• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.231-276
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• 2019

This paper analyzed the impact of the penetration of EV(electric vehicle) and FCEV(fuel cell electric vehicle) into the automobile industry, using a static CGE approach. There are contrasting view on the economic impact of EV/FCEV penetration: negative economic impact due to shrunken intermediate inputs versus positive impact because of input saving technical progress. Regarding environment, there is no clear consensus whether EV or FCEV will contribute to the reduction of $CO_2$ emissions in Korea. This study attempts to provide an answer to these questions. By giving shocks to the input coefficients of automobile industries and automobile using sectors, as well as to the final demands for energies. we integrated the Bass diffusion model into the CGE framework, The result suggests that the EV penetration has adverse impact on the $CO_2$ emission while the FCEV penetration has positive impact. On the other hand, both EV and FCEV have positive impacts on GDP. When considering automobile manufacturing sectors only, adverse impacts on $CO_2$ are demonstrated both for EV and FCEV. However, since the size of $CO_2$ increase is small, these results does not alter the overall effects.

• Maritime Security
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.45-72
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• 2021

North Korea's cyber capabilities represent a relatively new threat to global financial institutions and foreign governments, particularly the U.S and South Korean governments. Based primarily on publicly available sources, such as journalistic accounts and scholarly publications, this qualitative paper analyzes the ways in which North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has bolstered his country's asymmetric power and advanced his line of byungjin (dual development in the economy and military). Particularly by merging the cyber and maritime domains, North Korean operatives generate more revenue for the regime and helps keep the heavily sanctioned leadership in power. Despite the increased international attention to North Korean hackers, few analysts have examined the important role of cyber in the DPRK's internal political culture, specifically in advancing Kim Jong Un's byungjin line. Cyber fits into the DPRK's longstanding tradition of irregular warfare and guerilla-based armed struggle. Cyber also further advances Kim's personal reputation in the DPRK as an economic innovator and military strategist. This paper pays particular attention to the role of the DPRK's cyber operations in both ideological and maritime contexts. Recently, North Korean hackers have targeted South Korean shipbuilding industries and developed a blockchain scam, known as Marine Chain. North Korean cyber agents have increasingly paid attention to the nexus of cyber and maritime domains in their activities.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.289-309
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• 2023

While South Korea's universal healthcare system has garnered attention in public health, the issue of inequality in healthcare service provision among different age groups has incessantly become a significant concern. The focus of this concern is primarily on essential healthcare services, encompassing fundamental aspects of healthcare such as internal medicine, family medicine, and pediatric and adolescent care. This inequality is not limited to differences among age groups (both junior and senior demographics) but also extends to potential disparities in healthcare services based on geographic location, particularly in urban and rural contexts. This paper aims to investigate disparities in primary healthcare service resources in South Korea's evolving economic landscape between 1995 and 2021. We utilize a set of inequality indices with a spatial perspective through geographic cluster analysis. The findings reveal that concerns about inequality have been amplified during various economic events, including the IMF crisis in 1999, the global financial crisis in 2008, and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. These years are identified as significant phases that have contributed to manifesting spatial disparities in primary healthcare provisions, with a particular emphasis on the senior-aged population rather than junior or all population groups. Our findings underscore the pressing need to address the unequal distribution of essential healthcare resources as part of preparedness for potential economic impacts, requiring a comprehensive consideration of the interconnected nature of demographic and spatial dimensions in healthcare services.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.569-592
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• 2018

