• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.217-220
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• 2006

It is known that the process of variety development and maintenance of original plant is difficult in Angelica gigas and Angelica acutiloba because they are allogamous plants. The contents like this are stand in the way of theirs breeding. This study was conducted to investigate the foraging activity and pollinational efficacy by insects to flowers of A. gigas and A. acutiloba. Foraging activity by pollinators was observed every day from 10:00 to 10:30 during 3 days after September 21. Honey bee and fly were major pollinators. The rate of hymenoptera and diptera to total numbers of insects was the 56.5% and 40.6% in A. gigas, respectively. It was also 46.3% and 51.8% in A. acutiloba, respectively. The other insects were lepidoptera, coleoptera and hemiptera. The numbers of hymenoptera and diptera were more in flowers of A. gigas was 49.2% with bee, 36.0% with fly, 15.3% with human, 0.9% without anything in the nethouse and 76.6% in the open field. That of A. acutiloba was 43.6% with bee, 27.9% with fly, 20.3% with human, 0.6% without anything in the nethouse and 46.9% in the open field. Excepting open field, seed setting rate of with bee in the nethouse was the highest of all the others. However, we concluded that the use of fly was the most effective method for pollination of A. gigas and A. acutiloba considering low cost and convenient handling.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3 s.91
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• pp.230-243
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• 2000

A large-scale community data were patterned by utilizing an unsupervised learning algorithm in artificial neural networks. Data for benthic macroinvertebrates in streams of South Korea reported in publications for 12 years from 1984 to 1995 were provided as inputs for training with the Kohonen network. Taxa included for the training were 5 phylum, 10 class, 26 order, 108 family and 571 species in 27 streams. Abundant groups were Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Coleoptera, Odonata, Oligochaeta, and Physidae. A wide spectrum of community compositions was observed: a few tolerant taxa were collected at polluted sites while a high species richness was observed at relatively clean sites. The trained mapping by the Kohonen network effectively showed patterns of communities from different river systems, followed by patterns of communities from different environmental disturbances. The training by the proposed artificial neural network could be an alternative for organizing community data in a large-scale ecological survey.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2002

The present study was performed to compare the morphological differences of flight muscles among 3 species from insects (Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith, Davidins lunatus B. and Serrognathus platymelus castanicdor M.) by investigating ultrastructural observation and stereological analysis. Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith has the most flight hours. In addition, the number and arrangement of mitochondria and the structure of sarcomere were similar to those of vertebrates. However sarcomere structure of Davidins lunatus B. was irregular and the sarcomere length was longer than that of Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith. In Serrognathus platymelus castanicdor M. which has the least flight hours, the length of sarcomere appeared longer than that of Davidins lunatus B. In results of stereological analysis, Serrognathus platymelus castanicdor M. had the highest volume density of myofibrils in all species. The volume and numerical density of mitochondria and the volume density of sarcoplasmic reticulum were highest Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith and Davidins lunatus B. respectively. This study suggests that the flight hours and flight pattern by different ecological habitats may cause the morphological changes of flight muscle.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2020

National parks in Korea are subject to a survey of natural resources every five years, according to the Natural Parks Act. This study analyzed the insect diversity in each of the 21 national parks conducted as part of the Third Nature Resource Survey of National Parks (2010~2018). It compared insect diversity in each national park national biodiversity with insect diversity in all national parks and analyzed the uncollected sub-taxonomic groups of each taxonomic group and the legally protected species. The Third Nature Resource Survey identified 5,584 species in 456 families in 21 orders in all national parks, and they accounted for 31.3% of 17,848 species in the national insect diversity. By taxonomic group, Lepidoptera was the most frequently found with 2,195 species, followed by beetles (1,495 species), fellings (712 species), and stink bugs (515 species). By national park, Odaesan national park showed the highest insect diversity with 1,963 species, followed by Sobeaksan national park (1,511), Hanryeohaesang national park (1,321), Gayasan national park (1,282), Juwangsan national park (1,265), Dadohaehaesang national park (1,264), Woraksan national park (1,251), and Jirisan national park (1,240). The legally protected species included 3 species of endangered species rank I, 11 species of endangered species rank II, 12 climate change indicator species, 139 endemic species, and 532 species requiring approval for cross-border transfer.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.99-100
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• 2010

