• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.450-459
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• 2011

Objectives: Biomarkers in urine are important in assessing exposures to environmental or occupational chemicals and for evaluateing renal function by exposure from these chemicals. Spot urine samples are needed to adjust the concentration of these biomarkers for variations in urine dilution. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of adjusting the urinary concentration of cadmium (uCd) and arsenic (uAs) by specific gravity (SG) and urine creatinine (uCr). Methods: We measured the concentrations of blood cadmium (bCd), uCd, uAs, uCr, SG and N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, which is a sensitive marker of tubular damage by low dose Cd exposure, in spot urine samples collected from 536 individuals. The value of uCd, uAs and NAG were adjusted by SG and uCr. Results: The uCr levels were affected by gender (p < 0.01) and muscle mass (p < 0.01), while SG levels were affected by gender (p < 0.05). Unadjusted uCd and uAs were correlated with SG (uCd: r = 0.365, p < 0.01; uAs: r = 0.488, p < 0.01), uCr (uCd: r = 0.399, p < 0.01; uAs: r = 0.484, p < 0.01). uCd and uAs adjusted by SG were still correlated with SG (uCd: r = 0.360, p < 0.01, uAs: r = 0.483, p < 0.01). uCd and uAs adjusted by uCr and modified uCr ($M_{Cr}$) led to a significant negative correlation with uCr (uCd: r = -0.367, p < 0.01; uAs: r = -0.319, p < 0.01) and $M_{Cr}$ (uCd: r = -0.292, p < 0.01; uAs: r = -0.206, p < 0.01). However, uCd and uAs adjusted by conventional SG ($C_{SG}$) were disappeared from these urinary dilution effects (uCd: r = -0.081; uAs: r = 0.077). Conclusions: $C_{SG}$ adjustment appears to be more appropriate for variations in cadmium and arsenic in spot urine.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.263-273
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• 2019

South Korea's OF cable is reaching its expected design life of 30 years, and as a result, the risk of failure is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose the long-term operating OF cables through accurate diagnosis at the right time to prevent the failure. Currently, the KEPCO periodically conducts DGA. However, the gas found in DGA is caused by oil deterioration as well as insulation paper. Therefore, the analysis of the degree of polymerization and furan compounds which is an evaluation of insulation paper considered to be the life of OF cables is required. In addition, the results of the evaluation of deterioration of insulation paper need to be checked for correlation with the results of DGA. In this study, DGA carried out through GC, the degree of polymerization was analyzed using an automatic viscometer, and HPLC was used to detect the furan compounds. In addition, the obtained results were applied to the SVM technique, which was recently introduced to determine abnormalities in OF cable. And the results which were accurate and reliable were obtained.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.372-389
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to select a simple and easy measurable food behavior checklist for the development of Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which reflects children's diet quality, as well as to evaluate the validity of the items in the food behavior checklist. The first 36 items in the checklist were established by an expert review, modifying the preliminary 50 items in the checklist, which had been selected by a literature review and the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. 341 children in 5th and 6th grades at an elementary school participated in a one-day dietary record survey, and later responded to 36 food behavior questions of the checklist. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the responses to the food behavior checklist items along with the mean nutrient intakes of the children were calculated. From the result, in which responses of food frequency and food behavior items showed certain association with the dietary record data, a second checklist with 22 items was selected. A survey was conducted by using the second checklist. 1,393 children in the 5th and 6th grades at 12 elementary schools in metropolitan cities, such as Seoul, Busan, Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon, and Incheon, participated in the survey. Further, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. After the analysis, 19 items (10 items from food frequency and 9 items from food behavior) were finalized as the food behavior checklist items for the NQ. The final 19 food behavior checklist items were composed of 5 factors: 'Balance', 'Diversity', 'Moderation', 'Regularity', and 'Practice'. This study is a significant first trial to establish a comprehensive system for evaluating children's food habit and diet quality. This checklist might need continuous modification and revision reflecting the change of children's dietary life and the social environment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2001

