• 한국노년학
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.801-821
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• 2020

There are a number of prior studies on the poverty experience of Korean women, but little is known about the poverty experience of Korean elderly women in the U.S. The purpose of this study is to examine the poverty experiences of Korean elderly women who immigrated to the U. S. Qualitative case study methods were used to achieve these research objectives. Three Korean elderly women living in Oakland of California who received Supplemental Security Income (SSI) from the U.S. federal government were included in the study. The data were collected by conducting a total of six meetings per participant, and the researcher read the consent form directly to the participants and obtained a hand-written signature. The analysis and interpretation began by repeating the interview transcript several times, and the repeated keywords were to be understood in the context, focusing on time, space, and relationships with other people. The contextual understanding of Korean elderly women's experiences in poverty was interpreted in three dimensions: extending poverty in their mother country, double torture as female immigrants, and limiting labor due to aging and diseases. Before moving to the U.S., they had a difficult livelihood by farming and one of them had to live in poverty due to the bereavement to her husband. But even after moving to the U.S., they have continued to live in poverty. As female immigrants with low education and no special skills, they were incorporated into the periphery of the labor market in the industrialized U.S. and were forced to make a living with low wages. Korean elderly women were unable to return to the labor market in the surrounding areas due to aging and diseases, and were continuing their impoverished lives relying on SSI. From the findings, we discussed the role of the Korean immigrants community as a way to improve the quality of life for Korean elderly women in the U.S.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.233-260
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• 2011

This study intends to analyze the trend of employment rate of men aged 55~64 in 15 OECD countries from 1980 to 2005. Furthermore, this study means to examine the determinants of men aged 55~64 in 15 OECD countries to support the labor force participation among them. The analysis is based on the data of OECD, ILO and LIS. The analysis method is Arellano and Bond(1981)'s difference GMM which used instrumental variables by dynamic panel model which estimates state dependency of labor market participation and individual panel's heterogeneity. The main results from this analysis are summarized in three points. First, the employment rates of men aged 55~64 had decreased until the middle of the 1990s, while that has been increasing since 1995. Second, the sate dependency strongly worked in the employment rates of 55~64 men and positive period effect was observed for 1980~2005. This study cannot find the pull effect of public pension, while labor market push effect have negatively affected. Third, temporary work rates had contributed to increase the employment rate of men aged 55~64 for 1996~2005. The poverty has become the mechanism of the labor.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.301-322
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• 2013

By analyzing wave 1~11 (1998~2008) of Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS) database, this study examines the effects of household characteristics and poverty duration on poverty exit. A special concern is to decide whether the decrease of poverty exit rates comes from true duration dependency or from the sample heterogeneity as poverty duration progresses. I also analyzed how the effects of independent variables are changed when unobserved heterogeneity is controlled. The results show that duration dependency disappears after controlling observed household characteristics and unobserved individual heterogeneity. This finding confirms that the apparent relationship between poverty exit rate and poverty duration is in fact a spurious association due to the sample heterogeneity rather than true duration dependency. In addition, the effects of household characteristics on poverty exit rate become more stronger when unobserved heterogeneity is controlled. Socioeconomic factors affecting poverty exit rates are such as householders' age, education, household composition, number of family members, labor force participation, and work status.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.351-374
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• 2005

This study examines dynamics of poverty in Korea, focusing on poverty duration and its determinants. Data come from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS), 1998-2003. KLIPS is a longitudinal survey of 5,000 families and their members which are representative of urban residents in Korea. Respondents of KLIPS annually report detailed information on their income, economic activities, and other socio-economic characteristics. This study use poverty exit probabilities to generate distributions of spell lengths, following Bane and Ellwood(1986)'s methodology. This study finds a high level of poverty exit rates in Korea. About three quarters of those beginning a poverty spell exit from poverty within two years. Only 14.3 percent of all the poverty spells consist of long spells which persists five years or more. Yet, a different picture emerges when spells of the poor persons at a given time are analysed. Persistent poor occupy a considerable share of all the poor. Almost 50 percent of those who would be in poverty at a given time are in the midst of poverty spells lasting five years or more. When repeat spells of poverty are also included in the analyses, the proportion of long-term poor increases further. 63 percent of persons poor at a given time are long-termers. The majority of long-term poor are members of families headed by the aged. They show both a low level of poverty exit rates and a high level of reentry rates, and thus are most likely to experience long-term poverty. In the first place, they occupy a substantial share of all the poor. The second who are likely to be poor longer is members of families headed by non-aged women. Researchers have recentlty paid much attention to the working poor who have increased since the economic crisis in 1997. Yet, it is very likely that families headed by non-aged male who largely consist of the working poor temporarily experience poverty. Findings for this study suggest that further studies and policy proposals addressing persistent poverty are necessary.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.5-27
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• 2004

