• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.246-253
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• 1988

This survey was carried out to obtain the basic information for the stable high yield of income-crops. Cropping systems, soil morphological and chemical properties were investigated. The obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. In Jinan and Jangsu, cultivated area of radish was 76.5% and.65.4%, respecitively, but in Unbong Chinese Cabbage, 71.1%, by second Crop. 2. In topographycal distribution, the mountain foot slope area in Jinan, Jangsu and Unbong was 69, 77 and 85%, respectively. In the distribution of elevation, semi-Alpine region in Jinan and Unbong was 85 and 69%, respectively, but Alpine region in Jangsu was 62%, of cultivated area. 3. Ploughing depth was 0 to 10 cm in Jinan and Jangsu, and 11 to 15cm, in Unbong. Gravel content class was 4th class in Jinan and 3rd class in Jangsu and Unbong. 4. For the distribution of soil types, normal upland came to 69.2% in Unbong, sandy and skeletal upland, 46.1 % and normal and sandy upland, 39 and 38%, respectively, in Jangsu. 5. The uplands soil classified as the 5th class, with improper for adequate cropping were. 6. For the chemical properties according to topography available phosphate $(-0.344^*)$, Ca $(-0.398^*)$, K $(-0.485^{**})$ and CEC $(-0.325^{**})$ showed the negative significancy with the elevation. 7. Among the variations of chemical properties by continuous cropping, the soil pH $(-0.491^{**})$ and the content of organic matter $(-0.434^{**})$, Ca $(-0.705^{**})$, CEC $(-0.512^{**})$, total nitrogen $(-0.559^{**})$ showed the high negative correlations, while the contents of available phosphate $(0.671^{**})$ and K $(0.543^{**})$ showed the high positive correlations, with the number of years of continuous cropping.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2002

For many rears, traffic accident statistics are the most direct measure of safety for a signalized intersection. However it takes more than 2 or 3 yearn to collect certain accident data for adequate sample sizes. And the accident data itself is unreliable because of the difference between accident data recorded and accident that is actually occurred. Therefore, it is rather difficult to evaluate safety for a intersection by using accident data. For these reasons, traffic conflict technique(TCT) was developed as a buick and accurate counter-measure of safety for a intersection. However, the collected conflict data is not always reliable because there is absence of clear criteria for conflict. This study developed objective and accurate conflict criteria, which is shown below based on traffic engineering theory. Frist, the rear-end conflict is regarded, when the following vehicle takes evasive maneuver against the first vehicle within a certain distance, according to car-following theory. Second, lane-change conflict is regarded when the following vehicle takes evasive maneuver against first vehicle which is changing its lane within the minimum stopping distance of the following vehicle. Third, cross and opposing-left turn conflicts are regarded when the vehicle which receives green sign takes evasive maneuver against the vehicle which lost its right-of-way crossing a intersection. As a result of correlation analysis between conflict and accident, it is verified that the suggested conflict criteria in this study ave applicable. And it is proven that estimating safety evaluation for a intersection with conflict data is possible, according to the regression analysis preformed between accident and conflict, EPDO accident and conflict. Adopting the conflict criteria suggested in this study would be both quick and accurate method for diagnosing safety and operational deficiencies and for evaluation improvements at intersections. Further research is required to refine the suggested conflict criteria to extend its application. In addition, it is necessary to develope other types of conflict criteria, not included in this study, in later study.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.20
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• pp.141-171
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• 2004

