• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.410-414
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate the microstructures and mechanical properties of a friction stir welded Ni based alloy. Inconel 600 (single phase type) alloy was selected as an experimental material. For this material, friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at a constant tool rotation speed of 400 rpm and a welding speed of 150~200 mm/min by a FSW machine, and argon shielding gas was utilized to prevent surface oxidation of the weld material. At all conditions, sound friction stir welds without any weld defects were obtained. The electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) method was used to analyze the grain boundary character distributions (GBCDs) of the welds. As a result, dynamic recrystallization was observed at all conditions. In addition, grain refinement was achieved in the stir zone, gradually accelerating from 19 ${\mu}m$ in average grain size of the base material to 5.5 ${\mu}m$ (150 mm/min) and 4.1 ${\mu}m$ (200 mm/min) in the stir zone with increasing welding speed. Grain refinement also led to enhancement of the mechanical properties: the 200 mm/min friction stir welded zone showed 25% higher microhardness and 15% higher tensile strength relative to the base material.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2024

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a solid-state joining process and a rapidly growing dissimilar material welding technology for joining metallic alloys in the automotive industry. Welding tool shape and process conditions must be appropriately controlled to obtain high bonding characteristics. In this study, FSSW is performed on dissimilar materials AA5052-H32 aluminum alloy sheet and SPRC440 steel sheet, and the influence of the shape of joining tool and tool insertion depth during joining is investigated. A new intermetallic compound is produced at the aluminum and steel sheets joint. When the insertion depth of the tool is insufficient, the intermetallic compound between the two sheets did not form uniformly. As the insertion depth increased, the intermetallic compound layer become uniform and continuous. The joint specimen shows higher values of tensile shear load as the diameter and insertion depth of the tool increase. This shows that the uniform formation of the intermetallic compound strengthens the bonding force between the joining specimens and increases the tensile shear load.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2024