This study purported to investigate the current state of human rights of older adults residing in rural areas of Korea. The study utilized, as an analytic framework, 4 priority directions (1. "older persons and development", 2. "rural area development", 3. "advancing health and well-being into old age", and 4. "ensuring enabling and supportive environments") with 13 task actions recommended by Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA). Furthermore, the study examined gender differences in all items included in the analytic framework. Data was collected by the face-to-face survey on 800 subjects aged 65 and over. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 13.0 program. The main results were summarized in order of 4 priority directions as follows. First, average working hours per day were 6.2, and men reportedly participated in economic activities and needed job training more than women, while women participated in lifelong education programs more than men. Awareness of fire and disaster prevention facilities was low in both genders. Second, accessibility to the support center for the elderly living alone as well as protective services for the vulnerable elderly was found to be low. IT-based services and networking were used more by men than women, and specifically, IT-based financial transactions and welfare services were least used. Third, medical check-ups and vaccinations were well received, while consistent treatments for chronic illnesses and long-term care services were relatively less given. In addition, accessibility to mental health service centers was considerably low. Fourth, although old house structures and the lack of convenience facilities were found to be circumstantial risk factors for these elders, experiences of receiving housing support services were scarce. The elderly were found to rely more on informal care, and concerns for their care were higher in women than men. Plus, accessibility to elderly abuse services was markedly low. Based on these results, discussed were implications for implementing policies and practical interventions to raise the levels of the human rights for this population.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 2002.01a
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• pp.86-106
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• 2002

Informatization is a process that corporation's external environmental factors and internal environmental factors influence as complex. is a phenomenon that appears via this process. To evaluate that informatization was propeled well or informatization level is high can be dangerous work extremely by only once-over-lightly some factors, organization information ability is superior or infrastructure is constructed well. Therefore, an evaluation for industrial information systems that consider corporation's external environment and internal environment configurationally and objective estimation through this is required in national dimension. This research sorted types of business using types of business classification of 2001 EIII(Evaluation Indices of Industrial Informatization) laying stress on corporation's product and product production process for reflecting various industrial classification. And we are dividing whole our country corporations by manufacture industry, the construction industry, distribution industry, service industry, banking industry 5 types of business. To see such classed types industry classification from consistent viewpoint, we saw them within new framework, purchase, operation, physical distribution, marketing and sale. service etc. laying stress on primary businesses except support businesses of planning, financial management etc. To draw special quality of business center from primary business of each types of business, we draw industry classification Key Capability that centers when plans corporation's corporate strategy and information strategy. And we deducted industrial classification key production business connected with industry classification Key Capability. After drawing an evaluation items for industrial information systems in informatization analysis viewpoint laying stress on drawn businesses. Finally we did Case Study by making out an evaluation for industrial information systems questionnaire that considers special quality of manufacturing industry. Through EIII that consider the industrial classification, we could know that it explains the corporation's purchase, production, distribution in general and detail.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.2
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• pp.17-37
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• 1998