Even though only 3 sijo are in high school textbook. through these 3 sijo each type can be understood in that each represents pyung sijo, sasul sijo, and present sijo. To learn with learner-centered activities, which aim for full knowledge acquisition regarding literary works, as the preparing stage, students can learn what theyll learn by teachers. Sijo are, so to speak, formed with three chapters, and stand for the world that is colorless, scentless, and flavorless. So, the theme can be found with ease. Compared with other genres, sijo can be formed creating background with ease. Moreover, sijo are not too long, so learners can paraphrase it. Sijo that express private experiences with the everyday language can be related to other genres or everyday language. So, sijo are last to present. In the teaching phase, on the gradation of concretion and gradation, writing or presentation activities are presented. After classroom, learners keep a reaction journal. In the phase of concretion and gradation, learners can apprehend that typical differences of the emotions of poetic speakers is from typical differences, even though emotions of poetic speakers of (1)$\cdot$(2)$\cdot$(3) that is each stand for pyung sijo, sasul sijo, and present sijo are roughly summarized loneliness, desolateness, and gloominess. Moreover, these typical differences are from social, political. and cultural settings, namely, the differences of contexts. In this teaching model. learners should prepare for content regarding context and text before the class. Teachers should act as an assistant to help learners pre-understand their subjective experiences and imaginations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the types, socio-demographic characteristics, use patterns, and visit motivations of visitors to "Jangseong Pyunbaek Healing Forest (JPHF)." Data were collected from 216 samples selected by convenient sampling method using questionnaire survey between October and November 2016. Data obtained from 476 respondents of the same type of survey during the same period were partly used to examine the types of activities of visitors to the study site. The results showed that 77.0 percent of respondents were categorized as "visitor for recreation" (VR: Those who visit JPHF for the purpose of general recreational experiences such as appreciating landscapes, tourism, social interactions rather than better health or healing). On the other hand, only 10.3 percent of respondents were "visitor for healing" (VH: Those who visit JPHF for the purpose of better health or physical and mental healing). VH showed a higher level of visit experiences to JPHF than VR and tended to expect JPHF as "the place to enjoy calm and natural experiences" more than VR did. VH tended to visit JPHF "alone" more, and their group size was also smaller than VR. About 26.8 percent of all respondents were not aware that JPHF was the "healing forest," and VH showed higher awareness of it than VR. About 66.8% of respondents assessed the managerial and operating states of JPHF positively while only 6.2% assessed them negatively. There was no difference in the assessment of managerial and operating states between VR and VH. The visitors of JPHF showed the markedly high use in main forest roads (use rate: 47.4%) and "Healing Field" (use rate: 59.2%) of JPHF. Regarding the visit motivations to JPHF, VH showed higher importance on "quietude," "health," and "tension release" than VR while VR rated higher importance on "social interaction." The paper discussed the managerial implications, findings, limitations and further studies.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.440-447
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• 2020

The demand for large-scale horticultural complexes utilizing reclaimed lands is increasing, and one of the pending issues for the construction of large-scale facilities is to establish foundation design criteria. In this paper, we tried to review previous studies on the method of reinforcing the foundation of soft ground. Target construction methods are spiral piles, wood piles, crushed stone piles and PF (point foundation) method. In order to evaluate the performance according to the basic construction method, pull-out resistance, bearing capacity, and settlement amount were measured. At the same diameter, pull-out resistance increased with increasing penetration depth. Simplified comparison is difficult due to the difference in reinforcement method, diameter, and penetration depth, but it showed high bearing capacity in the order of crushed stone pile, PF method, and wood pile foundation. In the case of wood piles, the increase in uplift resistance was different depending on the slenderness ratio. Wood, crushed stone pile and PF construction methods, which are foundation reinforcement works with a bearing capacity of 105 kN/㎡ to 826 kN/㎡, are considered sufficient methods to be applied to the greenhouse foundation. There was a limitation in grasping the consistent trend of each foundation reinforcement method through existing studies. If these data are supplemented through additional empirical tests, it is judged that a basic design guideline that can satisfy the structure and economic efficiency of the greenhouse can be presented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.54-65
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• 2020

