• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2004

Design textbooks for general education bring our attention to the education of design as a part of whole education. In this vein, this thesis tried to analyze and discuss on the current status of design education contents included in the 7th educational curriculum of the Art & Life. This study had a historical review of the contents of arts education as well as a review of theoretical contents in art education. Also this thesis analyzed five types of Art & Life text books currently used at high schools with weight given to the design and to the status of pictorial coverage in the text books. Finally, the thesis presented problems of design education through a comparative analysis of high school arts education and design education. Through the analysis, inequality of design contents in education was reported. It was clearly attributable to the backgrounds of text book writers. For example, authors with graphic design backgrounds tended to lack product and environment design concepts, while hand craft section of text books all showed a biased contents towards traditional Korean arts. In the analysis of pictorial coverage, similar to the composition of academic contents, coverage was concentrated in the graphic design areas; inequality in quantity of pictures found with a ratio of 1 to 4. In terms of areas of arts, design contents in text books were concentrated only in arts creation chapters among the 3 major areas of arts appreciation, understanding, and creation. Design education is attained in an atmosphere of creativity and the provision of ample teaching material. It is because diverse contents will generate the development of arts. When compared to design education curriculum of U.S. and Japan, these creativity put their focus of design education in the understanding and emotional contacts, so that every application is easily attained. In terms of expression learning, creativity and diversity of material are emphasized. From Kindergarten to middle, and high school periods, apparently the care contents of deign is emphasized. A textbook in the 7th education curriculum is one of the sources for education. In designing text books, learning process should be emphasized following subjects and natures of arts so that creativity can be achieved. Therefore, a systematic approach for design research and educational development for material would be needed in textbook design.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2012

Ultrasound measures of back fat thickness (UBF), eye muscle area (UEMA) and marbling score (UMS) and carcass measures of carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BF), eye muscle area (EMA) and marbling score (MS) were available on 26,129 Hanwoo steers. Statistically significant differences by regions of the farms location and birth years-seasons for the steers taken ultrasound measures and their carcass measures (p<0.01) were found. Steers in Gyeonggi province showed the highest values in ultrasound measures and carcass traits except in BF compared to steers in the other provinces. Comparing between ultrasound and carcass measures, UBF was thicker in general than BF in all regions except in Daejeon city. UEMA was higher than EMA in all regions except in Gyeonggior in Jeju provinces. Especially, the difference in Jeonnam province between UEMA and EMA was $7cm^2$ while the differences between UMS and MS ranged from 0.9 to 2.26 depending on the regions of steers located. Steers born in spring showed greater ultrasound or carcass values than those born in autumn. However, carcass measures of steers born in autumn were greater than those born in spring, 2009 except MS. The pearson and residual correlations were 0.63 and 0.65 between UBF and BF, 0.31 and 0.32 between UEMA and EMA and 0.56 and 0.56 between UMS and MS, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2000

Objective of research is obtain fundamental data of carbonized wood wastes for soil condition, de-ordorization, absorption of water, carrier for microbial activity, and purifying agent for water quality of river. The carbonization technique and the properties of carbonized wood wastes(wood-based materials) were analyzed. Proximate analysis showed the wood-based materials contains 0.37~2.27% ash, 70~74% volatile matter, and 17~20% fixed carbon. As carbonization temperature was increased, the charcoal yield was decreased. However, no difference in charcoal yield was found due to time increase. The specific gravity after the carbonization decreased about 30~40% comparing to green wood. The charcoal had 1.08~4.18% ash, 5.88~13.79% volatile matter, and 80.15~90.94% fixed carbon. The pH of plywood and particleboard(pH 9 at $400^{\circ}C$, pH 10 at $600^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$) made charcoals was higher than that of fiberboard. The water-retention capacity was not affected by the carbonization temperature and time. The water-retention capacity within 24h was about 2~2.5 times of sample weight, and the Equilibrium moisture content(EMC) became 2~10% after 24h. EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees were 9.40~11.82%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 90%), 6.87~7.61%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 65%), and 1.69~2.81%($20^{\circ}C$, RH 25%). EMC of charcoal from the wood-based materials under $20^{\circ}C$, relative humidity(RH) 90% was similar to EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees(9~11 %). However, under $20^{\circ}C$, RH 25.65%, EMC of charcoal from the wood-based materials were higher(2~3%) than EMC of charcoal from the thinned trees. Every charcoal from the wood-based materials fulfilled the criteria in JWWA K 113-1947.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.456-461
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of topophysis, and uniting method of rootstock and scion on rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated cut rose ($Rosa$ $hybrida$ Hort.) in an effort to develop an efficient stenting propagation method for domestic rose cultivars. Four cultivars used in this study were two standard type cultivars 'Sweet Yellow' and 'Hanmaum', and two spray type cultivars 'Chelsi' and 'May'. Scions were grafted on cuttings of a rootstock $Rosa$ $indica$ 'Major'. The stenting-propagated scion-rootstock unions were planted in rockwool cubes ($50{\times}50{\times}50mm$, Delta, Grodan, Denmark) and were placed in a graft-take chamber for five days before being placed on misted greenhouse beds. The rootstock was removed of all leaves and nodes. Both the base of scions and top of stocks were simultaneously cut at a $45^{\circ}$ angle for grafting. Scions were prepared as single node cuttings, each with a five-leaflet leaf. Three positions of topophysis used were 7-9th (top), 4-6th (middle), and 1st-3rd (bottom) nodes from the stem base. Four uniting materials used were tube, tube + parafilm wrap, tube + clothespin, and clothespin. Rooting and growth were affected by the topophysis and cultivar. The best topophysis for rooting was 7-9th (top) nodes in all cultivars. Topophysis affected percent rooting, and number of roots, length of the longest root, and but not weight, shoot length and graft-take. Rooting and growth were affected by the uniting method and cultivar. Tube uniting method generally showed higher percentage graft-take, percent rooting, and number of roots than other methods. However, rootstock and scion union was not complete in this treatment. On the whole, the greatest rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated plants were found in the tube + clothespin method. Except 'Sweet Yellow', rooting and growth were not adequate in the clothespin method. The results suggested that a tube + clothespin method was the most effective, and this method may be used as a substitute to save labor compared to a tube + parafilm wrap method which is currently being used in commercial nurseries.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 2010

