• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 2014

In order to prepare for recapitalization of differential GNSS (DGNSS) reference station and integrity monitor (RSIM) due to GNSS diversification, this paper focuses on differential correction algorithm using GPS/Galileo pesudorange. The technical standards on operation and broadcast of DGNSS RSIM are described as operation of differential GPS (DGPS) RSIM for conversion of DGNSS RSIM. Usually, in order to get the differential corrections of GNSS pesudorange, the system must know the real positions of satellites and user. Therefore, for calculating the position of Galileo satellites correctly, using the equation for calculating the SV position in Galileo ICD (Interface Control Document), it estimates the SV position based on Ephemeris data obtained from user receiver, and calculates the clock offset of satellite and user receiver, system time offset between GPS and Galileo, then determines the pseudorange corrections of GPS/Galileo. Based on a platform for performance verification connected with GPS/Galileo integrated signal simulator, it compared the PRC (pseudorange correction) errors of GPS and Galileo, analyzed the position errors of DGPS, DGalileo, and DGPS/DGalileo respectively. The proposed method was evaluated according to PRC errors and position accuracy at the simulation platform. When using the DGPS/DGalileo corrections, this paper could confirm that the results met the performance requirements of the RTCM.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.225-240
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• 1976

This study deals with the flow of bed rock ground water of Banyaweol Formation, which is presently cleared up as a laminar flow. The result obtained may be summarized as the following. 1) The Banyaweol Formation consists mainly of thin-bedded, green to blackish green shale, mudstone, and marl. The marl and mudstone alternatively occur with shale. The marl and mudstone form a aquifer of Banyaweol Formation. In this study, a group of aquifer is in convenience named as a aquifer zone. The aquifer occurs in lenticular form. The aquifer seems to be a type of artesian aquifer because it is covered with aquicludes, but it actually forms a unconfined aquifer because its piezometric surface stays under the lower aquiclude. The lowering of piezometric level is formed because of leakage of the ground water to the lower aquifer undersaturated. 2) The coefficient of permeability of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body (K) is derived by using Dupuit's equation as the following ${\log}K=\frac{CK^2-dK+f}{aK-b}\;\(M=1.365(2H-s)s\\M={\log}1.956s{\sqrt{H}}r\)$ here, $$a=\sum_{1}M_iG_i$$ $$b={\frac{1}{2}log{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}$$ $$c=2{\sum_{i}}M_i{^2}$$ $$d=loge{\sum_{i}}M_{i}Q_{i}+2{{\sum_{i}}N_{i}Q_{i}$$ $$f=loge{\sum_{i}}Q_i{^2}N_i$$ If the measured values substituted for the above equation, the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 4.1m/day. The coefficient of storge of the aquifer is $2.8{\times}10^{-4}$ if the measured values substituted for Theis's equation. Using the above constants, the filtration velocity of the aquifer is $2.1{\times}1O^{-1}m/day$and the daily flow quantity of the ground water is $847.38m^{3}/day$. 3) In order to understand the time necessary for a circulation of ground water body, the contents of tritum contained in the ground water are measured as 2.3 T.U. at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Before 1952, the average concentration of tritium per year in groundwater was reported as 10T. u., taking it as the standard, the groundwater of the present study 26.25 years old. Therofore, the groundwater of the Banyaweol Formation is judged as an relatively old groundwater. It is characteristic that the ground water of Banyawol Formation is laminar flow as well as unconfined aquifer and ground water flow of relatively long time. 4) The nature, means of flow, and circulation of Banyaweol Formation's ground water body make it possible set up this ground water body as a ground water system.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.388-404
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• 2017

The Union of Kansai Governments of Japan is regarded as a bench marking for the successful cooperation, alliance, and cooperation of neighboring local governments. The Union of Kansai Governments was a realization several active plan of the Kansai Economic Federation. The purpose of this study is to examine the roles of the Kansai Economic Federation in the process for establishment of the Union of Kansai Governments, searching for theoretical implications for the inter-municipal cooperation of Gwangyand Bay in South Korea. In particular, this study review the activities and roles of the Kansai Economic Federation in relation with the establishment of a number of promotional organizations and governance systems. We played special attention to the three important factors carried out by the Kansai Economic Federation, that is, the contineous activities, the accumulated research results, and establishment of various promotion organizations and effective governance systems. We suggest, in conclusion, that these three factors would also have very important policy implications for the discussion of inter-municipal cooperation among three cities, Yeosu, Suncheon, and Gwangyang.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.477-482
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• 2015