본 연구는 1990년대 밀리터리 패션에서 성적 이미 지의 표현양상을 살펴보고 각각의 미적 특성과 형성 요인을 분석하여 현대 여성의 다양한 미적 가치와 미의식을 이해하고자 한다. 1, 2차 세계대전을 계기로 자연스럽게 등장한 밀 리터리 패션은 20세기 초반에 여성의 사회참여와 지 위 향상으로 인해 실용성과 기능성을 추구하였고 중 반에 들어서면서 히피와 젊은 세대들에 의해 반전운 동의 일환으로 입혀져 안티패션의 의미를 내포하게 되었으며 후반에는 포스트모더 니즘으로 인해 다양성 을 추구하는 복고풍의 패션 트랜드로서 각종 컬혜션 에서 부각되었다. 그 결과 밀리터리 패션은 기존의 남성적 이미지뿐만 아니라 여성적 이미지도 표현하 게 되었다. 이러한 밀리터리 패션에 나타난 성적 이 미지는 권위적 이미지와 공격적 이미지의 남성적 이 미지와 보수적 이미지와 과시적 이미지, 관능적 이미 지의 여성적 이미지로 표현되어 나타났다. 남성적 이미지는 자유주의 페미니즘과 관련하여 남성 중심적 사고 방식에 도전하고자 하는 여성들의 자아의식이 한층 강하게 작용한 일종의 반 패션 현 상으로 권위적 이미지와 공격적 이미지로 특정지을 수 있다. 첫째, 권위적 이미지는 주로 고전적 군복과 제복의 이미지를 차용해 군복이 가지는 권위와 위엄을 표출 하였으며 남성 우월주의에 기초한 영웅주의를 가시 적으로 표현하였다. 이는 떳떳하게 자신의 위치를 세 우고자 하는 여성들의 욕구를 대변하였으며 영웅주 의와 가부장제도가 그 형성요인으로 작용하였다. 둘째, 공격적 이미지는 권위적 이미지에 대한 저 항과 기존의 성 정체성에 대한 저항으로써 전위적인 형태와 해체적인 표현으로 본래의 위엄있는 군복의 이미지를 무너뜨려 남성다웅의 표면적인 메시지를 약화시키고자 하였으며 반체제 정신, 성 정체성에 대 한 저항, 해체주의가 그 형성요인으로 작용하였다. 여성적 이미지는 급진주의 페미니즘과 관련하여 여성 본래의 성을 부각시키고 여성이 주체가 된 여 성중심적 사고로 여성의 감성적 심리를 패션을 통해 표현하고자 하였으며 보수적 이미지, 과시적 이미지, 관능적 이미지로 특징 지을 수 있다. 첫째, 보수적 이미지는 남성적 영역이라고 믿어왔 던 군복에 여성성을 강조하여 가늘고 유연한 실루엣 과 곡선적인 라인, 색채. 심플한 디테일만으로 밀리 터리 패션을 표현하여 남성중심의 이데올로기에서 벗어나 여성도 사회의 중심이 될 수 있음을 시사하 였으며 남성 권위의 추락이 그 형성요인으로 작용하 였다. 둘째, 과시적 이미지는 전통적 군복이 과거의 상 류층 엘리트들만의 아이템이었듯이 현대의 여성들은 신분과 매력의 과시를 표현하고자 금속 단추나 벨트 등 기타장식을 부각시킨 밀리터리 패션을 착용하였 으며 엘리트층에 대한 동경이 그 형성요인으로 작용하였다. 셋째, 관능적 이미지는 신체의 간접적인 노출과 직접적인 노출을 통해 여성의 신체에 의한 에로틱한 관능미를 부여하고자 하였으며 나르시시즘과 보이고 자 하는 욕구, 성적 유희가 그 형성요인으로 작용하였다. 그러므로 밀리터리 패션에 나타난 성적 이미지에 관한 연구는 패션을 통해 자아를 표현하고 미적으로 자기완성의 방편을 삼으려고 한 현대 여성들의 가치 관과 미의식을 이해하며 이를 충족시키고자 하는 패 션 트랜드와 디자인 개발에 도움이 될 것이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

Bacille Calmette-Gu$\acute{e}$rin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis. Frequent complications after BCG vaccination are localized ulcer formation and regional lymphadenitis, but there could be rarely severe systemic reactions to BCG vaccine such as osteomyelitis and disseminated BCG infection. Although disseminated BCG infection can be complicated in infants with underlying immunodeficiency after BCG vaccination, it is very unlikely to develop in immunocompetent infants or children. We report a 13-month-old infant who presented with fever, skin nodules, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes 5 months following BCG vaccination. She was diagnosed with disseminated BCG infection by PCRconfirmed M. bovis BCG infection at ${\geq}$2 anatomical sites beyond the region of vaccination. The patient showed no obvious evidence of immunodeficiency as judged on the basis of previous disease history, plasma immunoglobulin levels, B and T lymphocytes counts in peripheral blood, DHR (dihydrorhodamine 123 fluorescence) test and HIV test. She started antituberculous treatment with isoniazid and rifampin, and now, apparently her symptoms have been improved.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.74-85
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• 1972