The friction welding characteristics of stainless steels, mainly used in energy and chemical plant industries due to its excellent corrosion resistance and high strength, was evaluated in this study. Friction welding was introduced and conducted at a rotation speed of 2,000 RPM, friction pressure of 30 MPa, burn-off length of 5 mm and upset pressure of 110 ~ 200 MPa on rod typed specimens. The grain boundary characteristics distributions such a grain size, shape, misorientation angle and kernel average misorientation of the welds were clarified by electron backscattering diffraction method. The application of friction welding on SUS304 alloy resulted in a significant refinement of the grain size in the weld zone (5.11 mm) compared to that of the base material (48.09 mm). The mechanical properties of the welds, on the other hand, appeared to be relatively low or similar to those of the base material, which were mainly caused by dislocation density in the initial material and grain refinement in the welds.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.603-616
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 기상청 현업 국지기상모델(Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System, LDAPS)과 전산유체역학(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) 모델을 접합하여, 서울 종로구 송월동에 위치한 지동기상관측소(서울 ASOS) 주변 지역의 기상 환경을 분석하였다. 토지 피복별 차등 가열이 도시 지역의 대기 흐름과 기온에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여, 시간 변화에 따른 토지 피복별 지표면 온도와 그림자 영역에 대한 지표면 온도 감소 효과를 고려하였다. LDAPS 모델은 상세한 건물, 지형, 지표면 가열 효과를 고려하지 못하기 때문에, 풍속을 과대모의 하고 기온을 과소 모의하였다. 건물과 지형의 마찰 효과와 태양 복사에 의한 지표면 가열을 고려할 수 있는 LDAPS-CFD 접합 모델은 서울 ASOS 지점의 관측 풍속과 유사한 풍속을 모의하였고, 관측 기온을 잘 재현하였다. 주로 동풍이 부는 오전 시간대에는 LDAPS-CFD 접합 모델 또한 기온을 과소모의 하였는데, 이는 서울 ASOS 지점의 풍상측(동쪽)에 위치한 경희궁 주변 지역에 주로 수목이 분포하고 있고, 표면 온도가 상대적으로 낮기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 그러나, 주로 남동풍 계열의 바람이 부는 오후 시간대에는 풍상측에 위치한 건물의 표면 가열의 효과로 인해 서울 ASOS 지점의 관측 기온을 상대적으로 잘 모의하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 WFD(Wall Friction Damper)를 보강한 철근콘크리트 골조의 내진성능을 확인하기 위해 2층 철근콘크리트 골조 의 보강방법(무보강, 내부 H- 형철골과 WFD보강)을 주요 변수로 하였다. WFD 내진 보강 공법은 강도 향상과 에너지 소산 공법을 혼합한 것이다. WFD의 충분한 에너지 소산 이전에 보강재와 기존 구조물의 접합부에서 사전 파괴를 방지하기 위해 내부 H형 철골과 보 측면을 관통하는 케미컬 앵커를 사용하여 WFD를 설치하였다. 시험결과 OMF-N 시험체는 최대강도 발현 후 R/C 기둥의 전단력에 의한 취성파괴 양상을 보였다. OMF-ALL(H) 실험체는 핀칭 효과의 감소와 RC 기둥의 파손이 발생함을 보였다. 또한 OMF-ALL(H)의 최대 강도, 누적 에너지 소산 및 연성은 OMF-N의 경우 3.01배, 7.2배 및 1.72배 증가하였다. 그 결과 철근콘크리트 구조물에 시공한 WFD 내진 보강공법이 내진성능을 향상시키고 보강효과가 유효한 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권6D호
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• pp.951-960
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 실제 주행차량의 수평하중이 다양한 층 경계면 마찰계수 상태의 포장구조체에 미치는 영향을 고찰하기 위해 수평하중을 고려한 포장구조해석 모델링을 구축하였다. 기존 해석프로그램의 경계층 평가분석을 고찰하기 위하여 기존 다층탄성해석프로그램인 KENLAYER와 구축된 모델링을 이용한 상용 유한요소해석프로그램 ABAQUS 로부터 연직하중과 수평하중이 작용하는 경우 및 하중조합의 경우 포장체 거동을 비교분석하였다. 또한 각각의 하중상태하에서 경계층 상태에 따른 포장구조체의 공용성을 평가한 후, 연직하중과 수평하중이 동시에 가해지는 포장구조체의 경계면 상태에 따른 영향계수의 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 기존의 주행차량의 연직하중만을 고려한 경우와 실제 주행차량의 수평하중과 연직 하중을 고려한 경우 포장구조체에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 수평하중의 작용으로 인해 공용수명이 약 1/300로 감소하므로, 포장구조해석시 주행차량의 수평하중을 고려한 층 경계면 영향계수 개발이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 국내 고속도로의 대표단면을 이용하여 수치해석을 실시한 결과, 아스팔트층의 두께가 얇을수록, 또한 아스팔트층의 탄성계수가 작을수록 경계면 상태에 큰 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다. 포장구조해석시 주행차량의 수평하중을 고려하기 위하여 포장구조체 공용수명에 영향을 미치는 아스팔트층의 두께, 탄성계수, 그리고 경계면 조건으로부터 아스팔트층 하부의 인장변형률을 결정하는 인장변형률 예측식을 제안하였고, 공용중인 포장구조체의 두께와 탄성계수를 이용하여 인장변형률 예측식을 해석적으로 검증하였다. 또한 제안된 예측식을 이용하여 아스팔트층과 보조기층 사이의 접합여부에 따른 인장변형률 영향계수를 개발하였다.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 1995년도 특별강연 및 추계학술발표 개요집
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• pp.3-20
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• 1995

