• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.348-349
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• 2000

HF는 주로 음료수와 식수에 의해 폭로되며, 작업자의 경우는 공장 작업과정에서 공기 흡입과 피부 접촉으로 폭로된다. 단기적인 흡입에 의한 폭로는 폐수종 및 자극 등을 주며, 눈과 피부에 직접 폭로시에는 화상과 자극을 준다. 장기간의 폭로는 주로 음료수와 음식에 의해 폭로되며, 공기에 의한 폭로는 코, 인후 및 기관지에 충혈 및 자극을 주고(U. S. EPA, 1989; U. S. EPA, 1993), 식물의 경우에는 잎의 끝이나 가장자리의 변색, 발육 부진 및 병에 대한 저항성 약화 등에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다(Cao, 1998). (중략)

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.550-559
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• 2015

We empirically examined the effect of sponsorship on firms' performance. Among many indices measuring a firm's performance, we focused on its revenue and revealed that the performance of players sponsored by the firm has a significant and positive impact on the firm's revenue. In light of transaction data on sports equipments from its importer, our paper makes the following primary contribution by empirically examining the short run effect of sports sponsorship. We believe our findings based on the field data provide strong implications for firms faced with similar decisions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.225-230
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• 1999

Since changes in crude oil price exert colossal influence upon most national economy, it is important to investigate about factors that cause the change through an appropriate crude oil price forecast. This paper examines the relationship among crude oil price, OPEC production and U.S. inventory using cointegration and error correction model. We found that crude oil price is likely to increase significantly for a given decrease in not only the OPEC production but also the U.S. inventory. Furthermore, we found that crude oil price is more elastic with respect to OPEC production in the short-run, and more elastic with respect to U.S. inventory in the long-run. Moreover, in the long-run, U.S. inventory have more an effect on crude oil price than OPEC production. Finally, crude oil price adjusts to their respective long-run equilibrium at a moderate speed, about 12% of adjustment taking place in the first year.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.5_2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

Because Korean military promotes employment support policy which give priority to the middle service officer who served more than 5 but less than 10 years and long term service officer who served more than 10 years, the support policy for obligated involuntary officer is relatively deficient. To make matters worse, national youth unemploy ment makes obligated involuntary officers suffer from serious unemployment crisis after discharge. These problems have bad effect on gaining ROTC KAOCS cadets who constitute about 80% of first appointment officers and because they are mostly discharged after just taking a short service, it's time to find a measure to solve the problem. Thus, this study is investigated to improve competitive rate of entry of ROTC KAOCS for securing outstanding manpower by deducing MR about legislation and system which are related to employment support for obligated involuntary officers and suggesting stable job secure plan for employment support, supplement system, and after discharge, model way of career management during military service of an obligated involuntary officers who are suitable for qualificated men who are needed for a company. Also, it will lead to combat power development of the military consequently.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2016

The demand for electricity has a considerable impact on various energy sectors since electricity is generated from various energy sources. This paper attempts to estimate the electricity demand function and obtain some quantitative information on price and income elasticities of the demand. To this end, we apply a lagged dependent variable model to derive long-run as well as short-run elasticities using the time-series data over the period 1991-2014. Our dependent variable is annual electricity demand. The independent variables include constant term, real price of electricity, and real gross domestic product. The results show that the short-run price and income elasticities of the electricity demand are estimated to be -0.142 and 0.866, respectively. They are statistically significant at the 5% level. That is, the electricity demand is in-elastic with respect to price and income changes in the short-run. The long-run price and income elasticities of the electricity demand are calculated to be -0.210 and 1.287, respectively, which are also statistically meaningful at the 5% level. The electricity demand is still in-elastic with regard to price change in the long-run. However, the electricity demand is elastic regarding income change in the long-run. Therefore, this indicates that the effect of demand-side management policy through price-control is restrictive in both the short- and long-run. The growth in electricity demand following income growth is expected to be more remarkable in the long-run than in the short-run.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.663-670
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• 2016

This paper analyzes the asymmetric pass-through effects of crude oil price changes on export prices in Korea's manufacturing sector using a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. These pass-through effects are important for Korean companies that are highly dependent on exports. Because the effects differ by industry, eight sectors of the manufacturing industry were examined. The model is effective for separately testing the long-term and short-term differences between the export-price pass-through effects when crude oil prices increase and decrease. The estimation results show that there is positive pass-through to export prices as crude oil prices change, and there are asymmetric effects in some manufacturing sectors. Short-term asymmetries were detected in the export prices of five sectors that include general machinery and transport equipment, and significant long-term asymmetries were found for petroleum and coal products and for textile and leather products. The long-term export price of oil and coal products rose by 0.992% with a 1% increase in the oil price and fell by 0.977% with 1% decrease. Therefore, corporate strategies and government export policies should be established in accordance with these asymmetric pass-through effects.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.72-113
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• 2020

