• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2006

Aplications of the real-time kinematic GPS surveying and inertial measurement unit have been beingRTK GPS allows the use of a static base station and remote rover unit to allow for data collectionwithin several seconds and in real time. It is useful for monitoring the behaviors of massive structureslike bridges. And this study purposed to implement a method of deciding the acurate dynaimc attitudeof structures by IMU. In this study, among GPS methods, we used RTK GPS to analyze the precisionof monitoring and then on the basis of it, we developed a monitoring system using RTK GPS anda deviation betwen observation values, X axis was 1mm, Y axis was 1mm and Z axis 2.2mm. I tturned out that it was possible to monitor and measure structures by RTK GPS and IMU.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 1999

Mobile Mapping System can be defined as vehicle mapping system which collects rapidly spatial data by integrated Gps/digital imaging system. Kinematic positioning by GPS is essential technology of Mobile Mapping System. This paper aims at analysing the accuracy and efficiency of kinematic positioning by GPS platformed on moving vehicle. For the purpose, roads were surveyed by vehicle/kinematic GPS. The results show that vehicle/kinematic GPS can measure spatial position faster, and still maintain a reasonable accuracy. But inertial navigation system and GPS should be integrated to compute continuous vehicle track and overcome gaps by blocked satellite signals for the more accurate positioning.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.431-435
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• 2003

GPS측량 방법은 크게 나누어 후처리 방법과 실시간 처리 방법으로 구분되며 후처리 방법은 다시 Static, Stop＆Go 및 동적(Kinematic) 방법으로 세분되고 실시간 처리 방법은 DGPS(Differential GPS)와 RTK(Realtime Kinematic) 방법으로 세분된다. 이와 같은 여러 가지 측량법 중 우리나라의 실무에서는 유독 후처리 방법 중의 Static 측량과 실시간 처리방법중의 DGPS 측량이 주로 사용되어 왔는데, 그런 배경에는 여러 가지 원인이 있으나 무엇보다도 가장 큰 원인은 공공측량 작업규정 등의 측량 관련 법규에서 다양한 종류의 GPS측량기법을 제도적으로 인정하지 못함으로 인하여 일반 측량기술자들의 GPS에 대한 인식이 결여된 때문이라 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2001

For a high resolution real-time kinematic GPS surveying using carrier phase, positioning accuracy according to the OTF initialization was better than 1 cm with more than 5-minute initialization within 20 km baseline. Also, it is recommended that measurements be carried out when PDOP and RDOP can be kept less than 4.0 since the geometrical layout of satellites has a great influence on the positioning accuracy. After considering the initial conditions and measuring time zone for real-time kinematic GPS. post-processed continuous kinematic GPS and real-time kinematic GPS measurements have been carried out. A new system has been proposed to store measured data by using a program developed to store GPS data in real time and to monitor the satellite condition through controller at the time of measurement. As a result, it has been revealed that possible noise in surveying could be corrected and the accuracy could be improved.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.309-324
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• 2001

To apply the real-time kinematic GPS surveying technique, this research has tried to obtain the TOKYO datum first from the continuous reference stations distributed all over the country. Then, analysis of the geography of a coastal area including both of land and sea has been carried out by the post-processed continuous kinematic GPS technique and the real-time kinematic GPS surveying technique. After considering the initial conditions and measuring time zone for real-time kinematic GPS, post-processed and the real-time kinematic GPS measurements have been carried out. A new system has been proposed to store measured data by using a program developed to store GPS data in real time and to monitor the satellite condition through controller simultaneously. The accuracy of GPS data acquired in real time was as good as that acquired by post processing. It is expected that it will be useful for the analysis of coastal geographic characteristics because DTM can be also constructed for the harbor reclamation, the dredging and the variation of soil movement in a river.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.232-238
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• 2007

In this research, we constructed a 3D riverbed surveying system that is able to acquire the topographical information of a riverbed in real-time. The system consists of a RTK-GPS receiver and a echo sounder for collecting simultaneously the position and the water depth information of riverbed. A program for data composition and transformation was designed to generate the 3D coordinates by combining data of a GPS receiver and a echo sounder and made GIS database construction easy. We extracted TIN, digital elevation model and cross sectional maps of the riverbed by using GIS software from 3D data constructed through test surveying. It was shown that the accuracy of the result was RMS error of 0.069m when compared with the existing methods which use a total station and staffs. It is expected that the 3D riverbed surveying system wiil be able to be utilized to various surveying for water resources management in rivers, sea, dams, storing reservoirs and so forth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2001

