• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2003

This study was conducted to select the promising varieties of timothy (va.) Climax, Itasca, Alma, Comtal, Liphlea, Erecta, Argus and Kunpu at Daekwanryong(altitude 800m a.s.l.) and Namwon(altitude 450m a.s.l.) branch, and orchard grass (va.) Potomac, Warrior, Ambassador, Hapsung 2, 20, 93E and Kitamidori at Daekwanryong branch of National Livestock Research Institute, from 1999 to 2002. Among the timothy varieties, leafness of Liphlea, Erecta and Kunpu was greatest. Heading time of Liphlea and Kunpu was earliest and plant length of Kunpu was longest. Also, winter survival of Erecta and Kunpu was greatest with 94.0%. Among the orchardgrass varieties, although heading time of Hapsung 20 was late, it's leafness was the best and plant length was the longest in all varieties. Also, winter survival of Hapsung 20 was the highest in all varieties. In Daekwanryong and Namwon, dry matter yield of timothy(va.), Kunpu was highest(P<0.05) among the timothy varieties with 9,493kg and 13,890kg/ha, respectively. Dry matter yields of orchardgrass(va.), Hapsung 2 and Hapsung 20 were greatest among the varieties with 8,690kg and 8,818kg/ha, respectively. In two areas, average ADF concentration of Climax was lowest with 33.4%, and NDF concentration of Argus was lowest with 65.4% in all varieties. Average crude protein content of Alma was the highest with 16.5% and that of Kunpu was the lowest with 13.9%. Average crude protein yield of Kunpu was the highest with 1,710.5kg/ha in all timothy varieties. The ADF concentration of Hapsung 20 was lowest (33.4%), and NDF concentration of 93E was lowest (67.5%). Crude protein content (13.5%) and crude protein yield (1,173.2kg/ha) of Hapsung 2 were highest. These results indicate that Kunpu and Liphlea would be the promising varieties of timothy in Daekwanryong and Namwon, and also, Hapsung 2 of orchardgrass would be the promising varieties in Daekwanryong.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.243-251
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of cordyceps ochraceostromat, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and silkworm cocoon on the quality and storage characteristics of pork sausage manufactured by MDCM (mechanically deboned chicken meat) recovered protein. The samples were divided into 5 groups (sausage made from pork ham; control, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham; T1, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% cordyceps ochraceostromat; T2, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% CLA; T3, and 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% silkworm cocoon; T4). The control sample had a higher moisture and protein contents and lower fat content than the other samples during 4 weeks of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ The treatment samples had lower lightness and higher redness values than the control (p<0.05). Hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly lower in the treatment samples than the control (p<0.05). All sausage samples showed a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen, and total plate counts during the storage time (p<0.05). In addition, the MDCM treatment samples had higher TBARS values than the control, but the VBN value of the treatment samples was lower than the control after the 4 weeks storage period.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.382-390
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the effects of tomato powder (TP) as nitrite (NT) on pork patties. The following treatments were made: 0.01% NT (Tl), 0.01% NT and 1.0% TP (T2), 0.5% TP (T3), 1.0% TP (T4), and 0.01% NT and 1.0% TP (T5) were in basal formula (C). The following observations were made: T5 displayed lower gumminess and adhesiveness values than those of C and T1 (p<0.05) on Day 1 of storage; the hardness and surface hardness of T3 and T4 were relatively lower and the surface hardness and gumminess of T3 were relatively higher than the others (p<0.05) on Day 21 of storage; Y4 had significantly lower TBARS values than the others during storage; VBN values of the tested groups were significantly lower than the control samples on Day 7 and 21 of storage; T3 and T4 samples displayed lower pH values (p<0.05) than the control samples on Day 21 of storage; T3, T4 and T5 revealed lower CIE $L^*$ and W than those of C and T1 during storage; T2 had the highest CIE $a^*$ (p<0.05); T4 had significantly higher CIE $b^*$ and chroma values than those of others; T3 and T4 had significantly lower total plate counts than the others; T1 had significantly lower yeast and mold and Staphylococcus sp. counts than the other groups'; and T1 and T2 displayed significantly higher color acceptability than the others.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.962-973
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• 2017