This study investigates the relationship between mineral exports to China, North Korea's most important source of foreign currency acquisition, and its imports of various items from China from the first quarter of 1995 through to the third quarter of 2019. The results from a cointegration analysis suggest that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between mineral exports and imports of food, fuel, and some intermediate goods, such as industrial supplies, parts, and accessories. The results from a vector autoregression using first-differenced variables indicate that the short-run relationship between mineral exports and imports is different between the period before and after the third quarter of 2010. Prior to structural changes, i.e., before the third quarter of 2010, import shocks affected mineral exports. However, after the third quarter of 2010, an increase in mineral exports led to an increase in the import of vehicles, intermediate goods, and luxury goods. This paper shows both the possibilities and the limits that mineral exports can contribute to North Korea's economic growth. The results, which show that mineral exports have a long-run relationship with intermediate goods, such as industrial supplies, parts and accessories, imply that mineral exports to China could have a positive effect on the North Korean economy. However, the fact that mineral exports do not have any significant effect on the import of machinery and equipment, which helps the accumulation of capital formation, shows that mineral exports have a limited effect on inducing long-term growth in the North Korean economy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.373-379
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to assess implementation on tariff quotas and tariff cuts committed in the WTO as result of Uruguay Round(UR) negotiations and to examine impacts of reductions in agricultural protection agreed in the UR on major non-timber forest products markets. The implementation of WTO Agreement on Agriculture was analysed based on the relevant data and statistics. The impacts of implementation on tariff cuts and tariff quotas on non-timber forest products markets were estimated by using supply and demand elasticities from previous studies and data on production, consumption and trade after UR. The quantities of Chestnut, Pine nut and Jujube imported by the system of tariff quota did not exceed the committed quotas over the five years from 1995 to 1999. The current level of applied rates on imports of non-timber products is much lower than that of bound rates, which will be maintained until the year 2004. It is estimated that increase in imports after UR reduced prices and that reduction in prices led to decrease in expenditure and to increase in consumer surplus. It is estimated, however, that production level significantly decreased due to rise in imports and that the negative effects on production exceeded positive effects on consumption. Exports of most non-timber forest products decreased after UR even though non-timber forest products could gain access to the export markets at the lower tariffs as a result of UR.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.227-244
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• 1999

환율의 과도한 변동이 무역량을 위축시키는지에 대하여 선진국을 대상으로 그 동안 많은 연구가 있어 왔다. 최근 한국은 1990년 이후 제한하여 오던 환율의 변동허용폭을 폐지함에 따라 환율의 과도한 변동을 경험하고 있다. 본 연구는 한국의 경우 환율의 변동성이 원유수입(原油輸入)에 미치는 효과를 장단기(長短期)로 구분하여 Johansen에 의하여 개발된 공적분기법으로 분석하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 단기에 있어서 환율의 변동성은 원유수입을 감소시키나 장기에는 원유수입에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 단기에는 원유(原油)의 비축물량이 존재하여 가격의 불확실성이 원유수입을 감소시키나, 장기적으로는 원유수입이 비경쟁적 수입이고 수입기업이 환위험을 감소시키는 기법등을 사용한 결과로 환율의 변동성이 원유수입에 큰 영향을 주지 않았다고 할 수 있다.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-105
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• 2013

발리는 '신들의 섬', '세계의 아침', '지상의 마지막 낙원' 등의 이름을 갖고 있는 세계적으로 유명한 관광지이다. 본 논문의 목적은 이러한 세계적으로 유명한 여행목적지인 발리 관광을 통해 한국인은 동남아에 대해 어떤 인상을 갖게 되는가를 연구하고자했다. 최근 한국과 동남아 사이에 인간의 이동이 빈번해짐에 따라 문화교류 및 교차가 발생할 것을 전제로 하여 '한국 속 동남아현상'의 원인과 경로, 결과 등을 연구하는 배경 가운데, 특히 초국가적 단기이동으로서 관광을 통해 문화교류 및 교차에 대한 이해를 높이고자 한 것이다. 우선 관광목적지로 유인하는 요인에는 사회적, 지리적, 생태환경적, 문화적, 심리적 등등 다양한 요인들이 있고, 이러한 유인요인들을 매력적인 관광상품으로 개발하여 세계인들을 더 많이 유치하는 데는 관광정책에 달려있다. 무엇보다 민주화 이후 발리관광정책은 천해의 자연 및 지리조건은 물론 발리가 보유하고 있는 독특한 힌두문화, 그리고 발리를 신, 인간, 자연의 조화와 그 속에서의 평화를 체험할 수 있는 공간으로서 그 목적을 갖고 있다. 이러한 관광전략을 '지속가능한 그리고 공동체에 기초한 발전' 전략이라고 볼 수 있다. 설문지 경험분석을 통해 한국인이 발리에 도착하기 전까지 발리를 관광지로 선택하는데 영향을 준 미디어는 TV 드라마가 제일 크고, 인터넷, 여행정보지 그리고 지인 등의 순으로 나타나고, 한국인이 발리를 관광지로 선택하는 가장 큰 요인은 뜨거운 태양과 해변, 아름다운 자연환경임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 발리에 도착하여 발리에 대한 매력으로 느끼는 요소는 첫째가 역시 자연환경에서 주는 만족도가 제일 높고, 흥미로운 특징으로 볼 수 있는 것은 두 번째 요소가 편리한 숙박시설 즉, 잘 갖춰진 호텔에 대한 만족도가 2순위, 쇼핑이 3순위 그리고 다양한 문화와 예술이 4순위이다. 그리고 마지막으로 발리에 대한 이미지도 역시 자연환경에 대한 이미지가 가장 많은 영향을 차지하고 있고, 평화로움 그리고 신비로움 등이 발리에 대한 이미지로 자리잡고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결국 초국가적 단기이동으로 한국인 발리행 관광을 통해 동남아적 자연환경과 문화에 대한 체험은 갖게 되지만, 단기이동의 한계로서 문화교류와 교차가 실질적으로 발생하는 것은 아니라고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 발리는 초국가적 문화의 장으로서 한국인을 포함하여 세계인과 함께 문화교류 및 교차의 장으로서 기능하고 있다고 볼 수 있다.