This study examined the adsorption characteristics of heavy metal ions ($Cr^{6+}$, $As^{3+}$) in an aqueous solution using recycled aggregate (RA) and recycled aggregate (RA)/steel slag (SS) composites. The RA and SS are favorable for the absorbent because it contains about 91% and 86.9%, respectively, which are some of the major adsorbent ingredients (CaO, $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$) for heavy metal. Kinetic equilibrium of $Cr^{6+}$ and $As^{3+}$ in RA and RA/SS composites reached within 180 min and 360 min, respectively. The kinetic data presented that the slow course of adsorption follows the Pseudo first and second order models. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Freundlich model and showed the affinity order of $As^{3+}$ > $Cr^{6+}$. The results of $As^{3+}$ also showed that the adsorption capacity slightly increased with increasing pH from 6 to 10. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of $Cr^{6+}$ was slightly decreased. From these results, it was concluded that the RA and RA/SS composites can be successfully used for removing the heavy metals ($Cr^{6+}$ and $As^{3+}$) from aqueous solutions.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2016

Tolaasin is a pore-forming peptide toxin produced by Pseudomonas tolaasii and causes a brown blotch disease by disrupting membrane structures of cultivated mushrooms. The mechanism and characteristics of tolaasin pore formation are not known in detail; however, tolaasin pores have been demonstrated in the artificial lipid bilayer. Since the tolaasin pore appeared less frequently and unstable in lipid bilayer, a mismatch between the length of tolaasin pore and the thickness of lipid membrane had been suggested. Therefore, tolaasin-induced hemolyses were measured by the additions of phospholipids composed of various fatty acids with different carbon numbers. When phosphatidylethanolamines made with two decanoic acids (C10:0, 1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DDPE), myristic acids (C14:0, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), and stearic acids (C18:0, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) were added to the buffer containing RBCs and tolaasin peptides, DDPE facilitated the tolaasin-induced hemolysis while the other two phospholipids showed no effects. At various concentrations of DDPE, the tolaasin-induced hemolysis was stimulated as a dose-dependent manner. The phospholipids composed of mediumchain fatty acids stabilize the tolaasin pore probably by binding between the pore structure and membrane phospholipids and making the membrane thickness thinner around the pore. These results showed that tolaasin molecules make more stable pores in the membrane made with phospholipids composed of medium length fatty acids, suggesting that the length of tolaasin pore is a little shorter than the thickness of RBC membrane.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.98-109
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• 1978

The study was carried out for 101 establishments in Kyong-In areas to evaluate the industrial health management status utilizing the scoring method by Webb's model during the period from 1 September to October 30, 1977. To compare the results, reevaluation was made with the 45 questions' model prepared by 6 Korean professionals who were specialized in industrial health fields. The results were as follows: 1. The mean rate of affirmative answers for 101 establishments was 51.6%. The mean weighted score rate of affirmative answers was 52.3%. 2. The mean rate of affirmative answers on components of the philosophy and facility resource for 101 establishments was higher than that of average rate. The mean rate of affirmative answers on components of the health evaluation and health management among the health service program was lower than that of average rate. 3. The mean rate of affirmative answers on components was highter among the establishments with more than 500 employees. The mean rate of affirmative answers of chemical establishment was lower than that of others. 4. The mean rate of affirmative answers on 45 questions' model for 101 establishments were 67.1%. The mean weighted score rate of affirmative answers was 70.0%. 5. In case of 45 questions' model, the mean rate of affirmative answers on components of philosophy and treatment was higher than that of average rate and the mean rate of affirmative answers on components of the facility resource and the health evaluation was lower than that of average rate. 6. The mean rate of affirmative answers of the 45 Questions' model was higher than that of Webb's model in size and class of 101 establishments. Author concluded that Webb's model must be suitable for evaluating higher conditions of occupational health management than is presently used in Korean establishments. According to the results, however, there were no significant differences between Webb's model and the 45 questions' model. So it could be used to evaluate Occupational Health Program. For this objective, in Korean occupational situations, further study also must be made comprehensively thereafter.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2009