Sulforaphane (SFN) and total phenolics (TPC) contents and antioxidant activity (AA) were analyzed from 13 radish genotypes (Rhaphanus sativus L.), cultivated at 3 locations with different altitudes (Gangneung: asl 5 m, Jinbu: asl 550 m, and Daegwallyeong: asl 750 m). SFN varied greatly from 0.1 to $120.5{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ in dry weight test and was significantly affected by location ($P{\leq}0.001$), genotype ($P{\leq}0.001$) and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction ($P{\leq}0.01$). Radishes, cultivated at Daegwallyeong site, showed higher SFN than those of other locations. Among different genotypes, the root of 'Black radish' and leaves of 'Purunmu' of Daegwallyeong had the highest SFN (107.8 and $120.5{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively). TPC in root was affected by genotype ($P{\leq}0.001$), and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction ($P{\leq}0.01$), but not by location. In leaves, TPC was affected by location ($P{\leq}0.01$), genotype ($P{\leq}0.001$), and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction ($P{\leq}0.001$). AA expressed as electron donating ability was significantly influenced by location, genotype and $location{\times}genotype$ interaction and correlated positively with TPC ($Pearson's$ $r$=0.897) in root. These results suggest that radish could be a good source of functional food and high altitude location such as Daegwallyeong has potential for the production of radish with high content of health promoting factors.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.423-428
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• 2010

The quality change of musk melons, divided into ripened (90 days) and over-ripened (92 days) set by the formal day maturing melons, was investigated during marketing period at both 10 and $25^{\circ}C$. The rate of weight loss was increased in all samples as the storage period passed and greater in ripened melons than over-ripened melon. The hardness decreased in both well and over-ripened melon as the storage period passed. Furthermore, changes in hardness were prevented in fruit stored at $10^{\circ}C$ compared to fruit stored at $25^{\circ}C$. Immediately after harvest, the solid solubility of over-ripened melon was 14.6%, while that of ripened fruit was 12.8%. The respiration rate of both well and over-ripened melon increased temporarily when stored at $25^{\circ}C$, which is characteristic of climacteric fruits during the first day of storage; however, no change in respiration rate was observed in fruit stored at $10^{\circ}C$. When sensory evaluation was conducted, there were no differences observed in flavor and taste among samples. However, with the exception of over-ripened melon, the texture of all samples increased significantly with storage time when melon was stored at $25^{\circ}C$. The score of overall acceptability remained high for 12 days in both well and over-ripened melon, while that of ripened melon stored at $10^{\circ}C$ and over-ripened melon stored $25^{\circ}C$ remained high for 7 and 5 days, respectively (p<0.05).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2013

Recent unusual weather due to global warming causes shortage of daily sunlight and constitutes one of the primary reasons for agricultural damages. LED light sources are frequently utilized to compensate for the shortage of sunlight in greenhouse agriculture. The present study is aimed at evaluating formations of phytochemicals as well as growth characteristics of mature strawberry fruits ('Daewang' cultivar) during cultivation in a closed growth chamber equipped with artificial LED light as a sole light source. Each LED light of blue (448 nm), red (634 and 661 nm) or mixed blue plus red (blue:red = 3:7) was separately supplied and the intensity of each light was adjusted to $200{\pm}1{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at plant level with a photoperiod consisted of 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness. Strawberries grown under mixed LED light of blue and red wavelengths showed a higher production of fruits than those grown under other LED treatments. Fructose, one of the free sugars, increased in mixed LED light-grown fruits. Anthocyanin contents were elevated remarkably in the mixed LED light-grown fruits compared with those in other LED treatments. Contrastingly, contents of total phenolics and flavonoids were not of much different from one another among the fruits treated with various LED lights. On the other hand, ripening of strawberry fruits was found to be faster when grown under blue LED light compared with other LED treatments. Moreover, antioxidant activities of blue or red LED light-grown fruits, respectively, were significantly higher than those of mixed LED light-grown fruits. We suggest that when daylight is in shortage during cultivation in a greenhouse, supplementation of sunlight with LED light, which is composed of blue and red wavelengths, could be useful for the enhancement of productivity as well as of free sugar content in strawberry fruits. In addition, for the strawberry culture in the plant factory, selective adoption of LED light wavelength would be required to accomplish the purpose of controlling fruit maturation time as well as of enhancing contents of sugars and antioxidants of fruits.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2013

