• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

This study examines the authentic meaning, location, garden layout, and structural characteristics of Suwoojae(守愚齋), the birth house of Garam Byungi Lee, which was the very epitome of the traditional house structure based on literature review, field survey, and the existing measured drawings. The followings explain how rusticity and spirit of scholars, the core concepts of Garam's poetry, were featured in structural and spacial arrangements of Suwoojae as well as its location and physical layout. 1. Suwoojae is enclosed by Cheonho mountain which fans out of Noryoung mountains in East and located on the tail of Yongwha mountain in West. It has proved to be Yangtack Myoungdang according to the Poongsoo theory, Inguljiryoungron; The energy of earth at a certain location results in the better fortune together with the energy emitted from human body. 2. Suwoojae is an official local monument which was built in 1844, late Joesoen Dynasty by Joheung Lee, Garam's grandfather. Some parts of inner-structure connect with the kitchen in the shape of called Gopae. Suwoojae consists of 4 Sarangchae, 3 Gobangchae, and a Jangdokdae behind Anchae. 3. Since inner and outer walls of Suwoojae are distinctly separate from the main structure, its look varies significantly from different angles. Suwoojae, in its entirety, discloses Garam's philosophy, ideas, and ideology on life and the universe. 4. Apricot trees, Japanese-magnolias, aromatic-trees, crape myrtle, white-magnolias, camellia-trees were planted on the left of the walls, and persimmon trees, jujube trees, plum trees, quince trees were at the inner-yard. Especially, trifoliate orange trees a natural monument of Jeonrabukdo draw substantial attention from visitors. 5. The main garden facilities are located in front of Sarangchae: A rectangle pond(14.72m in length and 3.87m in height), the surroundings of the pond and Anchae, rocks that have distinctive shapes. In general, the garden was designed to incorporate the scenery around Suwoojae as a part of its structure and contain the love for nature and aesthetic sense. 6. It seems that the natural surroundings of Suwoojae had helped form motives of Garam's poetry and assisted him in finding subject-matters and identifying the themes of his works. This is well revealed in his poem, Seungwoonjungee.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.545-563
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• 2007

The investigated vascular plants of Dok-do island were confirmed that consisted of 46 species, 1 subspecies, 1 varieties in total of 48 taxa growing spontaneously. 1 taxa of Pteridophyta, 36 taxa of Dicotyledon and 11 taxa of Monocotyledon identified. In 48 identified taxa in this study, total 13 taxa included Orobanche coerulescens Stephan, Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Rouse Decr., Lonicera insularis Nakai identified according to the Korean plant taxa for environmental assessment. Planting species were about 10 taxa included Pinus thunbergii Parl., Hibiscus syriacus L. and etc. Four species confirmed in this study such as between Chenopodium virgatum Thunb. and Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. and Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola (Vasinger) Ohwi. were doubt on identification in taxonomic entity due to morphological characteristics. The dispersion type of Do-kdo plants were anemochore 31 taxa, zoodchore 8 taxa, hydrochore 2 taxa and the others by artificial means.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.113-124
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• 2009

This study has attempted to calculate the intensity of illumination for the optimal growth environment of indoor plants after analyzing both damage to plant species and growth conditions as impacted by light conditions for the Kyobo Life Insurance greenhouse. The optical intensity of illumination has been estimated after investigating the problems of growth conditions based on an analysis of illumination by light condition, dead tree replacement cycle(weeks) and rate of damage of plant species. According to the investigation of illumination, the lowest difference was observed between the shaded spot in the south(531lux) and the sunny spot(602lux) while the largest difference(nearly 500lux) was detected between the shaded spot in the central area(210lux) and the sunny spot(782lux). According to an analysis of dead trees from 1990 to 2004, in terms of dead tree replacement cycle, Viburnum awabuki was the highest(161weeks), followed by Phyllostachys spp.(84weeks), Camellia japonica and Ternstroemia japonica(40weeks). Regardless of plant species, damage rate of plant were lower in the shaded spot and higher in the sunny spot. According to correlation and regression analyses with the intensity of illumination as an independent variable and the damage rate of plant species as a dependent variable, the damage rate of plant species increased as the intensity of illumination decreased. A dramatic decline in the rate of damage was observed at $500{\sim}600lux$. At 700lux, it reached the lowest level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.431-440
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• 1993

