• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

This paper is to examine the trends and structures of unemployment as well as its spatial patterns in Germany. Germany once achieved a well-developed employment system and full employment. Since 1970, however, unemployment has been one of the major issues in Germany. During the last three decades the unemployment rate has risen to unprecedented levels and stayed high. After the German unification, especially, labor market is characterized by the mass unemployment and the structural selective process of unemployment to be imposed on German workers. And regarding to the spatial patterns of massive unemployment, this study shows critical disparities between South and North Germany being overlapped with new disparities between East and West Germany. We can explain the regional differentiation of unemployment on the base of typical mismatch of labour market allocation. It is also shown that massive unemployment is related not only to policy shifts in labor market but also to structural transformation after the unification.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2873-2878
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• 2009

Since Germany was unified in 1990, Korea became the only country that has the division in the world. This division has various bad effects on Korea's status with not reliable security, forfeited national impression, loss of tourism income and so on. Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman is the current dictator of North Korea which is a socialist state. Even if he is getting old, his successor is not proclaimed. In this situation, his sudden aggravation of health can cause seriously bad effects on diplomatic relations especially with South Korea. Therefore, the health information about Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman will be very important information. In order to deal this problem, we propose the method of extracting the Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman's health from his pictures which are recently open to the public by employing the diagnosis Ocular Inspection used in Oriental medicine. n order to get an accurate result, revising the Kim Jung-Il national defense committee chairman's pictures, which are not taken in a controled equal situation, is necessary. Therefore we employed the color analysis process with color revising and color differential comparing process without color revising. With these processes, we can make diagnosis of his diabetes and complications.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.10
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• pp.125-154
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• 2004

Diesel Beitrag befasst sich mil der Sprache in gesellschaftlichen Umbruchssituationen aus der Perspektive einer spezifisch linguistischen Fragestellung. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht der Wandel der Sprachverwendung unter den Bedingungen der Demokratisierung der DDR und der Vereinigung mil der BRD seit der Wende 1989/90. Dieser Wandel wird am Beispiel der Lexik, und anhand von Losungen bzw. Demo-Spruchen konkretisiert. Im Zuge der 'Wende' sind $f\"{u}r$ beide Kommunikationsgemeinschaften - $\"{u}berwiegend$ aber $f\"{u}r$ die der neuen $Bundesl\"{a}nder$ - Neologismen in Gebrauch gekommen. Am bekanntesten sind: 'Mauerspecht', 'Wendehals', 'Moniagsdemo' und 'Stasi-Akte' usw. Andererseits wurden im Verlauf der Wende zahireiche Bezeichnungen, insbesondere $f\"{u}r$ $aufgel\"{o}ste$ Institutionen der DDR sowie viele verwaltungsspezifische $W\"{o}lfer$, historisiert. An Textbeispielen der Losungen des Herbstes 1989 werden uns die Dynamik sprachlicher Strukturen auf der einen Seite und die sich verandernden gesellschaftlichen $Verh\"{a}ltnisse$ in der $\"{o}ffentlichen$ Kommunikation der ehemaligen DDR auf der anderen Seite vol Augen gefuhrt. Verglichen mit den zum 1. Mai bekannt gegebenen of nziellen SED-Losungen, sind die Aktanten der Demo-Spruche das Volk, teils als Individuen und teils als spontan gebildete Gruppen. Im Unterschied zu den 'allen' offiziellen Losungen $repr\"{a}sentieren$ die Demo-$Spr\"{u}che$ verschiedenartige Sprechhandlungstypen: Nicht nur AUFFORDERN, APPELLIEREN, BEHAUPTEN, sondern auch FRAGEN, BESCHIMPFEN, DROHEN, $GR\"{U}{\ss}EN$usw. Gleichzeitig $\"{u}bernehmen$ sie viele Textmuster als sprachliche Stilmittel aus fem Bereich anderer Spruch- und Kurztextgattungen, wie zum Beispiel Sprichwort, Kinderreim, Aphorismus, Anspielung und verwenden auch Zitate. Auf diese Weise linden sich in den Wende-Losungen zahlreiche Belege $f\"{u}r$ intertextuelle $Bez\"{u}ge$. So schaffen diese Losungen $schlie{\ss}lich$ eine neue Qualitat des $\"{o}ffentlich-politischen$ Diskurses in der Gesellschaft. Am Rande der Untersuchungen haben wir $f\"{u}r$ das Deutsch in Ost und West festgestellt: $Bem\"{u}hungen$ der $Ann\"{a}herung$ und des sprachlich-kornrnunikativen Ausgleichs findet man seit der Wende 1989/90 eher auf der Seite der Ostdeutschen. Die sprachlichen Differenzierungen zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland waren vornehmlich lexikalischer An. Es ist aber anzunehmen, dass es heute weniger die Sprache selbst ist als vielmehr das unterschiedliche Kommunikationsverhalten zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschen, das die Verstandigung zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschen schwierig zu machen scheint.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.65
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• pp.29-54
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• 2021