The bacterial toxin, tolaasin, causes brown blotch disease on the cultivated mushrooms by collapsing fungal and fruiting body structure of mushroom. Cytotoxicity of tolaasin was evaluated by measuring hemolytic activity because tolaasins form membrane pores on the red blood cells and destroy cell structure. While we investigated the inhibitions of hemolytic activity of tolaasin by $Zn^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$, we found that $Ni^{2+}$ is another antagonist to block the toxicity of tolaasin. $Ni^{2+}$ inhibited the tolaasin-induced hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner and its Ki value was $\sim10$ mM, implying that the inhibitory effect of $Ni^{2+}$ is stronger than that of $Cd^{2+}$. The hemolytic activity was completely inhibited by $Ni^{2+}$ at the concentration higher than 50 mM. The effect of $Ni^{2+}$ was reversible since it was removed by the addition of EDTA. When the tolaasin-induced hemolysis was suppressed by the addition of 20 mM $Ni^{2+}$, the subsequent addition of EDIA immediately initiated the hemolysis. Although the mechanism of $Ni^{2+}$ -induced inhibition on tolaasin toxicity is not known, $Ni^{2+}$ could inhibit any of fallowing processes of tolaasin action, membrane binding, molecular multimerization, pore formation, and massive ion transport through the membrane pore. Our results indicate that $Ni^{2+}$ inhibits the pore activity of tolaasin, the last step of the toxic process.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.281-295
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the residents' perceptions and assessments of impacts of the EXPO 2012 Yeosu Korea, hosted from May 15 to August 15, 2012. Residents of Yeosu area, in general, assessed the impacts of the EXPO highly positively and showed as a high degree of satisfaction. They evaluated the urban development effects of the EXPO as a 3.61 point in a 5 point scale and a total degree of satisfaction of 65.2%. In terms of perception and satisfaction index, it showed that 79.4% of an improvement of transportation infrastructure, 72.1% of an urban environmental improvement, 70.4% of an increase in visiting tourists, 69.0% of a raising of self-esteem as Yeosu citizens, 67.8% of an improvement of city's image, 66.2% of an enhancement of inner city transportation infrastructure, 60.5% of an enhancement of infrastructure of tourism, 51.3% of an local economy vitaliation, and 49.7% of a globalization effect in order. In conclusion, through the hosting of the EXPO 2012 Yeosu Korea, residents of Yeosu area assessed, the urban development in transportation infrastructure was moved advanced by eleven years and the residential environment improvement by eight years.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1992

Rock mass having discontinuous plane almost appear roughness which have a great effect on shear strength. Rocks of studied object choose granites (15 samples), gneisses (7 samples), and andesites (1 sample). The purpose of this study was to clarify shear strength of discontinuous planes as value of shear strength angle (${\Phi}_p$), critical stress of roughness (${\sigma}_r$) and shear failure strength (${\tau}_o$). 1. Roughness decrease from ${\Phi}_i=38.03^{\circ}$ to $33.21^{\circ}$ that is, friction angle has the highest value at first stage and has the lowest value at the last stage. 2. Critical angle of roughness distribution within $45^{\circ}$ (test max. $angle=43^{\circ}$), JRC(Joint Roughness Coefficient) is less than 14 and lies distribution range of boundary is following: $JRC=-4.63Ln{\sigma}n+5.63$. 3. When the roughness critical stress(${\sigma}_T) is from 0.1 to 3 .56Mpa, shear failure strength of roughness (${\tau}_o$) is from 0.01 to 0.46Mpa, shear strength(${\tau}$) of discontinuous plane is from 3.65 to 39.11 Mpa. If loading is higher than these values, collapse and sliding will occur on the rock mass.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.173-200
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• 1992

The quality of groundwater in the central part of Taegu City is influenced by upstreams of Sin-stream and Beomeo-stream because the stream waters are main source of the groundwater, and chemical composition of the upstream waters has close relationship with andesite and monzonite in the igneous rock terrain. The pH of upstreams are weak acid ~ neutral in the igneous rock area and weak alkaline in the sedimentary rock area. Contents of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ in the streams are apparently high, and $Na^{+}$ content is only slightly high in the sedimentary rock area. But $K^{+}$ content is lower in the Panyaweol formation area than in the monzonite area. The contents of heavy metals and $N0_3^{-}$ are also higher in the sedimentary rock area of residential sections and industrial complexes than those in the igneous rock area. The groundwater is contaminated in comparison to the upstream water of the igneous rock areas, and there are some differences in pollution level between the Panyaweol formation area of residential sections and the Haman formation area of industrial complexes. K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, $SO_4$ and $NO_3$ contents in the Haman formation area are relatively higher than those in the Panyaweol formation area. But pH is nearly equal in the two areas. The content of heavy metal ions is still lower than the drinking water standard of Korea and only slightly differs in the two sedimentary rock areas. But the groundwater in the Haman formation area is considerably contaminated by Kongdanstream and Dalseo-stream.