• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2017

Fault materials has various properties depending on their areas, rock types, and components because they are formed by heterogeneous and complicated mechanisms. In this study, to understand the physical and mechanical properties of fault materials, 109 fault materials distributed in South Korea were collected to conduct various laboratory tests with them and analyze their physical and mechanical properties (unit weight, specific gravity, porosity, gravel content, silt/clay content, clay mineral content, friction angle, and cohesion) according to areas, rock types, and components. As for the physical and mechanical properties by rock type, gneiss shows the highest medians in the unit weight ($17.1kN/m^3$) and specific gravity (2.73), granite does so in the porosity (45.5%), schist does so in the gravel content (20.0 wt.%) and cohesion (38.1 kPa), and phyllite does so in the silt/clay content (54.4 wt.%), clay mineral content (30.1 wt.%), and friction angle ($38.2^{\circ}$). With regard to the physical and mechanical properties by component, fault gouge was shown to have lower values than cataclasite and damage zones in all factors other than porosity and silt/clay contents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.713-727
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• 2009

절토비탈면의 붕괴는 주로 지질구조 적으로 취약한 구간에서 강우, 지진, 발파진동, 굴착 등의 외적인 요인이 작용하였을 때 비탈면의 붕괴가 수반되는 경우가 많으며 내적인 요인으로 작용하는 지질구조는 구조선의 종류에 따라 붕괴규모나 붕괴양상에서 상당한 차이를 보이는 특성을 보인다. 특히, 비탈면 붕괴는 단층이나 점토가 충전된 구조선에서 문제가 많이 발생되고 방향성이 뚜렷한 엽리 및 절리에서 붕괴가 빈번한 실정이다. 단층은 일반적으로 모든 암종에서 나타나는 지질구조이나 특히, 변성암중 편마암에서 붕괴빈도가 빈번하게 발생되고 점토층이 수반되는 경우에 심하다. 본 논문은 공사당시 비교적 규모가 크게 붕괴가 발생된 붕적층 절토 비탈면과 단층파쇄대 및 암질불량의 비탈면의 붕괴사례의 안정검토 사례를 소개하고자 한다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

Recently developed illite-age-analysis (IAA) approach has been applied to determine the multiple events for the Singal and Wangsukcheon faults in the Chugaryeong fault belt, Korea. Fault reactivated events during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene events($69.2{\pm}0.3$ Ma and $27.2{\pm}0.5$ Ma) for the Singal fault and of $75.4{\pm}0.8$ Ma for the Wangsukcheon fault were determined by combined approach of the optimized illite-polytype quantification and the K-Ar age-dating of clay fractions separated from the fault clays. These absolute geochronological determinations of the multiple tectonic events recorded in the Chugaryeong fault belt are crucial to establish the tectonic evolution of the Korean Peninsula since Late Cretaceous.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3 s.45
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• pp.205-214
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• 2005

Some Quaternary faults developed in the eastern block of the Ulsan fault are Gaegok 1, Gaegok 2, Singye, Madong, Wonwonsa and Jinhyeon faults, which are characterized by thin gouge and narrow cataclasitic tones. This study was performed to emphasize the role of mineral alteration and microtexture in response to hydrothermal alteration of fault gouges during fault activity, using XRD, EPMA, BSE (backscattered electron image), and K-Ar age dating methods. Alteration minerals in fault gouges were formed in the age range of $44.3\~28.9Ma$ by hydrothermal alteration attributed to fault activity. XRD results show that fault gouges consist predominantly of clay minerals, quartz and feldspars. Clay minerals formed in the gouge zones are mainly composed of smectite with trace chlorite, illite and kaolinite. The evidence to support the hydrothermal alteration of preexisting minerals due to fault activity are easily recognized at the host rocks in contact with gouges zones. Injected gouge and calcite veins indicate that they were originated from multiple deformation by repeated fault activity. Gouge with green or greenish grey color, for example Jinhyeon fault, contains higher $Al_2O_3$ and lower MgO and CaO compared to those with reddish color. Various colors of fault gouge are intimately related to the chemical compositions of main constituent mineral as well as mineral assemblage.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 2016

We conducted three-dimensional finite element analysis to predict the presence of upcoming fault zones during tunneling. The analysis considered longitudinal displacements measured at tunnel face, and used 28 numerical models with various fault attitudes. The x-MR (moving range) control chart was used to analyze quantitatively the effects of faults distributed ahead of the tunnel face, given the occurrence of a longitudinal displacement. The numerical models with fault were classified as fault gouge, fault breccia, and fault damage zones. The width of fault cores was set to 1 m (fault gouge 0.5 m and fault breccia 0.5 m) and the width of fault damage zones was set to 2 m. The results, suggest that fault centers could be predicted at 2~26 m ahead of the tunnel face and that faults could be predicted earliest in the 45° dip model. In addition, faults could be predicted earliest when the angle between the direction of tunnel advance and the strike of the fault was smallest.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1997.09a
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• pp.105-114
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• 1997