In Europe, the diversity in religions, cultures, languages and historical backgrounds is enormous. World War II and the Soviet Regime have played a large part in this and the flow of refugees from other continents increases the pluralism. How can religious education add to bridging between differences? The language across European countries is different, literally between countries, but also figuratively speaking and even inside individual countries. These differences occur in cultural sense and across age groups as well. Secondary education has the task to form young people to become firmly rooted people who can hold their own in society. It is essential that they learn to examine their own core values and their roots. Recognising their values should be a main focus of religious education. However, schools are currently accommodating increasing numbers of non-religious pupils. What role do religious values still play in this situation? How do pupils feel about active involvement in religious institutions, and about basing life choices on religious beliefs? Can other, non-religious values be detected which could form the basis for value-oriented personal formation? Research of these subjects has been ongoing in the Netherlands for more than twenty years and is currently being expanded to the Czech Republic and(former East) Germany. These are also secularized countries but have a very different history. Does the history and context of these countries play a role, and does this show in the values that are important to pupils? A comparative pilot study is being conducted as start of this broadening perspective geared towards greater insight into the values of pupils in these three European countries. This information helps to design appropriate new forms of religious value-oriented worldview education.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.81-98
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to indicate the ways to identify the gifted child in the sports, and the research direction in this area in the future. The most of researches related to the early development of the children who showed the gifted talents in the certain sports skills were published from the European area such as the old East Germany or Soviet Union. Those research papers or articles were main focus of this study to be analyzed. The analysis in this study will be assistant to provide the direction of the research in the future about the method to identify appropriately on the children with the gifted sports skills. -Related to the period of selection of the children with sports skill gifted, the divided selection procedure will be good such as the 1st selection and 2nd selection. In the 1st selection, the goal will be to test the potentials of the children with the sports talents in the public school with creating the special group, and the 2nd selection will be to examine the qualification of the admission to the special schools for the children with the sports talents. -Related to the method of selection of the children with sports talents, the special item on the developmental procedure should be considered on the each field as well as the potentials focused. And, the physical factors, the condition of growth and development, psychological factor, and environmental factor should be comprehensively considered. -The system of promotion in the period of the primary school will be appropriate in the special group for the children with the sports talents, and the special school will be good from the middle school. The system outlooks will be adequate if shaped as the hierarchical structure. -The curriculum for the children with the sports talents will be proper that the basic fitness for the earlier ages and the professional skills will be recommended if getting older. -The continuous research is strongly required for the judgement and promotion of the children with sports talents, therefore, the multiple intelligences approach will be helpful for the development of the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, and in other words, the new era of the genetic method will be another prospective area such as the DNA analysis in the identification of the talented children for the sports filed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.465-474
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• 1996

The study was carried out to determine the proper concentration of plant growth regulator, kinetin on alleviating copper toxicity for two rice cultivars of seed germination. The results were as followings : Soaking treatment of kinetin 10$^{-3}$ M increased the germination rate of both cultivars, Ilpumbyeo and Hyangmibyeo 1 by 92% and 88% as compared with copper treatment (60ppm). But the soaking treatment effect of plant growth regulator, kinetin was not recognized at the kinetin 10$^{-4}$ M and 10$^{-5}$ M. Chlorophyll content of both rices was higher than that of Hyangmibyeo 1. Copper content of Ilpumbyeo was higher in leaf than in seed part. At the 3 days after treatment of copper 60ppm, both cultivars of treatment of kinetin 1O-3M showed the somewhat thin bands at the 35 and 40kDa compared with others. A new protein band pattern was only appeared to kinetin 1O-3M at approximately 54.4kDa(M. W) at the 7 days after treatment of copper 60ppm in llpumbyeo cultivar, SOD activity of copper 60ppm treatment increased in 3DAT, but there were no significant differences in 5 and 7DAT of two cultivars. Free proline contents of copper 60ppm treatment in llpumbyeo were remarkably increased about 4.996$\mu$M. In particular, free proline content of kinetin l0$^{-3}$ M in Ilpumbyeo was 5.008$\mu$M in 3DAT. In case of Hwangmibyeo 1, free proline content of copper 60ppm was 5.825$\mu$M compared with an untreated control showing 2.34l$\mu$M. The effects of kinetin treatment were recognized to promote the root growth and germination rate under copper toxicity(60ppm) condition in both cultivars.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.217-247
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• 2019

