• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.186-199
• /
• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the growth of Korean lawn grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), penncross bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huda) and seaside bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) under application of 21 pre- and post-emergence herbicides and the weeding effect of 14 annual and 4 perennial weeds with them for the purpose of the systematic chemical weed control in turf. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Napropamide, napropamide + triclopyr and benefin were safe for Korean lawn grass and two kinds of bentgrasses when they were treated at 4 and 25 days after transplanting of turfgrasses. Simazine, lenacil and bentazon inhibited the growth of bentgrasses, but not Korean lawn grass. 2. The preemergence application of simazine, benefin and napropamide + simazine showed excellent control for Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus amuricus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea and Centipeda minima. Lenacil was excellent for control of all the tested weeds except Chenopodium album, napropamide excellent for them except Cyperus amuricus and Portulaca oleraces, and bentazon good for them except Digitaria sanguinalis. When simazine was treated with either napropamide or triclopyr at preemergence of weeds, weeding effect increased without inhibition of lawn growth. 3. The postemergence application of mecoprop, bentazon, benefin + dicamba and benefin + mecoprop was safe to bentgrasses. All the tested postemergence herbicides except simazine + atrazine did not inhibit the growth of Korean lawn grass. 4. Other postemergence herbicides mecoprop and triclopyr were excellent for the control of Echinochloa crusgalli and those except benefin and mecoprop excellent for Kummerovia striata. Digitaria sanguinalis was controlled by treating with all the tested post emergence herbicides and Cyperus amuricus controlled only by bentazon. 5. The growth rates of bentgrasses treated with simazine, lenacil and napropamide + simazine were lower than that of hand-weeded check, and those of benefin, bentazon, napropamide, napropamide + triclopyr, stomp, bensulide and triclopyr were higher than that one when applied at spring season. Korean lawn grass growth appeared to be good under application of all the tested preemergence herbicides at spring. Lanacil and bentazone showed poor control of Echinochloa crusgalli, and bensulide showed poor control of Erigeron canadensis. Also, napropamide and bentazon were not good for Kummerovia striata control. However, at the respective rates of all the tested herbicides, these three weeds were greatly controlled by 85-100% of weeding effect. 6. At the application of autumn season, bentazon, napropamide, pendimethalin, benefin, napropamide + triclopyr, bensulide and triclopyr seemed to be safe against three kinds of turfgrasses. But simazine, napropamide + simazine inhibited the growth of bentgrasses except Korean lawn grass. In terms of weed control performance, triclopyr was poor for controlling Echinochloa crusgalli and bentazon and stomp for Poa annua, napropamide, benefin and bensulide for Stellaria medico. Stellaria uliginosa and Cerastium caespitosum were well controlled by all the tested preemergence herbicides. 7. Korean lawn grass was safe when paraquat and glyphosate were treated at the dormanant season of turfgrass. These herbicides showed excellent controll of Poa annua but poor control of perennials in order of Trifolium repens < Miscanthus sinensis < Calystegia japonica < Artemisia asiatica. 8. In field test, all of 19 herbicides seemed to be safe when treated at Korean lawn grass. All of 10 preemergence herbicides were excellent for controlling annual weeds, but poor for perennial ones. All of 9 postemergence herbicides showed a excellent control for broad-leaf weeds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.8-15
• /
• 1995

The reliable measurement of metal in biological media in human body is one of critical indicators for the proper evaluation of its toxic effect on human health. Recently in Korea the necessity of quality assurance of measurement in occupational health and occupational hygiene fields brought out regulatory quality control program. Lead is often used as a standard metal for the program in both fields of occupational health and hygiene. During last 20 years lead poisoning was prevalent in Korea and still is one of main heavy metal poisoning and the capability of the measurement of blood lead is one of prerequisites for institute of specialized occupational health in Korea. Furthermore blood lead is most important indicator to evaluate lead burden of human exposure to lead and the reliable and accurate analysis is most needed whenever possible. To evaluate the extent of the interlaboratory differences of blood lead measurement in several well-known institute specialized in occupational health in Korea, authors prepared 68 blood samples from two storage battery industries and all samples were divided into samples with 2 ml. One set of 68 samples were analyzed by authors's laboratory(Soonchunhyang University Institute of Industrial Medicine: SIIM) and 40 samples of other set were analyzed by C University