This study examines history, usage, and spatial change of Cheoldo Park and its significance in the park planning in the Japanese colonial period focusing on the concept of a sports park. Cheoldo Park was verified as the first newly planned park built during the Japanese colonial period and continuously appeared in the official planning documents with different names and areas as a new planned park. This suggest that changes of Cheoldo Park reveal the important conceptual transition in the park planning. Activities in the park were understood by analyzing news paper articles and pictures, while spatial changes of the park were analyzed through maps and aerial photos. Changes in a park planning process were examined through analyzing the planning documents and maps. Cheoldo Park was opened in 1915 as a supporting facility of the Yongsan rail company residence complex. As Cheoldo Park became one of the urban parks of Gyeongseong in 1925, it had functioned as one of the main sports complexes of Gyeongseong. Although a sports park was suggested as a new type of urban park in the 1930's park plan, the programmatic aspect of a sports park was not distinctly defined yet. Cheoldo Park was not regarded as a sports park in the 1930's park plan. As a sports park was distinguished from other types of urban parks pro grammatically in the 1930s, the city tried to transform Cheoldo Park into a sports park. In the park plan of 1940, with major spatial expansion, Cheoldo Park became Ichon Park to be a main large park and sports park of Gyeongseong. Cheoldo Park contributed to the establishing a new direction of modern park planning, shifting from planning focus on quantitative improvement to qualitative improvement of urban parks. It also provided a realistic model to implement the park plans to overcome various limitations of the Japanese colonial period.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.408-417
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• 2016

The frequent regional torrential or heavy rain and typhoon mostly caused by climate change has resulted in sediment disasters particularly in mountainous or hilly areas. More than 65% of South Korea is mountainous and development and rapid urbanization has brought lots of steep sloping industrial complexes, which are adjacent to cities. Such continuous urbanization and industrialization can result in an increase in serious damage to those places. Korea has very high population density so sediment disaster could result in a tremendous loss of property and life. A recent 10-year (2001~2010) study of the average annual loss shows 68 casualties and property loss of 1.7044 trillion Won(?), which indicates a 20% and 25% decrease for both life and property, respectively, but urban areas are experiencing increasing damage. In this paper, a comprehensive simulator composed by references, analyses, and the recent technologies was applied to visualize the scale of the damaged Woomyeon-san (Mt.) and verify the performance of the simulator.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2009

The review of statements and coastal development characteristics in South Korea were diagnosed by the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea. The occupation and the use of public water were dominated by installation of coastal structure and seawater supply and drainage whereas the reclamation areas were predominantly utilized for developing industrial complex, harbor, fishing port and road. The occupation and the use were dominant in western coast, but reclamation was dominant in southern coast of Korea. The number of utilization cases was particularly greater in Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Gyeonggi Province including Incheon. The number of the statements reviews increased by more than 200 cases in 2008 compared with 2007, and most of them were the simple statements. The statements related to ocean disposal of dredged sediment, reclamation, dredging sediment, seawater supply and drainage, and marine sand mining were submitted for review. Coastal utilization was especially active in the regions of seawater quality criteria I and II. In particular, special management sea areas designated under the relevant marine regulations were utilized mostly by reclamation for developing harbor, fishing port and coastal structure. Development activities in national parks comprised primarily structure installation and coastal maintenance. In the fisheries resources protection areas, 40% of the total cases accounted for coastal maintenance, 31% for structure installation, and 16% for seawater supply and drainage. In addition, alternative plans for the improvement in policies and system of marine environmental impact assessment were suggested to enhance the function and confidence of the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.5-16
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• 2005

As for the public, it is hard to understand semiotics because of the scope of an enormous semiotics education. This study is making semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce the subject. I thought that utilization can hold his semiotics study in a visual design field. First of all, this study considered design related papers related to the existing semiotics again and study found an error of the existing semiotics study and understanding did category concept with re-definition about semiotics of Peirce. Explained a symbol mark through understanding of semiotics of Peirce. This study was able to get the following conclusion through these results. 1) A symbol mark means one product, sonics, company oneself with a custom. Therefore, it is a rule symbol in the Representation side. 2) A symbol mark symbolizes an object with one symbol, so a symbol mark is a symbol in an object. 3) Because a symbol mark exists through a social rule, in semiotics definition of Peirce, this must become understanding with a Argument symbol. 4) A symbol mark is what a company or an organization field used from the past, and the public are recognizing this how. Therefore, it works as fact a company attaches a symbol mark to own product, and to show the public a symbol mark. A symbol mark is Dicent Sign in Interpretant. A rule and understanding about a lot of types which have various mutual relation, Peirce classification and understanding of a symbol mark tells to demand is holding that understanding a type of semiotics with the concept that is not an image to us.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.270-279
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• 2002