This research paper intends to examine the intertextuality of Klaus Mann's novel Mephisto (1936) and István Szabó's film Mephisto (1981) and how the derivative contents (i.e., film) accepted and improved the schematic aesthetics of conviction in original contents (i.e., novel). In general, the aesthetics of conviction is applied to criticize the state socialism of the artists of the Third Reich or the ideology of the artists of East Germany from a biased ethical perspective. Mephisto is also based on the aesthetics of conviction. Thus, it would be meaningful to examine the characteristic similarity and difference between Klaus Mann's real antagonist (i.e., Gustaf Gründgens) and fictional antagonist (i.e., Hendrik Höfgen) from a historical critical perspective. In this process, an aesthetic distance between the real and fictional antagonists would be secured through the internal criticism in terms of intertextuality. In this respect, the film aesthetics of István Szabó are deemed to overcome the schematic limit of the original novel. The conviction in both the novel and film of Mephisto pertains to the belief and stance of a person who compromised with the state socialism of Nazi Germany, i.e., succumbed to the irresistible history. Klaus Mann denounced Mephisto's character Höfgen (i.e., Gründgens in reality) as an "Mephisto with evil spirits" from the perspective of exile literature. For such denunciation, Klaus Mann used various means such as satire, caricature, sarcasm, parody and irony. However, his novel is devoid of introspection and "utopianism", and thus could be considered to allow personal rights to be disregarded by the freedom of art. On the contrary, István Szabó employed the two different types of evil (evil of Mephisto and evil of Faust) from a dualistic perspective (instead of a dichotomous perspective of good and evil) by expressing the character of Höfgen like both Mephisto and Hamlet (i.e., "Faust with both good and evil spirits). However, Szabó did not present the mixed character of "Mephisto and Hamlet (Faust)" only as an object of pity. Rather, Szabó called for social responsibility by showing a much more tragic end. As such, the novel Mephisto is more like the biography of an individual, and the film Mephisto is more like the biography of a generation. The aesthetics of conviction of Mephisto appears to overcome biased historical and textual perspectives through the irony of intertextuality between the novel and the film. Even if history is an irresistible "fate" to an individual, human dignity cannot be denied because it is the "value of life". The issue of conviction is not only limited to the times of Nazi Germany. It can also be raised with the ideology of the modern and contemporary history of Korea. History is so deeply rooted that it should not be criticized merely from a dichotomous perspective. When it comes to the relationship between history and individual life, a neutral point of view is required. Hopefully, this research paper will provide readers with a significant opportunity for finding out their "inner Mephisto" and "inner Hamlet."

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.37-53
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the commemoration characteristics of the national war memorials made by the United States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(the Soviet Union), and Germany that participated in World War II(WW II). The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, the creation of the WW II memorials of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Germany aimed to commemorate the dead and victims. By country, the United States promoted unity and victory with representing the just and great cause for freedom, and the communist Soviet Union emphasized the Great Patriotic War that defeated fascist Nazi Germany. On the other hand, Germany, which had difficulty in national commemoration, cherish the victims of the war and aimed for peace. Second, WW II memorials were located in places of national significance such as national representative places and battlefields, and in Germany they were built in church cemeteries and public cemeteries. In addition, it showed concise and moderate aesthetic characteristics with a symmetrical and formal form centered on the axis of space in memorials. Third, the United States and the Soviet Union commonly visualized the appearance of war on the memorial wall. By country, the United States engraved sacrifice and dedication for freedom, and differently the Soviet Union and East Germany engraved messages promoting communist ideology as memorial texts. As for landscape details and sculpture, the United States emphasized national unity through eagles symbolizing the country and a colonnade representing each state and territory, and the Soviet Union set up a communist-style soldier sculpture. The United States and the Soviet Union, both countries used sculptures and laurels that symbolize victory, but in Germany, the statues of a fallen soldiers were installed in the memorial. Politically, the United States commemorated the victory of the war and also promoted unity, and the Soviet Union emphasized the Great Patriotic War and promoted communism. As the United States, the Soviet Union, and the Germans believed in Christianity universally, Christian symbols such as the crucifixion, the church, and the statue of Evita were often used. Further study will be required to establish national identity at memorials and advanced commemorative culture in Korea.