Institute of Industrial Medicine(CIIM) and the rest 28 samples of other set were analyzed by Japanese institute(K Occupational Health Center:KOHC). Authors also prepared test bovine samples which were obtained from Japanese Federation of Occupational Health Organization (JFOHO) for quality control. Authors selected 2 other well-known occupational health laboratories and one laboratory specialized for instrumental analysis. A total of 6 laboratories joined the interlaboratory comparison of blood lead measurement and the results obtained were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in average blood lead between SIIM and CIIM in different group of blood lead concentration, and the relative standard deviation of two laboratories was less than 3.0%. On the other hand, there was also no significant difference of average blood lead between SIIM and KOHC with relative standard deviation of 6.84% as maximum. 2. Taking less than 15% difference of mean or less than 6 ug/dl difference in below 40 ug/dl in whole blood as a criteria of agreement of measurement between two laboratories, agreement rates were 87.5%(35/40) and 78.6%(22/28) between SIIM and CIIM, SIIM and KOHC respectively. 3. The correlation of blood lead between SIIM and CIIM was 0.975 (p=0.0001) and the regression equation was SIIM = 2.19 + 0.9243 ClIM, whereas the correlation between SUM and KOHC was O.965(p=0.0001) with the equation of SIIM = 1.91 + 0.9794 KOHC. 4. Taking the reference value as a dependent variable and each of 6 laboratories's measurement value as a independent variable, the determination coefficient($R^2$) of simple regression equations of blood lead measurement for bovine test samples were very high($R^2>0.99$), and the regression coefficient(${\beta}$) was between 0.972 and 1.15 which indicated fairly good agreement of measurement results.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.22 no.4 s.28
• /
• pp.506-517
• /
• 1989

Two hundred and fifty teachers of special school (for the disabled) and 414 elementary school teachers were selected for the targets in order to compare their degrees of fatigue symptoms and to find what kind of ralationship is between subjective symptoms of fatigue and pH is the saliva. It was 30 minutes before their closing hours on April 21th, 1989 that their physical, mental and neuro-sensory symptoms and salivary pH were examined. The test results are summarized as fallows : It is observed that an interrelation between subjective fatigue and pH in their saliva shows a significant relationship between physical and neuro-sensory symptoms in a sense of statistics. The rate of subjective fatigue complained by the special teachers is higher than that by the elementary teachers. In the case of salivary pH, the special teachers' is as a whole lower than the elementary teachers'. The complain rates in each item, checked, of special teachers are generally higher than those of the elementary teachers. It is in the mental symptom related item that there are many sub-items which show significant difference. According to the average of salivary pH based on the degrees of complained symptoms shown in the pH related items, the salivary pH of the group with complained symptoms is lower than that of the group without complained symptoms. In the rate of complaints, by sex, both sexes of the special teachers show high ones, but salivary pH is low. The complain rate of mental symptoms shown by female group from the special teacher Is significantly higher(p<0.05). By age, the group in their thirties from the special teachers show the higher complain rate of mental symptoms (29.3%) and the lower salivary pH (p<0.05) than that (15.1%) of the elementary teachers belonging to the same age catagory. However, the special teachers in their forties show the lower complain rate of physical symptoms that of the elementary teachers (p<0.05). From the viewpoint of their working years, the special teachers below 14 years and elementary teachers above 15 years in their career show high complain rates. Among those who belong to the catagory of 10-14 working years, the special teachers show the higher complain rate of mental symptoms than that of their counterparts. In the case of the salivary pH, the special teachers of all working-year catagories show the higher pH than that of the elementary teachers. But there is not significantly difference. From the viewpoint of sleeping hours in the previous night of the questionaire surveyed, among those who slept for over 7 hours, the special teachers show the higher complain rate of mental symptoms with a significant difference, but the lower salivary pH than that of their counterparts. From the viewpoint of their marital status, existence of disease history, the special teachers show the higher complain rate of subjective fatigue, but the lower salivary pH than that of the elementary teachers respectively. According to the above results, the special teachers generally show the higher complain rate of subjective fatigue, the lower salivary pH, and the higher complain rate of mental symptoms. To prevent the possible accumulation of mental fatigue of the special teachers, ways and means to make use of leisure time, recreational facilities are necessarily provided. Since the degree of fatigue and salivary pH have a correlation to some extent, it is necessary that further continuous studies on the correlation between the degrees of fatigue and salivary pH should be pursued.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.29 no.4 s.55