중소기업간 협력 활동은 사업의 전체 혹은 일정 부분에 대하여 분업이나 협업의 관계를 맺는 공동사업의 형태로 나타난다. 기업간 연결의 강도에 따라 기업들간에 형성되는 분업과 협업의 관계를 시장형, 중간조직형, 위계조직형으로 구분할 때, 중소기업간 공동사업은 중간조직형에 속하는 일종의 기업간 네트워크라고 볼 수 있다. 물론 네트워크형의 협력관계를 추진하는 방식도 업무제휴, 지분제휴, 합작투자, 컨소시엄 등으로 다양하다. 그러나 완전한 자본적 통합에 따른 위계적 조직과는 달리 참여기업들이 독립성을 유지하면서, 네트워크 밖의 기업에 대해 경쟁우위를 확보하기 위해 형성한다는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 기업간 협력관계를 통해 참여 기업들이 얻을 수 있는 혜택에 관한 기존연구들은 크게 두 가지로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 하나는 기업의 생산함수를 중심으로 그 이점을 파악하는 것이고 다른 하나는 관계의 종류에 따라 기업간 거래관계를 관리하는 소위 거래비용의 효율성을 중심으로 혜택을 파악하는 접근방법이다. 전자의 접근방법을 따를 때, 기업간 협력의 근본 유인은 규모의 경제(혹은 비경제), 범위의 경제, 집적의 경제, 구도의 경제 등이 협력관계에서 발생하는 혜택의 근본 원천이다. 기술과 제도의 발전, 시장과 경쟁환경의 변화에 따른 기업간 협력의 필요성은 갈수록 증대되고 있다. 소비자들의 요구는 매우 개성화 다양화되고 종합화되는 추세이다. 더불어 기술개발의 비용이 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있으며, 경쟁의 격화로 기술 및 제품의 진부화도 급속도로 이루어지고 있다. 세계화 상품고도화 서비스산업화 정보화 등으로 특징지워지는 새로운 경쟁환경 아래에서 장기적으로 기업의 경쟁력을 향상시키기 위해서는 시장중심적인 관점에서 형성된 기업간 전략적 연계를 바탕으로, 정보의 집적을 통해 다양한 생산성 향상 혹은 관계효율성 향상의 경제를 추구하는 것이 필연적 전제 조건이 되었다. 기업간 경쟁보다는 최종제품의 생산과 판매를 위해 형성된 기업네트워크간의 경쟁이 중시되는 시대인 것이다. 동서간(東西間) 중소기업(中小企業)의 협력(協力)을 새삼스럽게 논의하는 것은 다분히 정치적이라는 느낌을 준다. 경제적인 관점에서 실익이 있음에도 불구하고 동서간 중소기업의 협력이 이루어지지 못하고 있다면, 그 이유는 기업정보의 수집과 유통상의 문제이거나 문화나 기업관행에 대한 잘못된 선입관에서 비롯된 관계 관리비용 계산상의 문제일 것이다. 현실적으로 이 가능성은 매우 낮다. 산업의 발전 정도나 연관성에 있어서 동서축보다는 남북축을 따라 기업간 협력이 이루어질 수 밖에 없는 우리나라의 현재 상황이 동서간보다는 남북간 경제교류를 유도하고 있는 것이다. 동서간 중서기업 협력체제의 구축에 대한 논의가 본질적으로 정치적 관심에서 비롯되었다는 전제 하에, 구축의 방안을 논의하고자 한다. 경제적으로도 타당하면서 정치적으로 관심을 유발할 수 있는 협력체제 구축방안으로, 기업간 네트워크의 조직 주체로서 최근에 논의되고 있는 새로운 형태의 마케팅회사를 동서간에 공동으로 설립할 것을 제안한다. 영구 지속적 공동사업관계보다는 프로젝트별 공동사업을 전제로 기업들 사이의 효과적인 네트워크를 형성함으로써 일종의 가상적 기업을 결성할 필요가 있다. 이러한 기업간 네트워크 형성의 실행주체가 될 수 있는 새로운 마케팅 전문기업의 형태로는 공동회사(空洞會社)(hollow company), 종합상사(綜合商社)(General Trading Company), 거래형 마케팅회사(Marketing Exchange Company), 변환형 마케팅회사(Marketing Coalition Company) 등을 들 수 있다. 양 지역에서는 소비자환경과 기술환경의 특성 및 양 지역의 경제에 대한 파급효과를 고려하여 가장 적합한 마케팅회사의 유형은 선택하여 육성하고, 이를 중심으로 강력한 양 지역 및 다른 지역에 입지한 기업간의 네트워크를 구축하여야 한다. 마케팅회사를 설립하고 완전한 마케팅 서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 육성하기 위해서는 많은 투자가 필요하다. 마케팅회사의 핵심기능 분야인 금융부문, 정보부문, 영업조직 등은 모두 막대한 투자를 필요로하는 기능영역이다. 정보부문은 기술의 발전과 범세계적인 정보관련기관과의 제휴를 통해 독자적인 구축이 어느 정도 가능하나, 영업조직의 구축을 위해서는 기존업체와의 연대가 필수적인 것으로 판단된다. 지속적으로 효과적인 기업간 네트워크를 형성하고 유지하기 위해서는 또한 기업간 관계를 관리하는 방식과 제도 및 수단에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 양 지역 산 학 관의 공동노력을 통해서 새로운 경제 환경에 가장 적합한 기업 형태로 제시된 바 있는 마케팅 전문회사 중심의 기업간 네트워크를 성공적으로 구축한다면, 양 지역 및 국가 경제의 지속적인 동력원이 될 수 있을 것이다

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.171-198
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• 2009