Concerns about an air pollution are gradually increasing at home and abroad. The automotive and fuel researchers are trying to reduce emissions and greenhouse gases of vehicles through a research on new engine designs and innovative after-treatment systems using clean fuels (eco-alternative fuel) and fuel quality improvements. In this paper, we stduy the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases on seven vehicles using gasoline, diesel, and LPG by legal test mode in domestic and abroad.(Urban mode, Highway mode, rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition) Regardless of fuels, most of the greenhouse gases tend to show the worst results in cold FTP-75 mode. In the case of A vehicles (2.0 MPI) and B vehicles (2.4 GDI) using a gasoline fuel, the factors that increase greenhouse gases are in order of a rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition. But G vehicles(LPLi) have different emission characteristics from another vehicles. In the case of A vehicles (2.0 w/o DPF) and B vehicles (2.2 with DPF) using a diesel fuel, the factors that increase greenhouse gases are in order of a rapidly acceleration and deceleration, using air conditioner, low temperature condition. However, the factor of F vehicles are in order of low temperature condition, using air conditioner, rapidly acceleration and deceleration. In conclusion, it will be an effective method to apply different technologies of emission reduction for each fuel.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.847-852
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• 2011

Green manure crops are mainly used to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers. Mixture of green manure crops have beneficial effects in agroecosystem. In this study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of monoculture and mixtures of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) on rice growth and yield in paddy. This experiment was conducted at Sinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts) from Oct. 2007 to Oct. 2009 at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Seeding rates of crimson clover (CC) were consisted of monoculture (CC2, 3, 4 kg and hairy vetch 5 kg $10a^{-1}$) and mixtures (CC 2 + barley 7, CC 3 + barley 7, CC 4 + barley 7, and CC2 + hairy vetch $5kg\;10a^{-1}$). Seeds were drilled by partial tillage machine on 9th Oct. in 2007. Monoculture and mixture of crimson clover as a green manure crop was incorporated in soil for rice cultivation on 15th May in 2008. Chemical fertilizers had not been applied to monoculture and mixture plots. The biomass and N production of monoculture plots were lower than mixture plots. The biomass and N production of CC 2 + hairy vetch $5kg\;10a^{-1}$ plot were the highest among mixtures treatments. In rice growing season, ammonium nitrogen concentrations in soil were a little high trends at CC 2 + hairy vetch $5kg\;10a^{-1}$ plot. And soil bulk density and porosity were improved at mixture plot after rice harvesting. The rice yield of CC 2 + hairy vetch $5kg\;10a^{-1}$ plot was not significantly different from conventional practice plot. These results indicated that cropping of crimson clover with hairy vetch mixture was better than barley mixture for environmental friendly rice cultivation.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.71-88
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• 2012

