• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.18A no.2
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• pp.39-44
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• 2011

This paper proposes the new high-performance circuit architecture of the transform and quantization for unified video CODEC. The proposed architecture can be applied to all kinds of transforms and quantizations for the video compression standards such as JPEG, MPEG-1/2/4, H.264 and VC-1. We defined the permutation matrices to reorder the transform matrix of the $8{\times}8$ DCT and partitioned the reordered $8{\times}8$ transform matrix into four $4{\times}4$ sub-matrices. The $8{\times}8$ DCT is performed by repeating the $4{\times}4$ DCT's based on the reordered and partitioned transform matrices. Since our circuit accepts the transform coefficients from the users, it can be extended very easily to cover any kind of DCT-based transforms for future standards. The multipliers in the DCT circuit are shared by the quantization circuit in order to minimize the circuit size. The quantization circuit is merged into the DCT circuit without any significant increase of circuit resources and processing time. We described the proposed DCT and quantization circuit at RTL, and verified its operation on FPGA board.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.935-942
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• 2021

Involuntary movement of internal organs by respiration is a factor that greatly affects the results of radiotherapy and diagnosis. In this study, a moving phantom was fabricated to simulate the movement of an organ or a tumor according to respiration, and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan images were acquired under various respiratory simulating conditions to analyze the movement range of the tumor movement by respiration, the level of artifacts according to the size of the tumor and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Based on Windows CE 6.0 as the operating system, using electric actuator, electric actuator positioning driver, and programmable logic controller (PLC), the position and speed control module was operated normally at a moving distance of 0-5 cm and 10, 15, and 20 reciprocations. For sphere diameters of 10, 13, 17, 22, 28, and 37 mm at a delay time of 100 minutes, 80.4%, 99.5%, 107.9%, 113.1%, 128.0%, and 124.8%, respectively were measured. When the moving distance was the same, the difference according to the respiratory rate was insignificant. When the number of breaths is 20 and the moving distance is 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, and 5 cm, as the moving distance increased at the sphere diameters of 10, 13, 17, 22, 28, and 37 mm, the ability to distinguish images from smaller spheres deteriorated. When the moving distance is 5 cm compared to the still image, the maximum values of the standard intake coefficient were 18.0%, 23.7%, 29.3%, 38.4%, 49.0%, and 67.4% for sphere diameters of 10, 13, 17, 22, 28, and 37 mm, respectively.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1025-1030
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• 2018

The proposed modulator is designed by utilizing a conventional structure employing time division technique to realize the 4th order delta-sigma modulator using one op-amp. In order to reduce the influence of KT/C noise, the capacitance in the first and second integrators reused was chosen to be 20pF and capacitance of third and fourth integrators was designed to be 1pF. The stage variable technique in the low power reconfigurable op-amp was used to solve the stability issue due to different capacitance loads for the reduction of KT/C noise. This technique enabled the proposed modulator to reduce the power consumption of 15% with respect to the conventional one. The proposed modulator was fabricated with 0.18um CMOS N-well 1 poly 6 metal process and consumes 305uW at supply voltage of 1.8V. The measurement results demonstrated that SNDR, ENOB, DR, FoM(Walden), and FoM(Schreier) were 66.3 dB, 10.6 bits, 83 dB, 98 pJ/step, and 142.8 dB at the sampling frequency of 256kHz, oversampling ratio of 128, clock frequency of 1.024 MHz, and input frequency of 250 Hz, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.619-626
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a participatory rehabilitation program on sit-rise and rise-to-walk test performances, and perception and motor skills in adults with medically vulnerable individuals and, adults with developmental disabilities in particular. Seventeen adults with developmental disabilities participated in a participatory rehabilitation program using resistance bands and exercise balls, for 60 minutes once weekly over 13 weeks. Their performances were measured before and immediately after the intervention, and 12 weeks after. The findings were as follows. In the sit-rise test, the number of times rising from sitting posture increased after the intervention versus before, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the rise-to-walk test, the performance showed statistically significant difference over time, and the post-hoc test showed a significant effect after the intervention versus before. There was no significant difference in perception and motor skills. In sum, the participatory rehabilitation program positively influenced dynamic balancing related to functional activities but had no significant effect on perception and motor skills, which is related to motor control and motor learning. It is suggested that to increase the participation in community activities, reduce fall risk, and improve dynamic balancing abilities in adults with developmental disabilities, participatory rehabilitation programs should be utilized to promote the physical wellbeing.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.81-86
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• 2024