1997년 IMF 경제위기 이후 한국사회의 뚜렷한 변화의 하나는 빈부격차의 확대와 함께 사회계층의 양극화가 진행되고 있다는 점이다. 이 논문의 목적은 사회적 양극화의 주요 원인은 무엇이며, 사회적 양극화가 공간적으로는 어떻게 나타나는가를 서울을 사례로 하여 규명하는 데 있다. 서구 선진자본주의 국가에서 사회적 양극화에 대한 논의는 이미 1990년대 초 세계화 또는 세계도시가 주요한 연구주제로 등장하면서 시작되었다. 1980년대 이후 선진자본주의 국가를 중심으로 한계에 도달한 포드주의 축적체계가 포스트 포드주의로 급속히 전환되면서 사회적 양극화가 자본의 유연화 및 세계화 전략과 맞물리는 현상으로 인식되었기 때문이다. 이런 점에서 최근 전개되고 있는 한국의 사회적 양극화는 서구 선진국과 유사하다. 1997년 경제위기 이후 세계화가 급속히 진행되는 가운데 지식기반경계의 대두로 고소득 전문직이 등장하는 반면, 중산층의 몰락과 더불어 임시적 고용이 확대되고 실업이 만성화되는 등 자본의 세계화와 유연화 과정에서 나타나는 양극화 양상이 보이기 때문이다. 이와 같은 맥락에서 한국의 사회적 양극화는 이미 1990년대 초부터 진행되어 왔으며, IMF 경제위기는 단지 그러한 사회적 양극화를 급속히 진행시키는 방아쇠 역할을 하였다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 양국의 사회적 양극화는 직업구조와 임금소득의 격차만으로 설명하기 어려운 또 다른 특성을 갖는다. 왜곡된 시장구조에서 무엇보다도 부동산과 같은 자산소득의 격차가 큰 역할을 하기 때문이다. 서울은 이와 같은 한국의 사회적 양극화가 한 도시 내에서 전형적으로 전개되는 곳이라고 할 수 있다. 한국 내 어떤 도시보다도 세계화되어 있고 전문지식을 기반으로 하는 산업이 발달하고 있기 때문이다. 서울의 사회적 양극화는 공간적으로도 나타난다. 일반적으로 서울은 크게 주거지로서는 공동화되고 있는 중구 종로구 용산구 등 사대문안의 구도심지역, 강남구 서초구 송파구 등을 중심으로 한 1970년대 이후 계획적으로 계발된 이른바 강남의 신흥주택 및 신산업 지역, 영등포구 구로구 금천구 성동구 동대문구 등 제조업 중심의 구 산업 및 저소득층 주거지역 그리고 그 나머지 강북 강서 강동 등의 전형적인 주거지역 등 4개 유형으로 지역이 구분된다. 그러나 IMF 경제위기 이후에 강남구 서초구 송파구를 중심으로 하는 고소득증의 주거지와 그 나머지 주거지로 공간적 양극화가 이루어지고 있다. 사회적 양극화의 이와 같은 공간화 과정에는 자산소득의 격차를 확대하는 강남구 서초구 송파구의 높은 지가 및 아파트 가격이 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 높은 부동산 가격이 이 지역에 대한 일종의 진입장벽을 참음으로써 고소득층에 의한 공간독점을 가능하게 하기 때문이다. 공간적 양극화를 촉진하는데는 지하철 및 문화복지시설의 집중 둥 불균형적인 공공투자와 강북에서 이전한 명문고등학교를 중심으로 형성된 8학군 등 양호한 교육환경 또한 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 서울의 사례에서 확인할 수 있듯이, 한국에서의 사회적 양극화는 직업구조와 임금소득이라는 일반적인 요인 외에도 부동산 가격 및 소득 그리고 생활인프라의 격차를 통해 공간적 양극화물 야기하고 있다. 이러한 현상이 한국내 다른도시에서도 전개되고 있는지, 공간적 양극화로 인한 도시문제는 무엇이고 대처방안은 무엇인지 등에 대해서 후속연구가 요구된다.