This study was carried out to clarify a taxonomical relationships of the Korean Theaceae using characters from morphological, anatomical, electrophoretic and numerical methods. The results are summarized as follows ; Morphological data were cluster analysis by Euclidean distance, the complete and average linkage cluster were most distinctly classified into subfamily level. At the principal components analysis(PCA), the commutative contribution rate of three principal components showed to 91.1% total variance. By the leaf venation were classified semicraspedromous type of Theoideae and brochidodromous type of Ternstroemioideae. The stomatal types were classified Paracytic of Theoideae and Anomocytic type of Ternstroemioideae ; the former has founded subsideary cell the latter has not found. All taxa possessed common isozyme bands did not found out of Theaceae banding patterns. But, the activity of Theoideae were existed in below No.5(Rf. 4.0-4.4), in contrast to Ternstroemioideae were existed in more than No.7(Rf. 5.7-6.2). The cluster analysis of leaf characters and peroxidase isozymes were similarity between two methods.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.584-589
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• 1995

To select new useful plants with antibacterial activity, ninety five sample of eighty different species of wild plants were collected, and extracted with methanol. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The methanol extracts from Artemisia capillaris, Hemistepta lyrata, Youngia japonica, Prunella vulgaris, Lamium amplexicaule and Juniperus chinensis was effective against all bacterial strains tested, and eight methanol extracts including Ixeris dentata, Gnaphalium affine, Chelidonium majus and Spiraea prunifolia exhibited the antibacterial activity against at least 3 bacterial strains. Methanol extracts from leaf of Syringa vulgaris, Drava nemorosa and clove of Erythronium japonicum showed a selective antibacterial activity against two gram negative bacteria, V. parahaemolyticus, and B. subtilis, respectively. With investigations on antibacterial activity against a certain bacterial strains tested, metahnol extracts from clove of Erythronium japonicum, Spiraea prunifolia, leaf and twig of Camelia japonica, and Drava nemorosa showed strongest activities against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. Nine methanol extracts based on the results were successively fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water portions, which were examined antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and V. parahaemolyticus. Among the all fractions tested, chloroform fractions of Hemistepta lyrata showed strongest antibacterial activity against both B. subtilis (17mm) and V. parahaemolyticus (29 mm). Chloroform fractions of Youngia japonica, n-hexane fractions of Artemisia capillaris, Iexeris dentata and Prunella vulgaris, and ethyl acetate fraction of leaf and twig of Camelia japonica showed relatively a strong antibacterial activity. On the other hand, Juniperus chinensis and Equisetum arvense was distributed to all fractions except for water fraction.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.369-381
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• 2004

This study was achieved to present the way to restore the Seonheulgot pasture-grassland damaged by landuse and interference for a long time to evergreen broad-leaved forests as the native vegetation structure. As a result of analyzing ecological succession tendency of structure in survey area, we established the optimal restoration model. The total of survey sites were 26, and the classified plant community types were four types by M.I.P of dominant woody species. Finally we classified the four types based on diameter of dominant woody species in canopy layer. The six community types are as follows: Community I was runner-shrub forest, community II was evergreen broad-leaved shrub forest, and community III was evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter. Community IV and V were evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter. Community Ⅵ was evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The number of constituent species was 24 in community I, 28 in community II as the shrub forest, 16 as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter, 29 in community III, 30 in community IV as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter and 27 in community Ⅵ as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The range of Shannon's index of all communitys was from 0.8763 to 1.2630 and the Similarity index between the community composed of middle diameter woody species and large diameter woody species. The ecological succession of community I, II, and III were changed from pasture-grassland to broad-leaved forest and the structure of community IV, V, and Ⅵ was similar to evergreen broad-leaved forest in warm temperate region. We suggest the restoration planting model evergreen broad-leaved forest of in Seonheulgot pasture-grassland, as follows: The target restoration vegetation were Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community and Queycus glauca community. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Quercus glauca should be dominant woody species in canopy layer, the number of trees was 10 per 100$m^2$, and Castanopsis cuspidata var, sievoldii, Quercus glauca, Camellia japonica, and Eurya japonica should be dominant woody species in the understory layer, the number of trees was 14 per 100$m^2$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.169-185
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• 2017