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the impact of new BIS regulation, which is the preparations to incorporate not only credit risk but also market and operation risk, on the bank behaviors. As methodology, SUR(seemingly unrelated regression) and pool unit test are used in the empirical analysis of banks survived in Korea. It is employed that quarterly data of BIS capital ratio, ratio of standard and below loans to total loans, ratio of liquid assets to liquid liabilities, allowances for credit losses, real GDP, yields of corporate bonds(3years, AA) covering the period of 2000Q1~2009Q1. As a result, it could be indicated that effectiveness and promoting improvements of BIS capital regulation policy as follows; First, it is explicitly seen that weight of lending had decreased and specific gravity of international investment had increased until before BIS regulation is built up a step for revised agreement in late 2001. Second, after more strengthening of BIS standard in late 2002, banks had a tendency to decrease the adjustment of assets weighted risk through issuing of national loan that is comparatively low profitability. Also, it is implicitly sought that BIS regulation is a bit of a factor to bring about credit crunch and then has become a bit of a factor of economic stagnation. Third, as the BIS regulation became hard, it let have a effort to raise the soundness of a credit loan because of selecting good debtor based on its credit ratings. Fourth, it should be arranged that the market disciplines, the effective superintendence system and the sound environment to be able to raise enormous bank capital easily, against the credit stringency and reinforce the soundness of banks etc. in Korea capital market.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2000

When the marcher visited Korea in fall 1994, he was shocked to see high rise apartment buildings around the capitol region including Seoul and Suwon, resulting from rising demand of housing because of urban migration followed by second and third industrial development. After 6 years in March 2000, the researcher witnessed more apartment buildings and vinyl house complexes, one of the evidences of continued economic progress in Korea. Korea had to receive the rescue finance from International Monetary Fund (IMF) because of financial crisis in 1997. However, the sign of recovery was seen in a year, and the growth rate of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) in 1999 recorded as high as 10.7 percent. During this period, the Korean government has been working on restructuring of banks, enterprises, labour and public sectors. The major directions of government were; localization, reducing administrative manpower, limiting agricultural budgets, privatization of public enterprises, integration of agricultural organization, and easing of various regulations. Thus, the power of central government shifted to local government resulting in a power increase for city mayors and county chiefs. Agricultural extension services was one of targets of government restructuring, transferred to local governments from central government. At the same time, the number of extension offices was reduced by 64 percent, extension personnel reduced by 24 percent, and extension budgets reduced. During the process of restructuring, the basic direction of extension services was set by central Rural Development Administration Personnel management, technology development and supports were transferred to provincial Rural Development Administrations, and operational responsibilities transferred to city/county governments. Agricultural extension services at the local levels changed the name to Agricultural Technology Extension Center, established under jurisdiction of city mayor or county chief. The function of technology development works were added, at the same time reducing the number of educators for agriculture and rural life. As a result of observations of rural areas and agricultural extension services at various levels, functional responsibilities of extension were not well recognized throughout the central, provincial, and local levels. Central agricultural extension services should be more concerned about effective rural development by monitoring provincial and local level extension activities more throughly. At county level extension services, it may be desirable to add a research function to reflect local agricultural technological needs. Sometimes, adding administrative tasks for extension educators may be helpful far farmers. However, tasks such as inspection and investigation should be avoided, since it may hinder the effectiveness of extension educational activities. It appeared that major contents of the agricultural extension service in Korea were focused on saving agricultural materials, developing new agricultural technology, enhancing agricultural export, increasing production and establishing market oriented farming. However these kinds of efforts may lead to non-sustainable agriculture. It would be better to put more emphasis on sustainable agriculture in the future. Agricultural extension methods in Korea may be better classified into two approaches or functions; consultation function for advanced farmers and technology transfer or educational function for small farmers. Advanced farmers were more interested in technology and management information, while small farmers were more concerned about information for farm management directions and timely diffusion of agricultural technology information. Agricultural extension service should put more emphasis on small farmer groups and active participation of farmers in these groups. Providing information and moderate advice in selecting alternatives should be the major activities for consultation for advanced farmers, while problem solving processes may be the major educational function for small farmers. Systems such as internet and e-mail should be utilized for functions of information exchange. These activities may not be an easy task for decreased numbers of extension educators along with increased administrative tasks. It may be difficult to practice a one-to-one approach However group guidance may improve the task to a certain degree.