Relationships among climate changes, early frost, and fruit growth were studied during the final month to harvest of late-maturing 'Fuyu' persimmon (Diospyros kaki) to assess the changes in fruit characteristics during this critical period. The heavy frost on Nov. 16 defoliated more than 70% of the leaves, but with little damage on the fruits. However, all the leaves were defoliated by the heavy frost on Nov. 20, and all the fruits were cold-damaged by $-3.3^{\circ}C$ on Nov. 21. Fruit weight increased by 8-25 g per week from Oct. 25 (142 days after full bloom) to Nov. 15, reaching to 250 g, but it decreased by 3-4 g per week after the frost. Hunter a value of fruit skin gradually increased until the last harvest on Nov. 29 with a temporary halt in early Nov. when temperature was high, whereas fruit firmness rapidly decreased after the frost on Nov. 21. Fruit soluble solids were $15.7-16.1^{\circ}Brix$ for the final month. When some branches were covered with non-woven fabrics to avoid direct contact with frost, the fruits on the branches were not visually damaged by the low temperature although 40-60% of their leaves were defoliated on Nov. 16. However, low temperature on Nov. 20 and 21 defoliated all the leaves, causing cold damage on the fruits. There was a highly significant correlation between the fruit diameter and its weight ($R^2$ = 0.73-0.91). So, the regression equations could be used to estimate weight from diameter of the fruits sampled from the branches with the non-woven fabrics. The calculated fruit weight reached to a maximum of 240 g on Nov. 15. Daily increases in fruit weight were 1.1-2.5 g from Oct. 25 to 31, 1.9-3.5 g from Oct. 31 to Nov. 7, and 1.4-1.6 g from Nov. 7 to 12. However, fruit weight decreased by 0.3-1 g per day after the cold damage on Nov. 21. The results indicate that the most appropriate harvest time could be dependent on relationship of fruit growth to climate.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of flower and fruit thinning agents on fruit set and harvested fruit quality attributes in 'Gamhong' apples. Lime sulfur, MaxCel (1.9% BA), and Fruitone (3.5% NAA) were applied either at post-bloom or fruitlet stages to mature 'Gamhong/M.9' trees. In 2011, the numbers of fruits per cluster in terminal flowers were 1.74, 0.82, and 1.15 for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (applied at 10-mm fruit stage) treatments, respectively. The percentages of single fruit per cluster were 36.0, 47.9, and 48.7% for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (10 mm) treatments, respectively, while the percentages of clusters with three fruits per cluster were 22.9, 1.4, and 5.8%. In lateral flowers, fruit numbers per cluster were 1.20, 0.36, and 0.50 for the control, lime sulfur, and Maxcel (10 mm) treatments, respectively. In 2012, all the thinning treatments showed a positive effect on flower and fruit thinning, compared with the control. Moreover, the treatment with thinning agents did not affect fruit quality. Overall, the results suggest that a single application of flower or fruit thinning agents would be sufficient, rather than the mixed application of thinning agents, based on the observed decrease in fruit setting.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.687-696
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• 2015

Black mini tomato 'Hei-G' fruits were harvested at different stages of maturity (immature-mature green and mature-black red) and stored at different temperatures (8, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$) to investigate the quality and lycopene content during storage. Weight loss increased dramatically at higher temperature for both harvesting stages without significant differences. Firmness of immature fruits decreased below the initial level of mature fruit (8.1N) after 5, 8, and 19 days storage, when they were stored at 20, 12, and $8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soluble solid contents of mature fruit increased at initial storage, and were higher as compared to immature fruits before deterioration at each storage temperature. Decrease in titratable acid of mature fruits depended on storage time and temperature. However, titratable acid of immature fruits showed little change during storage, and so it did not affect flavor. Hunter a value changed greatly in immature fruit stored at high temperature. Unlike ripe tomatoes, there was no significant difference in black tomato Hunter b values of immature and mature fruit at initial and 12 days storage. However, immature fruits stored at $8^{\circ}C$ did not reach full maturity and color development and ripening. High storage temperature increased lycopene production while low storage temperature blocked lycopene development. Shelf life of the immature fruits, which was evaluated by elapsed days to conventional mature stage, was 12 and 15 days when they were stored at 20 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimum storage temperature to maintain the quality and lycopene content of mature fruits was $12^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the shelf life of mature fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ could reach up to 5 days.