The result of forest vegetation classification could be quite different and dependant on analysis methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the analyzed results for three kinds of methods (physiognomy dominant species, floristic composition and interspecific association) related to vegetation classification. Vegetation data were collected by the 80 quadrates in Mt. Oseo, Chungcheongnam-do from September to October in 2016. We carried out community type classification using above three methods. As a result, the vegetation according to physiognomy dominant species was classified into ten communities such as Pinus densiflora community, Quercus mongolica community, Zelkova serrata community, Quercus acutissima community, Cornus controversa community, Quercus serrata community, Larix kaempferi community, Pinus rigida community, Castanea crenata community and Liriodendron tulipifera community. The vegetation according to floristic composition was classified into 4 vegetation units. It was totally represented by Lindera erythrocarpa community group. And L. erythrocarpa community group was classified into the Rhododendron mucronulatum community (subdivided R. mucronulatum typical group and Styrax obassia group) and Zelkova serrata community (subdivided Larix kaempferi group and Pseudostellaria palibiniana group). As a result of interspecific association, forest vegetation was divided into two groups. And it was considered that the vegetation type by floristic composition and interspecific association significant could be affected by topography. There were lots of vegetation groups or units in the order like 10 types of communities by the physiognomy dominant species, 8 species group and 4 vegetation types by the floristic composition, and 2 types by the interspecific association. In conclusion, vegetation classification methods elicited diverse vegetation groups or units with lots of correlations of environmental factors.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.419-428
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• 2013

We identified the diversity, geographical distribution, ecological characteristics of birds, trees, and flowers species designated as local government symbols as a means for understanding public awareness on biodiversity. A total of 114 species including 48 birds, 40 flowers, 36 tree species belonging to 40 orders 59 families 90 genus were designated as natural symbols. Pica pica (L.) in birds, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim. among flowers, have also been designated as symbols. The tree Ginkgo biloba L. was designated with the highest frequency. Local governments located coastal area were selected bird species of the Laridae family and the tree species Camellia japonica L., of Pinaceae as their natural symbols. In contrast, local governments located inland have designated resident bird species such as P. pica and Columba rupestris (Pallas) and flower species from the Ericaceae as natural symbols widely distributed and easily observed throughout South Korea. However, many local governments have designated the same species as a natural symbol based on their size color and public appeal and popularity. The information about the popular species and their ecological traits are useful for establishing the criteria as flagship or iconic species selection and their roles in habitat conservation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.68-81
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify the spacialty, to illuminate the existence and values of Myeongwoldae(明月臺) and Forest Myeongwol, and to suggest the sustainable usage, preservation and management plans with the purpose of ecological and cultural landscaping characteristic and value identification. The result of the study is as follows. Castle Myeongwol and Port Myeongwol shows the status of Hallim-eup Myeongwol District which is the administrative center of western Jeju as well as is the fortress. Building Wolgyejeongsa and School Woohakdang, the head temple of education and culture, located in Myeongwol District represents the spaciality of Myeonwol-ri which was the center of education. Stand Myeongwol is one of the most representative Confucian cultural landscapes in Jeju Island and the field of communion with nature where scholars enjoy poetries, nature, changgi(Korean chess), and go in the Joseon Dynasty period. It was found that the current relics of Myeongwoldae was recovered through the maintenance project conducted by Youth Group Myeongwol composed with Hongjong-si(洪鍾時) as the center during the Japanese colonial era in 1931. It seems that the stonework of Myeongwoldae composed of three levels in the order of square, octagon, and circle based on the heaven-man unity theory of Confucianism and the octagon in the middle is the messenger of Cheonwonjibang(天圓地方), in other words, between the square-shaped earth and the circle-shaped sky. It is assumed that both Grand Bridge Myeongwol and Bridge Myeongwol were constructed as arched bridges in early days. Bridge Myeongwol is the only arched bridge remaining in Jeju Island now, which has the modern cultural heritage value. In Forest Myeongwol, 97 taxa of plants were confirmed and in accordance with 'Taxonomic Group and Class Criteria of Floristic Specific Plants', eight taxa were found; Arachniodes aristata of FD IV and Ilex cornuta, Piper kadsura, Litsea japonica, Melia azedarach, Xylosma congestum, Richosanthes kirilowii var. japonica, Dichondra repens, Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki of FD III. Otherwise, 14 taxa of naturalized plants including Apium leptophylihum which is imported to Jeju Island only were confirmed. In Forest Myeongwol, 77 trees including 41 Celtis sinensis, 30 Aphananthe aspera, two Wylosma congestum, a Pinus densiflora, a Camellia japonica, a Melia azedarach, and an Ilex cornuta form a colony. Based on the researched data, the preservation and plans of Myeongwoldae and Forest Myeongwol is suggested as follows. Myeongwoldae, Bridge Myeongwol, and Forest Myeongwol should be managed as one integrated division. Bridge Myeongwol, an arched bridge which is hard to be found in Jeju Island is a high-standard stonework requiring long-term preservation plans. Otherwise, Grand Bridge Myeongwol that is exposed to accident risks because of deterioration and needs safety diagnosis requires measures according to the result of precise safety diagnosis. It is desirable to restore it to a two-sluice arched bridge as its initial shape and to preserve and use it as a representative local landmark with Stand Myeongwol. In addition, considering the topophsis based on the analysis result, the current name of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Monument No. 19 'Myoengwol Hackberry Colony' should change to 'Myeongwol Hackberry-Muku Tree Colony'. In addition, the serial number system which is composed without distinction of hackberry and muku tree should be improved and the regular monitoring of big and old trees, specific plants, and naturalized species is required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.528-534
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• 2009