This paper studied the grain size distribution of bottom sediments of Yeongil Bay which is located at the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Sixty four samples collected with snapper and dredger are analyzed by roe Tap Sieve Shaker and Pipette Method. The moment parameters are calculated with the method of Friedman(1961). Most samples are composed of sand size sediments and a few samples are composed of silt and clay. The Yeongil Bay can be divided into gravel-granule zone, sand zone, and silt-clay zone. The sediments near Yeonam- Dong and Hyongsan river are moderately sorted and others are very poorly sorted according to scheme of Friedman91962). In general, sorting values are ranged from 1.0 to 3.5. The samples near Janggigap and Masin-Dong show negative and others show positive skewness values. Skewness values are ranged from -1 to 2. All samples show the leptokurtic distribution except for the samples near Masin- dong and at the deepest place near Janggigap. Kurtosis values are ranged from -1.5 to 21.9. The samples of gravel-granule zone contain more than 50% and those of silt-clay zone contain less than 50% of CaCO$\_$3/. Four different colors, black, yellow, brown and gray, are shown in the sediments of Yeongil Bay.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.379-392
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to investigate recipients' handling and consumption of home-delivered meals at home and to assess their perceptions on home-delivered meal services for older adults. A total of 312 elderly people who received home-delivered foodservice were surveyed using an individual interview technique. A statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS (ver. 14.0). It was found that 90.2% (n = 166) of the lunch box recipients received services for six days per week, and 76.6% (n = 95) of the side-dish recipients got services once per week. More than half of the clients reported that they cooked meals by themselves on days when meals were not delivered. The two hundred thirty-two (75.3%) ate their meals as soon as they were delivered. It was found that 66.8% of the lunch box recipients and 7.3% of the side-dish recipients left delivered meals on the counter (at room temperatures) before eating. Only 11.4% of the lunch box recipients and 48.4% of the side-dish recipients kept delivered meals in the refrigerator before eating. Less than half of the lunch box recipients consumed all foods they were served at once. The reasons the recipients did not eat their all meals delivered at once were "saving for next meals" and "big portion size" Of those clients who left delivered meals, 19% of the lunch box recipients and 9.7% of the side-dish recipients ate leftovers without reheating. An average score of quality of delivered meal services was 3.5 out of 5 points. The results suggest that the clients of the home-delivered meal service should be provided information on proper handling and consumption practices with delivered meals at home. The findings of the study will be used to develop nutrition and food safety management guidelines for senior foodservice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1998

This study was attempted to identify emerging consumer trends on dietary and food purchasing behaviors and perception for the convenience foods. Self completed questionnaires were collected from 710 housewives in Seoul and Kyunggi province and analyzed statistically. A questionnaire consisted of 3 parts including demographic backgrounds, dietary and food purchasing behaviors, perception for the convenience foods. Among demographic variables age, occupation and lifestyle were the significant factors affecting consumers' behaviors and perception of dietary lives. Over half of housewives, who are the primary persons responsible for home meal preparation, confessed that they do not enjoy meal planning and preparation any more. An attitude toward in home food preparation was significantly different among age groups, working or non-working women and lifestyles. Most of the respondents go shopping for foods whenever they need to or 2-3 times a week. They also did not plan before going foods shopping and purchase decisions were made in-store. They considered quality of foods more important than price. Consumers were not willing to purchase pre-cut packaged vegetables or pre-cooked foods on the market. However, they showed strong desire and demand for the development of convenience korean foods coupled with high quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.889-895
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of xylose and xylitol on Lactobacillus species isolated from Kimchi and their effect on the pH, titratable acidity, microorganism and formation of organic acids in Kimchi during fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$. Five species among six Lactobacillus species isolated from Kimchi could not utilize medium with xylose. All the Lactobacillus species isolated from Kimchi could not utilize medium with xylitol. The pH of Kimchi samples were similar to that of control Kimchi. The titratable acidity of Kimchi with xylose or xylitol was lower than that of control. This agreed to the degree of formation of lactic acid during fermentation of Kimchi. Formation of lactic acid for Kimchi with xylitol was lower than those of others. Therefore, shelf-life of Kimchi with xylitol could be extended.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.536-542
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• 1984

Fish eggs and larvae in the western waters of Korea are surveyed during the periods from February to August in 1982. Six species of eggs and forty-two species of larvae are occurred in the survey area. The dominant species occurred during the study periods are Ammodytes personatus, Enedrias sp., Engraulis japonica, Callionymus sp., Gobiidae, etc. Major spawning month and ground of each species are estimated from the data, i.e., occurrence month and abundance of eggs and larvae by survey month and area, as well as the optimum water temperature and salinity for spawning.