충남 서부에 위치한 보령 지역은 트라이아스기 후기로 알려진 육성 기원의 남포층군이 널리 분포하고 있다. 남포층군은 하부로부터 하조층, 아미산층, 조계리층, 백운사층 및 성주리층으로 구분된다. 남포층군에서 산출되는 화석의 대부분은 식물 화석이며, 기타 이매패 화석, 어류 화석, 곤충의 유충 화석, 패갑류(conchostracans) 등의 화석이 산출되고 있지만, 양적으로 극히 적다. 이들 화석 중에서 체계적으로 연구가 된 것은 식물 화석뿐이고, 나머지 화석들은 전문 연구가의 부재 등에 의해 극히 미미한 연구 수준에 머물러 있다. 이번의 연구를 통해서 아미산층에서 채집된 곤충화석은 모두 107점이고, 그중에서 유충 화석이 94점, 날개 화석이 14점이다. 이들의 분류학적 연구 결과, 아미산층의 곤충화석군은 소시목, 강도래목, 날도래목, 하루살이목, 잠자리목, 바퀴벌레목, 벌목, 매미목을 비롯한 8목 11종에 이르는 유시류의 곤충들로 구성된다. 이들은 현재까지 우리나라에서 발견된 곤충화석 중 시대적으로 가장 오래된 화석이다. 유충 화석은 모두 수서 곤충의 유충화석이다. 이들의 유충은 수중생활에 적응하여 지상생활을 하는 성충과 형태적으로 큰 차이가 있는 불완전변태류 또는 외시류이다. 날개 화석은 수서곤충의 성충의 날개이고 일부는 육상 생활을 하는 곤충의 날개가 포함되어 있다. 아미산층에서 나온 곤충화석에는 육상에서 생활하는 매미목과 바퀴목도 있는데 이들은 불완전변태류에 속한다. 그러나, 똑같은 육상생활자이면서도 벌목은 완전변태류 또는 내시류에 속하는 것도 있다. 따라서 아미산층에서 산출된 곤충화석군에는 불완전변태류와 완전변태류가 섞여 있는 특징을 보인다. 이들은 실제로 같은 시대에 비슷한 장소에서 함께 생활을 했던 생물군집이지만, 서로 살던 장소가 다른 집단들이 섞여 있다는 것은 육상생활자의 일부가 죽은 후 수류에 의해 퇴적분지로 유입되어 매몰된 혼합집단으로 볼 수 있다. 현생의 하루살이목, 강도래목 등은 대표적인 유수성 곤충이고, 잠자리, 노린재 등은 대표적인 정수성 곤충으로 알려져 있다. 이들이 지층에 밀집하여 산출되는 것으로 보아 살던 장소에서 많은 퇴적물의 유입에 따른 급격한 매몰에 의해 화석화된 것으로 판단된다. 동아시아의 중생대 초기에서 보고된 곤충 화석은 양적으로도 수적으로도 그리 많지 않다. 그중에서 일본의 Mine에서 보고된 화석군이 가장 대표적이며 바퀴류(Blattaria)와 딱정벌레(Coleoptera)의 화석이 가장 큰 비율을 차지하지만, 아미산층 곤충화석군과의 공통종은 한 종도 없다. 아미산층의 곤충화석군은 비록 다양성은 쥐라기의 곤충상에 비해 떨어지지만 조성적으로는 쥐라기의 곤충상에 매우 유사하다. 육상에 사는 곤충이 화석으로 보존되기 어렵다는 것을 감안하면 아미산층에서 산출된 곤충화석은 학술적으로 매우 귀중하고 큰 의미가 있다. 보령 지역의 곤충화석은 중생대의 쥐라기와 백악기를 거쳐 현재로 이어지는 곤충 진화사의 잃어버린 고리를 이어줄 수 있는 귀중한 자료로 평가된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.305-308
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• 2013