Styan's Grasshopper Warblers (Locustella pleskei) are vulnerable species distributed in East-Asia only. Its known breeding sites in Korea are remote islets including Hongdo Islet, Chilbal Islet, Mara Islet, and Chuja Islets, and, therefore, the breeding biology of this species is still poorly known. This study was conducted on Mara Islet (N $33^{\circ}$ 06', E $126^{\circ}$ 16') from May to September 2008 to investigate the breeding status and breeding site characteristics of the grasshopper warblers. A total of 11 breeding pairs and their nests were found on trees and shrubs at artificially planted forests and hedges of Pinus thunbergii. The grasshopper warblers preferentially utilized the shrub trees for nesting places, and major nesting trees were Camellia japonica, Pittosporum tobira and Pinus thunbergii as nesting trees. Average heights of nesting trees and nests were $2.77{\pm}1.10m$ and $1.75{\pm}0.56m$, respectively. The grasshopper warblers selected lower shrubs and trees for nesting than randomly selected ones around them, probably to avoid strong and prevailed winds in flat and un vegetated environments on Mara Islet. The shape of nests was a round bowl-type, and measurements of nests were $11.9{\pm}0.5cm$ in exterior nest diameter, $11.1{\pm}1.1cm$ in height of exterior nest, $5.8{\pm}0.4cm$ in interior nest depth, and 6.0cm in interior nest diameter. It incubated eggs until the early August on Mara islet, and incubation periods of Mara Islet was possibly later than that of other areas. Furthermore, the clutch size in the study area was three, and they laid smaller number of eggs than normal clutch size (4~5 eggs) reported in other areas. Although we could not observe any nest predator on this species in the study area, selective cutting and pruning of trees will diminish dense shrub layer of forests. Therefore, it may affect the breeding of this threatened species which prefers dense shrubs of artificially planted forest of Pinus thunbergii. This study suggests that detailed and consistent further research on breeding biology and habitats of the grasshopper warblers are needed to conserve and manage of Pinus thunbergii forests on Mara Islet as an important breeding site of Styan's Grasshopper Warblers.