• /
• pp.785-799
• /
• 1996

We investigated the 1,004 workers who worked in a automobile factory to study the epidemiologic characterists of dermatoses due to cutting oils. Among the workers, 667(66.4%) answered the questionaire. They are belong to 5 departments of the factory-the Engine-Work(258 workers), Gasoline engine Assembly(210), Diesel engine Assembly(96), Power train Work(86), Power train Assembly(17). We measured the oil mist concentration in air of the departments and examined the workers who had dermatologic symptoms. The results were follows; 1) Oil mist concentration ; Of all measured points(52),9 points(17.2%) exeeded $5mg/m^3$- the time-weighed PEL-and one department had a upper confidence limit(95%) higher than $5mg/m^3$. 2) Dermatologists examined 213 workers. 172 of them complained any skin symptoms at that time - itching(32.5%), papule(21.6%), scale(15.7%), vesicle(12.5%) in order. The abnormal skin site found by dermatologist were palm(29.3%), finger & nail(24.6%), forearm(16.2%), back of hand(8.4%) in order. 3) As the result of physical examination, we found that 160 workers had skin diseases. Contact dermatitis was the most common; 69 workers had contact dermatitis alone(43.1%), 11 had contact dermatitis with acne(6.9%), 10 had contact dermatitis with folliculitis(6.3%), 1 had contact dermatitis with acne & folliculitis, and 1 had contact dermatitis with abnormal pigmentation. Others were folliculitis(9 workers, 5.6%), acne(8, 5.0%), folliculitis & acne (2, 1.2%), keratosis(1, 0.6%), abnormal pigmentation (1, 0.6%), and non-specific hand eczema (47, 29.3%). 4) The prevalence of any skin diseases was 34.0 pet 100 in cutting oil users, and 13.3 per 100 in non- users. Especially, the prevalence of contact dermatitis was 23.0 per 100 in cutting oil users and 23.0 per 100 in non-users. 5) We tried patch test(standard serise, oil serise, organic solvents) on 49 patients to differentiate allergic contact dermatitis from irritant contact dermatitis and found 20 were positive. 6) In a multivariate analysis(independant=age, tenure, kinds of cutting oil), the risk of skin diseases was higher in the water-based cutting oil user and both oil user than non-user or neat oil user(odds ratio were 2.16 and 2.78, respectively). And the risk of contact dermatitis was much higher at the same groups(odds ratio were 5.16 and 6.82, respectively).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.30 no.3 s.58
• /
• pp.630-642
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the mortality risk associated with cognitive impairment among the rural elderly. The subjective of study was 558 of 'A Study on the Depression and Cognitive Impairment in the Rural Elderly' of Jung Ae Rhee and Hyang Gyun Jung's study(1993). Cognitive impairment and other social and health factors were assessed in 558 elderly rural community residents. For this study, a Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSEK) was used as a global indicator of cognitive functioning. And mortality risk factors for each cognitive impairment subgroup were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. At baseline 22.6% of the sample were mildly impaired and 14.2% were severely impaired. As the age increased, the cognitive function was more impaired. Sexual difference was existed in the cognitive function level. Also the variables such as smoking habits, physical disorders had the significant relationship with cognitive function impairment. Across a 3-year observation period the mortality rate was 8.5% for the cognitively unimpaired, 11.1% for the mildly impaired, and 16.5% for the severly impaired respendents. And the survival probability was .92 for the cognitively unimpaired, .90 for the mildly impaired, and .86 for the severly impaired respondents. Compared to survival curve for the cognitively unimpaired group, each survival curve for the mildly and the severely impaired group was not significantly different. When adjustments models were not made for the effects of other health and social covariates, each hazard ratio of death of mildly and severely impaired persons was not significantly different as compared with the cognitively unimpaired. But, as MMSEK score increased, significantly hazard ratio of death decreased. Employing Cox univariate proportional hazards model, statistically other significant variables were age, monthly income, smoking habits, physical disorders. Also when adjustments were made for the effects of other health and social covariates, there was no difference in hazard ratio of death between those with severe or mild impairment and unimpaired persons. And as MMSEK score increased, significantly hazard ratio of death did not decrease. Employing Cox multivariate proportional hazards model, statistically other significant variables were age, monthly income, physical disorders. Employing Cox multivariate proportional hazards model by sex, at men and women statistically significant variable was only age. For both men and women, also cognitive impairment was not a significant risk factor. Other investigators have found that cognitive impairment is a significant predictor of mortality. But we didn't find that it is a significant predictor of mortality. Even though the conclusions of our study were not related to cognitive impairment and mortality, early detection of impaired cognition and attention to associated health problems could improve the quality of life of these older adults and perhaps extend their survival.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.8-17
