonly used as the primary ingredient of teriyaki sauce, as well as codfish bone, which has various functions. The and analyzed their quality characteristics of the different types of teriyaki sauce were then compared through physiochemical and sensory evaluation. The results of this study were as follows. The water content was lowest and the ash content was highest in teriyaki sauce that was prepared using chicken bone as the primary ingredient. In addition, the Ca, K, Mg, Na and P content were highest in the teriyaki sauce that was prepared using chicken bone as the primary ingredient. The total free amino acid content was highest in teriyaki sauce prepared using chicken bone, followed by sauces prepared using codfish bone and eel bone. The levels of free amino acids evaluated in this study occurred in the following order for all teriyaki sauces: glutamic acid > aspartic acid > leucine. When the sensory evaluation was conducted, teriyaki sauce prepared using chicken bone as the main ingredient was found to be best, followed by sauce prepared using codfish bone in terms of palatability and viscosity among descriptive scales, and smell and general preference among hedonic scales. The results of this study suggest that teriyaki sauce could be produced using codfish bone instead of chicken bone, which would enable production of a high value-added product through the use of a common byproduct. This would result in the efficient use of unused resources, prevention of environmental pollution and supply of an inexpensive that could be widely used in the food processing and food service industries.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Various culture media have been used for hydroponic cultures of horticultural plants under the smart greenhouses with natural and artificial light types. Management of the culture medium for the control of medium amounts and/or necessary components absorbed by plants during the cultivation period is performed with ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and/or IoT (Internet of Things) in a smart farm system. This study was conducted to develop the cloud-based data analysis system for effective management of culture medium applying to hydroponic culture and plant growth in smart greenhouses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Conventional inorganic Yamazaki and organic media derived from agricultural byproducts such as a immature fruit, leaf, or stem were used for hydroponic culture media. Component changes of the solutions according to the growth stage were monitored and plant growth was observed. Red and green lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) which developed 2~3 true leaves were considered as plant materials. The seedlings were hydroponically grown in the smart greenhouse with fluorescent and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lights of $150{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ light intensity for 35 days. Growth data of the seedlings were classified and stored to develop the relational database in the virtual machine which was generated from an open stack cloud system on the base of growth parameter. Relation of the plant growth and nutrient absorption pattern of 9 inorganic components inside the media during the cultivation period was investigated. The stored data associated with component changes and growth parameters were visualized on the web through the web framework and Node JS. CONCLUSION: Time-series changes of inorganic components in the culture media were observed. The increases of the unfolded leaves or fresh weight of the seedlings were mainly dependent on the macroelements such as a $NO_3-N$, and affected by the different inorganic and organic media. Though the data analysis system was developed, actual measurement data were offered by using the user smart device, and analysis and comparison of the data were visualized graphically in time series based on the cloud database. Agricultural management in data visualization and/or plant growth can be implemented by the data analysis system under whole agricultural sites regardless of various culture environmental changes.