The global warming is probably the most significant issue of concern all over the world and according to the report published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the average temperature and extent of global warming around the globe have been on the rise and so have the uncertainty for the future. Such effects of global warming have adverse effects on basic foundation of the mankind in numerous ways and water resource is no exception. The researches on water resources assessment for climate change are significant enough to be used as the preliminary data for researches in other fields. In this research, a total of 124 peer-reviewed publications and 57 reports on the subject of research on climate change related to water resources, that has been carried out so far in Korea has been reviewed. The research on climate change in Korea (inclusive of the peer-reviewed articles and reports) has mainly focused on the future projection and assessment. In the fields of hydrometeorology tendency and projection, the analysis has been carried out with focus on surface water, flood, etc. for hydrological variables and precipitation, temperature, etc. for meteorological variables. This can be attributed to the large, seasonal deviation in the amount of rainfall and the difficulty of water resources management, which is why, the analysis and research have been carried out with focus on those variables such as precipitation, temperature, surface water, flood, etc. which are directly related to water resources. The future projection of water resources in Korea may differ from region to region; however, variables such as precipitation, temperature, surface water, etc. have shown a tendency for increase; especially, it has been shown that whereas the number of casualties due to flood or drought decreases, property damage has been shown to increase. Despite the fact that the intensity of rainfall, temperature, and discharge amount are anticipated to rise, appropriate measures to address such vulnerabilities in water resources or management of drainage area of future water resources have not been implemented as yet. Moreover, it has been found that the research results on climate change that have been carried out by different bodies in Korea diverge significantly, which goes to show that many inherent uncertainties exist in the various stage of researches. Regarding the strategy in response to climate change, the voluntary response by an individual or a corporate entity has been found to be inadequate owing to the low level of awareness by the citizens and the weak social infrastructure for responding to climate change. Further, legal or systematic measures such as the governmental campaign on the awareness of climate change or the policy to offer incentives for voluntary reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have been found to be insufficient. Lastly, there has been no case of any research whatsoever on the anticipated effects on the economy brought about by climate change, however, there are a few cases of on-going researches. In order to establish the strategy to prepare for and respond to the anticipated lack of water resources resulting from climate change, there is no doubt that a standardized analysis on the effects on the economy should be carried out first and foremost.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2011

Durum wheat semolina was added into wet-milled rice flour in order to improve chewy texture, firm bite ("al dente"), and resistance to overcooking of the ordinary rice noodles. Wet noodles were prepared by mixing 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/w) of semolina per semolina and rice flour mixtures. Vital gluten (4%, w/w) and salt (2%, w/w) were added to form the pliable strands of wet noodles and final moisture contents of the raw mixtures were equalized at 45%. Pasting properties of the suspended flour mixtures as measured by the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) showed slight increases (up to $1.2^{\circ}C)$ in pasting temperatures along with the considerable decreases in peak viscosities as semolina increased at over 15%. Reduced shear thinning and retrogradation of the starch solution that leads to hardening of the cooked noodles were indicated by lowered breakdown viscosities and gaps between finaland setback viscosities from the RVA viscogram as semolina increased at over 10%. Reduced water uptake and turbidity increases of the cooking water as caused by the soluble starches from the noodle were also noted as the content of semolina increased. More or less significant (p<0.05) decreases in colorimetric L (lightness) value of the raw- and cooked noodles were observed as semolina increased while a- (redness) and b (yellowness) values were rather increased at the same moment. Textural properties of the cooked noodles such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness from TPA tests were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by added semolina, even at 5%-levels or more. It can be concluded that addition of semolina into rice flour could provide easy handling of the wet noodles without distortion during transportation, integrity and firm bite of the cooked noodles, and less loss of starch to the cooking water in comparison with the ordinary rice noodle. It was finally suggested that optimum level of the semolina in the product was approximately 10% for the quality wet rice noodle products.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1108-1119
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• 2018

As the interest on the air pollution is gradually rising at home and abroad, automotive and fuel researchers have been studied on the exhaust and greenhouse gas emission reduction from vehicles through a lot of approaches, which consist of new engine design, innovative after-treatment systems, using clean (eco-friendly alternative) fuels and fuel quality improvement. This research has brought forward two main issues : exhaust emissions (regulated and non-regulated emissions, PM particle matter) and greenhouse gases of vehicle. Exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases of automotive had many problem such as the cause of ambient pollution, health effects. In order to reduce these emissions, many countries are regulating new exhaust gas test modes. Worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) for emission certification has been developed in WP.29 forum in UNECE since 2007. This test procedure was applied to domestic light duty diesel vehicles at the same time as Europe. The air pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles are regulated by the weight per distance, which the driving cycles can affect the results. Exhaust emissions of vehicle varies substantially based on climate conditions, and driving habits. Extreme outside temperatures tend to increasing the emissions, because more fuel must be used to heat or cool the cabin. Also, high driving speeds increases the emissions because of the energy required to overcome increased drag. Compared with gradual vehicle acceleration, rapid vehicle acceleration increases the emissions. Additional devices (air-conditioner and heater) and road inclines also increases the emissions. In this study, three light-duty vehicles were tested with WLTP, NEDC, and FTP-75, which are used to regulate the emissions of light-duty vehicles, and how much emissions can be affected by different driving cycles. The emissions gas have not shown statistically meaningful difference. The maximum emission gas have been found in low speed phase of WLTP which is mainly caused by cooled engine conditions. The amount of emission gas in cooled engine condition is much different as test vehicles. It means different technical solution requires in this aspect to cope with WLTP driving cycle.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1301-1315
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• 2018