• /
• 2006

Purpose : We describe the changes of rat glomerular epithelial cells when exposed to high levels of glucose and advanced glycosylation endproducts(AGE) in the in vitro diabetic condition. We expect morphological alteration of glomerular epithelial cells and permeability changes experimentally and we may correlate the results with a mechanism of proteinuria in DM. Methods : We made 0.2 M glucose-6-phsphate solution mixed with PBS(pH 7.4) containing 50 mg/mL BSA and pretense inhibitor for preparation of AGE. As control, we used BSA. We manufactured and symbolized five culture dishes as follows; B5 - normal glucose(5 mM) + BSA, B30 - high glucose(30 mM) + BSA, A5 - normal glucose(5 mM) + AGE, A30 - high glucose(30 mM) + AGE, A/B 25 - normal glucose(5 mM) + 25 mM of mannitol(osmotic control). After the incubation period of both two days and seven days, we measured the amount of heparan sulfate proteoglycan(HSPG) in each dish by ELISA and compared them with the B5 dish at 2nd and 7th incubation days. We observed the morphological changes of epithelial cells in each culture dish using scanning electron microscopy(SEM). We tried the permeability assay of glomerular epithelial cells using cellulose semi-permeable membrane measuring the amount of filtered BSA through the apical chamber for 2 hours by sandwich ELISA. Results : On the 2nd incubation day, there was no significant difference in the amount of HSPG between the 5 culture dishes. But on the 7th incubation day, the amount of HSPG increased by 10% compared with the B5 dish on the 2nd day except the A30 dish(P<0.05). Compared with the B5 dish on the 7th day the amount of HSPG in A30 and B30 dish decreased to 77.8% and 95.3% of baseline, respectively(P>0.05). In the osmotic control group (A/B 25) no significant correlation was observed. On the SEM, we could see the separated intercellular junction and fused microvilli of glomerular epithelial cells in the culture dishes where AGE was added. The permeability of BSA increased by 19% only in the A30 dish on the 7th day compared with B5 dish on the 7th day in the permeability assay(P<0.05). Conclusion: We observed not only the role of a high level of glucose and AGE in decreasing the production of HSPG of glomerular epithelial cells in vitro, but also their additive effect. However, the role of AGE is greater than that of glucose. These results seems to correlate with the defects in charge selective barrier. Morphological changes of the disruption of intercellular junction and fused microvilli of glomerular epithelial cells seem to correlate with the defects in size-selective barrier. Therefore, we can explain the increased permeability of glomerular epithelial units in the in vitro diabetic condition.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.91-103
• /
• 1998

After the consumption of green vegetable juice by Korean increase rapidly, the ${NO_3}^-$ intake through green vegetable juice have been ignored to consider for the calculation of daily ${NO_3}^-$ intake. It is necessary to collect the basic data on the ${NO_3}^-$ content in green vegetable juice by different sorts, harvesting time and mixing rate of vegetable, manufacturers and storage conditions for the next calculation of daily ${NO_3}^-$ intake for Korean. Followings are the research results from monitoring and laboratory experiment related with ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C in green vegetable juice. The ${NO_3}^-$ content of angelica plaant(tomorrow's leaf) and kale were higher in spring than those in summer and autumm. The highest value of ${NO_3}^-$ content in tomorrow's leaf and kale were 4.85 and 2.94 times higher compare to the lowest value. The average ${NO_3}^-$ content in the midribs of tomorrow's leaf and kale were 7.5 and 2.1 times higher than those in leafblades. It indicate the green vegetable juice made from leadblade of tomorrow's leaf and kale might be better compare to those from midrib in terms of ${NO_3}^-$ content. The content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C as affected by the timecourse after juice making were decreased rapidly compare to those by storage temperature in case of carrot, kale and cucumber juice. It show the positive comelation between the content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C in carrot, kale and cucumber juice regardless of room temperature(${NO_3}^-$) or cold temperature(${NO_3}^-$). The content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C of green vegetable juice by P company were the highest among the manufactuers. The lower content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C of green vegecable juice by TW company and GB company compare to P company is due to dilution with water to produce the juice. The content of ${NO_3}^-$ of green vegetable juice which were available in market showed 143ppm in carrot juice, 506ppm in tomorrow's leaf juice, 669ppm in wild water celery juice, 985ppm in kale juice, whereas the content of vitamine C were 43ppm in carrot juice, 289ppm in wild water celery juice, 353ppm in kale juice and 768ppm in tomorrow's leaf juice. It was calculated that people take 253mg by tomorrow's leaf juice, 335mg by wild water celery juice, 483mg by kale juice if they drink 500ml of green vegetable juice perday, and it suggest to excess 1.16, 1.53 and 2.21 times respectively only by green vegetable juice consumption.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.141-150