This study estimates the role of public and private income transfer to the income status of women who experienced marital disruption. In detail, this study estimates five major subjects (1) women's socioeconomic background, (2) income and poverty status, (3) family income composition, (4) the anti-poverty effect of public and private income transfers, and (5) factors associated with women's poverty status. Major findings of the study are as follows: First, women's socioeconomic characteristics, income status, and poverty status are different according to what types of marital disruption (separation, divorce, death of spouse) they experienced. Second, the role of public and private income transfers to reduce women's poverty are also different according to their marital status. Third, widow's working condition and the level of public assistance are significantly associated with the poverty status of widow.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.85-106
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• 2009

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the structural determinants of regional variations of poverty in Korea. Poverty rates and independent variables in Seoul, 6 other metropolitan areas, and 8 provinces except Jejudo from the year of 1998 through 2006 were pooled as unit of analysis. The pooled cross-sectional time-series regression(TSCSREG) using SAS program was adapted for the analysis. As a result of the analysis, absolute poverty and relative poverty of Gangwondo and Chungcheongnamdo were relatively higher, and that of Seoul and Ulsan metropolitan area were lower than other areas. And, the increase of financial self-reliance, social welfare expenditure, rate of standard workers, and rate of workers in manufacturing sector were associated with lower poverty rates. Therefore, place-based policies should be considered as another poverty-fighting tool in conjunction with people-based policies.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.61-87
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• 2013

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the quality of life of poor women. This study utilized data combined KLIPS with Time Use Survey for an analysis and analyzed time at the intersection of the class and gender. With discretionary time as center, this study investigated poverty status from the quality of life. And in order to make comparison more clearly, object was classified into 4 groups; non-poor male, poor male, non-poor female and poor female. Study results are as follows; First of all, poor women had the shortest discretionary time among all the groups and also had highest poverty rate of living quality. And this study found that deprivation of non-poor female headed householder is serious. Second, analysis of inequality level between and within groups through Theil index indicated that gender influence in poor strata was 3 times higher than that of non-poor strata. This study found that poor women experienced mixed exclusion at the point where gender and class crossed. And this study also has a meaning that an empirical analysis was conducted through above matters on secondary poverty and hidden poverty of poor women which existing researches were unable to discover.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.119-141
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• 2006

This study aims to explore the status and characteristics of the working poor and to identify the major determinants of their statistic status. For this, longitudinal panel data (from 2nd wave(1999) data to 7th wave(2004) data) from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS), is used. The data is analyzed by adopting Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model (HGLM), which is known as an app.opriate data analysis method for the hierarchically structured data, to look at the factors that affect on the poverty status of the working people. The results show that 1) it is estimated that about 1 out of 10 working people (about 10.0%) are poor, and 2) sex, education level, marital status, region where they lives, employment status, occupation type, and industry type that they are working at are significant predictors in determining their poverty status. Unlike the results of the previous studies, however, the number of the household member, age are not influenced on their poverty status. Based on these results, several policy implications are presented at the end of this paper.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.243-278
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• 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to understand the process of the poverty exit across generations through the live experience based on the grounded theory analysis of the in-depth interview. We find that poverty means a lack of achievement and freedom of agency that is a level of control about resource and situation. So exit of poverty across generations is the state that is not only to achieve functioning but also to recover capabilities. Based on this result, central phenomena of the intergenerational exit process of poverty are support from relation and continuous transition at each stage in life. Even if this central phenomenon is an important event, it has the incomplete attribute. Because support from relation is beyond individual scope of control and participants can't escape second labor market as they don't have enough time in the process of transition. Therefore, this paper suggests that the expansion of state welfare and strategy should support transition as policy priorities to minimize limitation of relation and risk of income loss.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.71-91
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• 2004

The National Basic Livelihood Security System implemented from October 2000 has expanded cash assistance to cover the poor households that have work ability. The cash assistance for the households with work ability has positive aspects of providing basic livelihood security for all people, but many people have worried about its negative aspects such as the decrease of labor supply among the low-income people with work ability. However, there has been few study that evaluated the effects of the NBLS implementation on labor supply. One of the reason for this may be related with the difficulty of research methodology that there were neither program group nor control group, because NBLS was implemented for all the people at the same time. This study suggests alternative program groups and control groups based on work ability and education. Using wave1 to wave5 data of the Korean Labor and Income Survey, this study estimated the effects of the NBLS implementation on employment and work hours. A difference-in-difference approach was applied to these alternative program and control groups. I found that the implementation of NBLS did not have any statistically significant effects on employment an work hours. It is too early to conclude from this result that cash assistance for the poor households with work ability does not induce any labor supply decrease in Korea. Rather, I interpret this result as reflecting that the NBLS system was too limited to induce any sizable decrease of labor supply or that the work requirement imposed on the recipients with work ability was effective in deterring work disincentive among the low-income population. Future research need to explore better program and control groups and investigate long-term effects.