Development of Real-Time Quality Evaluation of Friction Welding by Acousitc Emission : Report 1 ABSTRACT : According as the friction welding has been increasingly applied in manufacturing various machine components because of its significant economic and technical advantages, one of the important concerns is the reliable quality monitoring method for a good weld quality with both joint strength and toughness in the process of its production. However no reliable nondestructive test method is available at present to determine the weld quality particularly in process of production. So this paper presents an experimental examination and quantitative analysis for the real-time evaluation of friction weld quality by acoustic emission, as a new approach which attempts finally to develop an on-line quality monitoring system design for friction welds using AE techniques. As one of the important results, it was confirmed, through this study, that AE techniques can be reliably applied to evaluating the friction weld qualify with 100% joint strength, as the cumulative AE counts occurring during welding period were quantitatively correlated with reliability at 95% confidence level to the joint strength of welds. Real-Time Evaluation of Automatic Production Quality Control for Friction Welding Machine : Report 2 Abstract : Both in-process quality control and high reliability of the weld is one of the major concerns in applying friction welding to the economical and qualified mass-production. No reliable nondestructive monitoring method is available at present to determine the real-time evaluation of automatic production quality control for friction welding machine. This paper, so that, presents the experimental examinations and statistical quantitative analysis of the correlation between the initial cumulative counts of acoustic emission(AE) occurring during plastic deformation period of the welding and the tensile strength of the welded joints as well as the various welding variables, as a new approach which attempts finally to develop an on-line (or real-time) quality monitoring system and a program for the process of real-time friction welding quality evaluation by initial AE cumulative counts. As one of the important results, it was well confirmed that the initial AE cumulative counts were quantitatively and cubically correlated with reliability of 95% confidence level to the joint strength of the welds, bar-to-bar (SCM4 to SUM31, SCM4 to SUM24L) and that an AE technique using initial AE counts can be reliably applied to real-time strength evaluation of the welded joints, and that such a program of the system was well developed resulting in practical possibility of real-time quality control more than 100% joint efficiency showing good weld with no micro-structural defects.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2020

For microstructural analysis of a friction stir welded (FSWed) joint of advanced high-strength steels, dual phase (DP) and complex phase (CP) steels, are studied. FSWed joints are successfully fabricated in the following four cases: (i) DP/DP; (ii) CP/CP; (iii) DP/CP, where the advancing side is DP and the retreating side is CP; (iv) CP/DP, where the advancing side is CP and the retreating side is DP. The stir zone (SZ) of (i) the DP/DP joint mainly consists of lath martensite, while the stir zone of (ii) the CP/CP joint consists not only of lath martensite but also of bainite. In the case of (iii) DP/CP and (iv) CP/DP, they exhibit a similar microstructure including acicular-shaped phases in the joints; however, cross-sections of the joints show differences in material mixing in each case. In (iv) the CP/DP joint, temperature towards the CP steel is sufficient to cause softening, thus leading to better mixing than that in (iii) DP/CP. The phases of the SZ in each of the four cases are formed by phase transformation during the FSWed process; however, the transformed phase volume fraction of CP steel is lower than that of DP steel, indicating that dynamic recrystallization occurs mainly in CP steel. The hardness values of the SZ are significantly higher than those of the base materials, especially, the SZ of (iii) the DP/CP joint has the highest value due to highest fraction of lath martensite.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.1043-1048
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• 2014

체결부품의 사이즈가 작아질수록 실제 접합부의 면적이 줄어들기 때문에 체결력은 감소한다. 이러한 체결부품의 체결력을 결정하는 요소는 소재(Material), 구조(Geometry), 마찰(Friction)이 있다. 본 연구에서는 체결부품의 사이즈가 줄어들면서 체결력을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법 중의 하나인 소재 변경에 대하여 연구하였다. SWCH18A 와 SUS XM7 을 적용하여 초소형 나사를 제작하였으며, 3 차원 치수 측정을 통하여 피치정밀도와 두께정밀도를 측정하였다. 비커스 경도 측정을 통하여 나사가 외부의 힘에 의해 변형에 대한 저항력을 분석하였다. 또한 파단토크 시험과 SEM 을 이용한 파단면 분석을 통해 파단특성을 분석한다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2014

Joining of grey cast iron by fusion welding has much difficulties for its extremely low ductility and low toughness because of the flake form of the graphite. And the brittle microstructure, i.e. ledeburite may be formed during fusion welding by its rapid cooling rates. By these kinds of welding problem, preheat and post heat treatment temperature must be increased to avoid weld crack or welding problems. In order to avoid these fusion welding problem, friction welding of cast iron was carried out for improving joint soundness, establishing friction welding variables. There is no factor for evaluating friction weldability in continuous drive type friction welding. In this point of view, this study proposed the parameters for calculating friction weld heat input. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. There was a close relationship between tensile strength and flash appearance of friction welded joint. 2. Tensile strength was decreased and flash was severely oxidized as increasing frictional heating time. 3. As increased forging pressure $P_2$, flash had a large crack and tensile strength was decreased. 4. As powdered graphite by rotational frictional force induced flat surface and hindered plastic flow of metal, tensile strength of welded joint was decreased. 5. Heat input for continuous drive type friction welding could be calculated by the factors of $P_1$, $P_2$ and upset distance(${\delta}$).