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.175-188
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• 1998

This paper describes the internal structures and K-Ar ages of fault gouges collected from the Dongnae fault zone. This fault zone is internally zoned and occurs in the multiple fault cores. A fault core consists of thin gouge and narrow cataclastic zones that are bounded by a much thicker damage zone. Intensity of deformation and alteration increases from damage zone through cataclastic zone to gouge zone. It is thought that cataclasis of brittle deformation was the dominant strain-accomodation mechanism in the early stage of deformation to form the gouge zone and that crushed materials in the regions of maximum localization of fault slip subsequently moved by cataclastic flow. Deformation mechanism drastically changed from brittle processes to fluid-assisted flow along the gouge zone as the high porosity and permeability of pulverzied materials during faulting facilitated the influx of the hydrothermal fluids. Subsequently, the fluids reacted with gouge materials to form clay minerals. Fracturing and alteration could have repeatedly taken place in the gouge zone by elevated fluid pressures generated from the reduction of pore volume due to the formation of clay minerals and precipitation of other materials. XRD analysis revealed that the most common clay minerals of the gouge zones are illite and smectite with minor zeolite and kaolinite. Most of illites are composed of 1Md polytype, indicating the products of hydrothermal alteration. The major activities of the Dongnae fault can be divided into two periods based upon K-Ar age data of the fault gouges : 51.4∼57.5Ma and 40.3∼43.6Ma. Judging from the enviromental condition of clay mineral formation, it is inferred that the hydrothermal alteration of older period occured at higher temperature than that of younger period.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2020

To understand behavior of fault cores in the field of geotechnical and geological engineering, we present an investigation of the physical properties (breccia and clay contents, unit weight, porosity, and water content) and friction characteristics (internal friction angle and cohesion) of fault cores, in granitic, sedimentary, and volcanic rocks in South Korea. The breccia contents in the fault cores are positively correlated with unit weight and negatively correlated with clay content, porosity, and water content. The inter-quartile ranges of internal friction angles and cohesion calculated from direct shear tests are 16.7-38.1° and 2.5-25.3 kPa, respectively. The influence of physical properties on the friction characteristics of the fault cores was analyzed and showed that in all three rock types the internal friction angles are positively correlated with breccia content and unit weight, and negatively correlated with clay content, porosity, and water content. In contrast, the cohesions of the fault cores are negatively correlated with breccia content and unit weight, and positively correlated with clay content, porosity, and water content.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2008

A fault gouge zone which is about 25cm thick crops out along a small valley in Yangbuk-myeon, Gyeongju city. It is divided into greenish brown gouge and bluish gray gouge by color. Under the microscope, the gouges have a lot of porphyroclasts composed of old gouge fragments, quartz, feldspar and iron minerals. Clay minerals are abundant in matrix, defining strikingly P foliation by preferred orientation. Microstructural differences between bluish pay gouge and greenish brown gouge are as follows: greenish brown gouge compared to bluish gray gouge is (1) rich in clay minerals, (2) small in size and number of porphyroclasts, and (3) plentiful in iron minerals which are mostly hematites, while chiefly pyrites in bluish gray gouge. Hematites are considered to be altered from pyrites in the early-formed greenish brown gouge under the influence of hydrothermal fluids accompanied during the formation of bluish gray gouge that also precipitated pyrites. It is believed that the fault core including bluish gray gouge zone and greenish brown gouge zone was formed by progressive cataclastic flow. In the first stage the fault core initiates from damage zone of early faulting. In the second stage damage zone actively transforms into breccia zone by repeated fracturing. The third stage includes greenish brown (old) gouge formation in the center of the fault core mainly by particle grinding. In the third stage further deformation leads to the formation of new (bluish gray) gouge zone while old gouge zone undergoes strain hardening. Consequently, the whole gouge zone in the core widens.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.193-204
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• 2001

A geophysical survey was undertaken at Wiri area, Andong, to delineate subsurface structure and reveal the fault zone nearby which heaving of road and subsidence of slope occurred in 1997, especially in the heavy rainy season. Electrical resistivity methods of dipole-dipole array profiling and Schlumberger array sounding and seismic methods of refraction and reflection were performed for the mapping of clay layer, which was interpreted to be the major factor among the reasons of slope deformation. The clay layer was characterized by lower electrical resistivities (< $100{\Omega}{\cdot}m$) and lower seismic velocities (<400 m/s), respectively. The results of electrical and seismic surveys showed that subsidence of slope was probably associated with sliding of wet clay on 18SW/NNW trending fault plane, while heaving of road was probably caused by upward movement of the wet clay through subvertical NNE trending fault.