Nowadays GPS play a important roles in the navigation system of vehicles, but, it doesn't determine the kinematic positions of vehicles accurately because of few satellites in the urban canyon covered with trees and high buildings. So GLONASS (GLObal Navigation Satellites System), the Russian satellites'system, operated in 1996, was introduced to overcome this drawbacks. Therefore, this study deals with the kinematic positioning of vehicles with Real-time code differential positioning methods. As a result, Real-time DGPS/GLONASS is better than Real-time DGPS in the differential corrected positions and HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision). And it was shown that the combined GPS/GLONASS contributes to the precise kinematic positioning of vehicles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2015

In order to support the development of a cost-effective river bathymetric system, this research has focused on modeling GPS observables, which are obtained by array of five single-frequency receivers (i.e., two references and three rovers) to estimate the high accurate kinematic position, and the surveying vessel altitude. Also, by applying all GPS measurements as multiple-baselines with constraining rover baselines, we derived the socalled ‘kinematic network model.’ From the model, the integer-constrained least-squares (LS) for position estimation and the implicit LS for attitude determination were implemented, while a series of simulation tests with respect to the baseline lengths around 2km performed to demonstrate its accuracy analysis. The on-the-fly (OTF) ambiguity resolution tests revealed that ninety-nine percents of time-to-fix-first ambiguity (TTFF) can be decided in less than two seconds, when the positioning accuracy of ambiguity-fixed solutions was assessed as the greater than or equal to one and two centimeters in horizontal and vertical, respectively. Comparing to the GPS-derived attitudes, the achievable accuracy gradually descended in sequence of yaw, pitch and roll due to the antenna geometric configuration. Furthermore, the RMSE values for the baseline lengths of three to six meters were within ±1′for yaw, and less than ±10′and ±20′for pitch and roll, respectively, but those of between six to fifteen meters were less than ±1′for yaw, ±5′for pitch, and ±10′for roll.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2003

This study recorded an object using a digital video recorder, and then tried to estimate 3-D positional information and to reconstruct an image. Firstly, the accuracy of measurement results from a video recorder was evaluated and tested for an applicability, then it applied to a real object to construct 3-D digital model. This study assumed that there is no lens distortion in a video recorder, and all bundles should precisely pass through the projection center of a lens. The image size for orientations is determined by the size of CCD chip and the number of pixels. The average squared error from the result by a digital video recorder and that by triangular survey from 1-second theodolite shows 0.0173m error in x,y coordinates. Without knowing the accurate information on the lens distortion and the coordinates of the projection center, this study reasonably produces acceptable results in the reconstruction of 3-D model. In consequence, this study found that the image from a digital video camera can be reconstructed 3-D model only from the information on a camera type.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.85-91
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• 2002

인공위성을 이용한 위치결정시스템인 GPS(Global Positioning System)는 mm 단위의 정밀도로 정적, 동적 위치관측이 가능한 시스템으로 현재 여러 분야에서 활용이 증가하고 있다. 특히 교량, 댐 등 안전이 요구되는 사회기반 시설물의 동적 거동을 기록하고 감시하는데 있어서 GPS가 새로운 관측시스템으로 주목받고 있으며 이를 실용화하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 GPS를 이용하여 건물의 거동상태를 점검 하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 초고층건물의 거동을 해석하기 위하여 건물 옥상에 GPS, 가속도계, 풍향계, 풍속계를 설치하였다. GPS와 가속도계를 이용하여 건물의 변위 및 가속도를 5Hz로 관측하였다. GPS를 이용한 변위관측은 1시간, 1분, 1초 등의 간격으로 3차원 변위를 계산하였으며, 계산된 3차원 변위를 가속도계, 풍속계, 풍향계와 연계하여 해석하였다. 대상 건물에 대한 최대 변위를 관측한 결과 시공 단계에 따라 큰 차이를 보였으며 건물의 안정성을 평가할 수 있는 척도인 건물의 고유 진동수의 경우 약 0.2Hz의 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 향후 모든 센서들을 통합하여 실시간으로 건물을 모니터링할 수 있는 시스템을 개발할 경우 건물의 안정성 해석 및 유지보수에 본 연구가 큰 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.