The Image Signal Processor (ISP) converts RAW images captured by the camera sensor into user-preferred sRGB images. While RAW images contain more meaningful information for image processing than sRGB images, RAW images are rarely shared due to their large sizes. Moreover, the actual ISP process of a camera is not disclosed, making it difficult to model the inverse process. Consequently, research on learning the conversion between sRGB and RAW has been conducted. Recently, the ParamISP[1] model, which directly incorporates camera parameters (exposure time, sensitivity, aperture size, and focal length) to mimic the operations of a real camera ISP, has been proposed by advancing the simple network structures. However, existing studies, including ParamISP[1], have limitations in modeling the camera ISP as they do not consider the degradation caused by lens shading, optical aberration, and lens distortion, which limits the restoration performance. This study introduces Positional Encoding to enable the camera ISP neural network to better handle degradations caused by lens. The proposed positional encoding method is suitable for camera ISP neural networks that learn by dividing the image into patches. By reflecting the spatial context of the image, it allows for more precise image restoration compared to existing models.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2007

Purpose: Recently well-developed anorectal function tests have revealed that there is an obvious pelvic floor dyssynergia (PFD) pattern in pediatric patients with constipation, as well as in adult's. The use of biofeedback therapy (BT) has been widely implemented in adult PFD patients; however, this approach has only rarely been considered for pediatric PFD patients. Therefore, we assessed the effectiveness of BT in children with PFD. Methods: We studied 70 children with PFD, who were referred to the department of pediatrics at the Asan Medical Center for the management of soiling or chronic constipation from September 2002 to February 2005. Diagnosis of PFD and assessment of the efficacy of BT for PFD treatment were carried out along with several ano-rectal function tests (cine-defecography, ano-rectal manometry, balloon expulsion test and intra-anal EMG); in addition, a questionnaire was administered. The BT based intra-anal EMG was performed. A follow-up telephone interview was performed more than 6 months later. Results: Most of the symptoms and results of the ano-rectal function tests were statistically improved after BT. In comparisons between the BT and control groups (BT refusal group due to poor compliance), the symptoms were statistically improved at follow-up. Therefore, for the shortterm improvement of symptoms, BT was better than conservative therapy alone. The negative feelings associated with ano-rectal function testing and BT were directly associated with failure or success of therapy. Conclusion: Pediatric patients with constipation or soiling that presented with an obvious PFD pattern showed that BT was a useful therapeutic tool for rapid improvement of symptoms.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.18-29
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• 1983

A low cost and versatile data acquisition system for the field and laboratory use was developed by using a single board microcomputer. Data acquisition system based on a Z80 microprocessor was built, tested and modified to obtain the present functional system. The microcomputer developed consists of 6 kB ROM, 5 kB RAM, 6-seven segment LED display, 16-Hex. key and 8 command key board. And it interfaces with an 8 channel, 12 bits A/D converter, a microprinter, EPROM programmer for 2716, and RS232C interface to transfer data between the system and HP3000 mini-computer manufactured by Hewlett Packard Co., A software package was also developed, tested, and modified for the system. This package included drivers for the AID converter, LED display, key board, microprinter, EPROM programmer, and RS232c interface. All of these programs were written in 280 assembler language and converted to machine codes using a cross assembler by HP3000 computer to the system during modifying stage by data transferring unit of this system, then the machine language wrote to the EPROM by this EPROM programmer. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Measuring program developed was able to control the measuring intervals, No. of channels used, and No. of data, where the maximum measuring speed was 58.8 microsec. 2. Calibration of the system was performed with triangle wave generated by a function generator. The results of calibration agreed well to the test results. 3. The measured data was able to be written into EPROM, then the EPROM data was compared with original data. It took only 75 sec. for the developed program to write the data of 2 kB the EPROM. 4. For the slow speed measurements, microprinter instead of EPROM programmer proved to be useful. It took about 15 min. for microprinter to write the data of 2 kB. 5. Modified data transferring unit was very effective in communicating between the system and HP3000 computer. The required time for data transferring was only 1~2 min. 6. By using DC/DC converting devices such as 78-series, 79-series. and TL497 IC, this system was modified to convert the only one input power sources to the various powers. The available power sources of the system was DC 7~25 V and 1.8 A.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-32
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• 2004