We purified an antimicrobial peptide from the acidified hemocyte extract of Mytilus coruscus by $C_{18}$ reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The peptide was 4041.866 Da based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrophotometer (MALDI-TOF/MS) and the 25 amino acids of the N-terminus sequence were identified. Comparison of this sequence of the purified peptide with the N-terminus sequences of other antimicrobial peptides revealed 100% identity with the mytilin B precursor of Mytilus coruscus. We also identified a 312 bp open-reading frame (ORF) encoding 103 amino acids based on the obtained amino acid residues. The nucleotide sequence of this ORF and the amino acid sequence also revealed 100% identity with the mytilin B precursor of Mytilus coruscus. We synthesized two antimicrobial peptides with an alanine residue in the C-terminus, and designated them mytilin B1 and B2. These two antimicrobial peptides showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus parauberis (minimal effective concentration, MECs $41.6-89.7{\mu}g/ml$), gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio ichthyoenteri (MECs $7.4-39.5{\mu}g/ml$), and the fungus Candida albicans (MECs $26.0-31.8{\mu}g/ml$). This antimicrobial activity was stable under heat and salt conditions. Furthermore, the peptides did not exhibit significant hemolytic activity or cytotoxic effects. These results suggest that mytilin B could be applied as alternative antibiotic agent, and they add to the understanding of the innate immunity of hard-shelled mussels.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.4-23
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• 2015

In the Buddhist paintings of the four devas, there is a change in the paper material of V aisravana(多聞天) in the early Joseon Dynasty. Until Goryeo Dynasty, Damuncheonwang, who holds a tower(塔) on the right side of Buddha was changed to the form which holds a mandolin(琵琶) in the early Joseon Dynasty. This change was first checked in Byeonsangdo in the Yuan period "The Avatamska Sutra(大方廣佛華嚴經, 1330~1336)", however the actual paper material change in the Buddhist painting is found first as a mural at the Tibetan temples, Cheolbangsa(哲蚌寺), Odunsa(吳屯寺), Baekgeosa(白居寺), which showed the change of tower which Vaisravaṇa held into mongoose. In Joseon Dynasty, also, new distribution of the four devas appeared first, which showed the change of paper material in the first floor roof-stones of Wongaksaji sipcheung seoktap, . However, the position of the four devas which held a tower and a mandolin consistently appear in the Buddhist paintings in the early Joseon Dynasty by mixing on the left and the right. This means the possibility that the paper material and the position of the four devas might be flexible in the early Joseon Dynasty. Just like reflecting this, painting image of the four devas in illustration of "saddharma-pundari-ka-$s{\bar{u}}tra$(Ming 1432, National Museum of Korea)" and illustration of "Jebulsejonyeorae-bosaljonjamyeongching-gagok(제불세존여래 보살존자명칭가곡, 1417)" has opposite position from each other. Therefore, the phenomenon in the Buddhist paintings of the early Joseon had a transitional characteristic which did not secure the fixed form of painting image by illustration of two copies where paper materials of the four devas were different, which characteristic can be said to be the characteristic of art in the transitional period.