• /
• 2006

To optimise the efficient use of nutrients in pig slurry is to cultivate friendly environmental crops. This field survey is to investigate the actual conditions of pig slurry utilization for cultivation of crops in the agricultural farm, based on the survey for 407 selected farms in 9 provinces included 78 counties in Korea. The results obtained in this survey were summarized as follow ; The motive which came to use pig slurry in the agricultural farm were production of friendly environmental crops (29.7%), economy of chemical fertilizer (25.1%), spontaneously (19.2%), inducement of neighboring farmhouse (16.0%), increase of soil fertility (9.3%), and the others (0.7%), respectively. The proportions of pig slurry application land were 56.5% for.ice paddy, 22.6% for dry field, 13.3% for orchard, 4.4% for controlled agriculture and 3.2% for other, respectively. The number of times of pig slurry utilization per year were once (48.9%), twice (31.9%), thrice (14.0%), and the others (5.2%), respectively. The controversial points of pig slurry utilization were malodor (54.1%), insufficiency of spread equipment (22.1%), inconvenience (14.5%), over application (3.4%), over cost (2.9%), heavy metal (1.7%), sanitation (1.0%) and the other (0.2%), respectively. The results indicated that pig slurry could be used as fertilizer source of friendly environmental crops, but further studies are needed to determine the application method and value of the pig slurry for crop cultivation.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.99-110
• /
• 2012

The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 1998

This experiment was conducted from May to August in 1997 to selected the wrn hybrids being suitable for silage at farm in the Kongju National University through the comparison of growth characteristics, forage yield and growth analysis about native and imported corn hybrids for silage production. In this experiment, trial design was a randomized block design with three replication, testing varieties were 4 hybrids (Suwon 19, Kwanganok, Whengsungok, Suwonok ) of native corn hybrids and 13 hybrids (P 3156, P 3352, P 3144w, DK 501, DK 689, DK 713, DK 729, H 643.99, H 545.64, H 645.12, HC 7466, H 644.18, H ALISEO) of imported corn hybrids. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The emergence rate of H643.99 was the highest with 97.0%. In rice black streaked dwarf virus(RBSOV), the hybrid of HC 7466 was lower infected with 1.6% than other hybrids. The plant hight of P 3144w was the highest with 339 cm and the stem length of P 3156 was the highest with 261 cm. In native com hybrids, the plant height and stem length of Kwanganok were recorded with 306 cm and 235 cm, respectively. 2. Leaf number and leaf area of Kwanganok were the greatest with 16 sheet per plant and $5,180\;{\textrm{m}^2}/l0a$, respectively. H 645.12 and H 545.64 had the greatest in ear to total dry matter ratio with 49.5% and 49.4%, respectively. 3. The fresh matter yield was significantly difference between growth stage, So Suwon 19 had the most level at 15 days before silking, P 3352 had the most level at silking date, Kwananok had the most level at 35 days a after silking. The fresh matter yield of native com hybrids such as Suwon 19 and Kwanganok was not apparent diffreences as compared with imported corn hybrids. 4. As the results of survey with dry weight, the quantity of dry matter accumulation were increase after silking. The varieties of P 3352, P 3156, Kwanganok, OK 713 were more quantity of dry matter production than DK 501, HC 7466. The Kwanganok of native com hybrid and Pioneer strain with high percentage of dry matter were higher dry weight than Limagrain strain. 5. HC 7466 had the largest LAR with $6.53\;{\textrm{cm}^2}/g$, H545.12 had the lowest LAR with $3.30\;{\textrm{cm}^2/g}$. P 3144 had the largest LAI, DeKalb strain including DK 713 were larger apparently than Limagrain strain including HC 7466 with 3.15. 6. The RGR of testing varieties was little difference of statistical significantly, but DK 501, and HC 7466 were lower than other corn hybrids. The CGR of native and American varieties was no apparent differences, but that of Limagrain strains were a large variation. According to the results obtained by this experiment, the eary growth such as emergence rate and RBSDV infection rate of Limagrain strains was more excellent than other strains. P 3156, P 3352, P 3144w, DK 713 and HC 7466 were suitable for silage condition such as dry matter yield, percentage of dry matter and % ear to total dry matter. The fresh and dry matter yield of native corn hybrids such as Suwon 19 and Kwanganok were not apparent differences as compared with imported corn hybrids, but percentage of dry matter was lower than other imported corn hybrids.