This study was conducted to describe the external morphology of Platypus-koryoensis Murayama in immature stage, to determine each instar based on larvae head-capsule, and to measure individual and local variations in the number of mycangia of adult. Egg of P. koryoensis, had oval shape and lengths of the major and minor axis were $0.67{\pm}0.051$ mm and $0.41{\pm}0.053$ mm, respectively. Body colour of $5^{th}$ instar was gloss white with well-developed mandible. Larvae of P. koryoensis grew up to $5^{th}$ instar and each instar was clearly classified by head capsule width. Head capsule width for $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, $4^{th}$, and $5^{th}$ instar larvae were $0.35{\pm}0.004$ mm, $0.45{\pm}0.010$ mm, $0.67{\pm}0.039$ mm, $0.94{\pm}0.069$ mm and, $1.12{\pm}0.007$ mm, respectively. The colour of pupa was pale yellow and its length was $4.64{\pm}0.044$ mm. The number of mycangia per female had individual variations from 5 to 12 and 83% of the adults had from 6 to 8 mycangia. There was no significant difference in number of mycangia collected from between Namyangju region and Honchen region.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.664-696
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the insect diversity in the islands of Daecheong-do and Socheong-do, Incheon, Korea. The survey was conducted six times throughout the day and night from June to October 2011. As a result, a total of 336 species, belonging to 78 families of 9 orders of insects were collected: 286 species, of 75 families in 9 orders from Daecheong-do and 106 species, 42 families and 8 orders from Socheong-do. 744 species, belonging to 103 families of 10 orders were identified in total including previous reference. Lepidoptera was the most commonly identified order with 439 species of 29 families (59%), and the next most commonly identified order was Coleoptera with 124 species of 27 families (16%). Among them, Copris tripartitus and Fabriciana nerippe, endangered species of wildlife fauna in Korea, were found in this study. Also, 2 species (Coenonympha oedippus, Lycaena dispar) belonging to IUCN Red List, 25 species belonging to Management of Exportable species, 5 species belonging to Endemic species, 6 species belonging to Korean Red List, 77 species belonging to Designated species and 2 species belonging to Climate-sensitive Indicator species were recorded. In this study, 147 species of 58 families and 43 species of 24 families were newly added in Daecheong-do and Socheong-do, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Speleological Society Conference
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.106-110
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• 1994

$\bigcirc$ 동굴생물은 식물과 동물, 미생물로 크게 구분되지만 태양광선이 완전히 차단된 동굴내 환경에서는 동굴 동물들이 주종을 이루고 있다. $\bigcirc$ 동굴내의 동물에 관한 연구는 1966년 고씨동굴, 용담굴을 시발로 고수굴, 천동굴, 노동굴, 백룡굴, 대이굴, 환선굴 등 강원도내에 분포하는 동굴 중 약 30%정도는 동물을 포함한 생물상이 조사되었다. $\bigcirc$ 강원도의 동굴동물로서 확인된 것온 9종 30목141종이며 강별로는 곤충강이 9목 50종 주형강이 4목 49종 갑각강이 6목 18종의 순으로 우세하고 목별로는 거미목이 15과 39종, 톡토기목이 7과 20종, 딱정벌레목이 8과 15종으로 우세한 편이다 (남, 1987). $\bigcirc$ 동굴생물에 관한 연구는 육상생태계와 격리된 환경에서 생리, 생태적 적응을 통한 종의 분화나 유전, 진화문제를 추구하며 지하생태계와 육상생태계의 생물적인 유연관계 규명에 중요한 분야로 인정되며 아울러 독특한 특성을 지닌 동굴생물의 보존을 위한 방안과 노력이 일부동굴의 개방 및 개발에 앞서 더욱 구체적으로 모색되고 증대되어야 한다. $\bigcirc$ 동굴환경의 주요 특성은 첫째 햇빛이 차단되어 암흑상태이며, 둘째 내부습도가 높고 기온이나 수온의 연중변화가 심하지 않고, 셋째 먹이연쇄에 필수적인 영양공급원이 제한되어 있다. 따라서 광합성작용으로 성장하는 녹색식물은 태양광선이 유입되는 곳이나 인공조명시설 지역을 제외한 곳에서는 서식이 불가능하고 대형동물이나 초식동물은 생존이 어렵다. $\bigcirc$ 동굴내에는 환경에 적응하는 종들만이 서식할 수 있고 이들을 생태적 특성에 따라 세가지로 구분 할 수 있다. 환경적응 요인으로는 광도, 습도, 온도 영양공급원과 섭식장소, 수중생물의 경우는 특히 수온, 수량 영양원등이다.(중략)다. 본 연구의 접근방법으로는 ASRS의 개념적인 Reference Model을 수립하고 이 Reference Model에 대한 Formal Model로 DEVS(Discrete Event System Specification)을 이용하여 시스템을 Modeling하였다. 이의 Computer Simulation을 위하여 DEVS형식론 환경에서의 Simulation Language인 DEVSim ++ⓒ를 이용하여 시스템을 구현하였다.. 실형 결과로는 먼저 선형 상미분방정식의 예로 mass-damper-spring system, 비선형 상미분방정식의 예로는 van der Pol 방정식, 연립 상미분방정식의 예로는 mixing tank problem 등을 보였으며, 그의 공학에서 일어나는 여러 가지 문제들도 다루었다.화물에 대한 방어력이 증가되어 나타난 결과로 여겨지며, 또한 혈청중의 ALT, ALP 및 LDH활성을 유의성있게 감소시키므로서 감잎 phenolic compounds가 에탄올에 의한 간세포 손상에 대한 해독 및 보호작용이 있는 것으로 사료된다.반적으로 홍삼 제조시 내공의 발생은 제조공정에서 나타나는 경우가 많으며, 내백의 경우는 홍삼으로 가공되면서 발생하는 경우가 있고, 인삼이 성장될 때 부분적인 영양상태의 불충분이나 기후 등에 따른 영향을 받을 수 있기 때문에 앞으로 이에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어져야할 것으로 판단된다.태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다. 즉, [+wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 동일한 구성요 소를 지닌 병렬적 합성어([$[W1]_{XO-}$ $[W1]_{XO}$ ]$_{XO}$)로 그리고 [-wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 중복된 발은을 지닌 한 단어로 ([W]$_{XO}$