According to Edwin Gordon(1987, 1997, 2003), music aptitude is a product of interaction of innate potential and early environmental experiences. He referred to music aptitude of children up to nine years of age as developmental music aptitude which fluctuates due to musical environment. Music aptitude stabilizes at age nine, and the music aptitude after age nine is called "stabilized music aptitude". This research is to examine Gorden's hypothesis that the younger a child receives music education, the higher music aptitude. Also, this research is to experiment the effect of Audiation activities developed in Audie Music Curriculum on music aptitude. The researcher and another Audie teacher as a co-teacher guided children together for 30 minutes once a week. The pedagogy guidelines for informal guidance in music learning theory were kept throughout the classes. Also, Audie's teaching method which had been developed for Korean Kindergarten educational environment was also applied. Five-year-old subjects in Experimental group 1 experienced the Audie Music Curriculum of one year; five-year-old subjects in Experimental group 2 experienced it for two years. Primary Measures of Music Audiation was administered three times during their last year of Kindergarten. Subjects in the Control groups, one examined at the beginning and the other at the end of their last year in Kindergarten, received no Audie instruction. There was no significant difference in tonal aptitude, but there was significant difference in rhythmic aptitude(p< .05) among the experiemental groups. Because both Experimental groups showed statistical significance (p< .001) in the music aptitude increase during their academic years, the significant differences of the year-end music aptitude between control group and experimental groups were the expected result.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.585-590
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• 2003

Purpose : This study is designed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and its relationship to risk factors in adolescents with diabetes mellitus(DM). Methods : Ninety-two diabetic patients(80 with type 1 DM and 12 with type 2 DM), ranging from eight to 26 years of age, were studied for cardiovascular autonomic function, and the relationship to age, duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c), urinary albumin excretion, and the presence of diabetic retinopathy and abnormal nerve conduction velocities(NCV) were analysed. Autonomic function was assessed by measuring heart rate variation during valsalva manoeuvre, deep breathing and standing from a lying position(30 : 15 ratio), and postural hypotension. Results : Among patients with type 1 DM, 22.5% had early, 8.7% had definite, and 1.3% had severe autonomic dysfunction, and among patients with type 2 DM, 16.7% had early, 8.3% had definite, and 8.3% had severe autonomic dysfunction. On logistic regression analysis including both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, the age of the patient(OR=1.133(1.003-1.279), P<0.05) and duration of diabetes(OR=1.148(1.009-1.307), P<0.05) significantly predicted cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction while HbA1c, blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion, and presence of diabetic retinopathy and abnormal NCV did not. The valsalva ratio was borderline or abnormal in 31.5% of patients, the heart rate variation on deep breathing in 41.3%, the 30 : 15 ratio in 14.1%, and postural hypotension in 9.8% of patients. The valsalva ratio and the heart rate variation on deep breathing significantly predicted cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, but the 30 : 15 ratio and postural hypotension did not. Conclusion : Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction was found in 32.6% of diabetic patients and 10.8 % of patients had definite or severe involvement. The risk of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction increased with the patient's age and the duration of DM. This study suggests that the valsalva ratio and the heart rate variation on deep breathing are the most useful tests in evaluating the cardiovascular autonomic function in children and adolescents with DM.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.703-710
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• 2010

In this study, a tactile stimulator was developed to resolve some problems from the previous version of the system such as system configuration, inappropriate stimulation control and additional problems. The developed tactile stimulator consists of control unit, drive unit and vibrator unit. The control unit was controlled by E-Prime software to generate appropriate vibration pulses. The drive unit supplies enough energy to the vibrator to generate effective stimulation pulses. The vibrator unit consists of small coin type vibrator and velcro, and was made to be attached at the hand easily. The developed tactile stimulator was designed by small-size, light-weight, low-power, simple-fabrication, max 35 channels and little delay time from instruction signal of E-Prime software to vibrator. The duration and magnitude of stimulation was controlled by 10 grades and the problems concerning stimulation control were compensated by wideband frequency ranges. Additionally, the electrical safety was ensured by low voltage operation. Vibrator was made to be attached on finger as well as on any part of the subject. Since this tactile stimulator is developed based on E-Prime software which is widely used in cognitive science, it is believed that this stimulator be suitable for the wide application of cognitive science study.