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2010

This study was conducted for searching the fauna, altitudinal distribution, and food patterns of the aquatic insects on Jeju island. The samples were collected from 102 freshwater wetlands during 2004 to 2008. The identified species were 100 belonged to 73 genera, 32 families, and 7 orders. One species of the genus Ephemeroptera, 23 of the Odonata, 1 of the Plecoptera, 23 of the Hemiptera, 47 of the Coleoptera, 3 of the Trichoptera, and 2 of the Diptera were identified in this study. The most widely distributed species was Sigara substriata, which was followed by Crocothemis servilia, Orthetrum albistylum, Gerris latiabdominis, and Anisops ogasawarensis. Sixteen species including Gynacantha japonica were very restrictedly distributed, which were sampled from only one site, respectively. The restrictedly distributed species (R) were classified into three altitudinal ranges, low (L), middle (M), and high (H). Ten species including Ranatra unicolor were RL type, only one species, Berosus japonicus, was RM, and 6 species including Nemoura KUb were RH. Narrowly distributed species (N) were 44 including Lethocerus deyrollei and intermediately distributed species (I) were 18 including Hesperocorixa distanti, and widely distributed species (W) were 21 including Nepa hoffmanni. According food uptake patterns, 75 species were carnivores, 18 herbivores, 5 omnivores, and 2 detritivores. Especially almost W were carnivores. From these results, we could concluded that the most aquatic insects species of Jeju island were characterized by their very limited altitudinal distribution range and carnivorous preference.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.178-188
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• 2012

Since based on the 7th revised educational curriculum, the insects and spiders in elementary school textbook are as follows. A total of 60 species belonging to ten order of insects and three species of two families in the order Araneae were investigated. Among of them, we found that the species name and their photos were switched in three times, and also, misidentified species name were examined in three times. In the result of spices appearing frequencies between insects and spiders in the whole grade levels, the confirmed species numbers were a total of 63 species and the number of frequencies were 169 times. In the appearing frequencies, the correct identified species are relatively lowed as only 44 times(26.0%). In investigation on the appearing frequencies for the each insect orders, Othoptera and Coleoptera are mostly high such as ten and nine times, respectively. The appearing frequency for species levels are sequently counted as Drosophila sp.(18 times), Oxya chinensis sinuosa(16 times), and Papilio xuthus(12 times). The result of investigation for the appearing frequencies of insects in the each grades and semesters indicated that the first semester of third grade includes most large number insects which are 18 insect species, contrary, only one insect species are reported in the first semester of second grade.