• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.307-313
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• 2011

금속산화물을 이용한 2단계 산화/환원 반응은 GTL, CTL 의 반응원료인 합성가스 및 수소 생산기술이다. 이 기술은 메탄을 환원제로 사용함으로써 비교적 저온에서 산화/환원 반응을 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 하지만 반복 사이클의 시연에서 금속산화물의 소결현상으로 인한 활성저하가 이 기술의 문제점 중의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 2.5 kW Xenon arc lamp 가 설치된 solar simulator를 사용 하였으며, 무기물 다공성 폼 (SiC foam)및 유기물 다공성 폼 (Ni, Cufoam)에 $CeO_2/ZrO_2$ 를 코팅하여 연속적인 합성가스 및 수소 생산 가능성을 알아보았다. 반응 전 후의 $CeO_2/ZrO_2$ 의 결정 구조를 SEM 과 XRD 를 통해 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.274-280
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• 1998

Polycrystalline $Sr_2Nb_2O_7$ ceramics with very high Curie temperature were sintered using the powder derived by the chemical coprecipitation method (CCP). The phase evolution and grain-orientation of sintered samples were examined by XRD, while sintering behavior, dielectric properties and polarization were studied by SEM and ferroelectric tester. Extremely high degree of grain-orientation was observed along the (0k0) direction, which resulted in anisotropic dielectric properties of the sintered samples, with the dielectric constant values approaching those for single crystal. Thin film fabrication of $Sr_2Nb_2O_7$ in the pyroniobate family was also attempted on $SiO_2$/Si(100), Pt/$SiO_2$/Si(100), Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si(100) and Pt/$ZrO_2/SiO_2/Si_2(100)$ substrates, using metalorganic decomposition (MOD) process. Neodecanoate precursor solution was prepared by mixing strontium neodecanoate with niobium neodecanoate synthesized from niobium ethoxide. It was found that $Sr_2Nb_2O_7$ single phase appeared in XRD patterns the samples annealed above $950^{\circ}C$. The effect of substrate type on film microstructure and dielectric properties was observed.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.20-34
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to assess the anthropogenic impact on trace metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd) of roadside sediments (N = 70) from No.7 national road within the watershed of Hoidong Reservoir in Pusan City and to estimate the potential mobility of selected metals using sequential extraction. We generally found high concentrations of metals, especially Zn, Cu and Pb, affected by anthropogenic inputs. Compared to the trace metal concentrations of uncontaminated stream sediments, arithmetic mean concentrations of roadside sediments were about 7 times higher for Cu, 4 times higher for Zn, 3 times higher for Pb and Cr and, 2 times higher for Ni and As. Speciation data on the basis of sequential extraction indicate that most of the trace metals considered do not occur in significant quantities in the exchangeable fraction, except for Cd and Ni whose exchangeable fractions are appreciable (average 29.3 and 25.8%, respectively). Other metals such as Zn (51.4%) and Pb (45.2%) are preferentially bound to the reducible fraction, and therefore they can be potentially released by a pH decrease and/or redox change. Copper is mainly found in the organic fraction, while Cd is highest in the exchangeable fraction, and Cr and Ni in the residual fraction. Considering the proportion of metals bound to the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, the comparative mobility of metals probably decreases in the order of Cd>Ni>Pb>Zn>Cr>Cu. Although the total concentration data showed that Zn was typically present in potentially harmful concentration levels, the data on metal partitioning indicated that Cd, Ni and Pb pose the highest potential hazard for runoff water. As potential changes of redox state and pH may remobilize the metals bound to carbonates, amorphous oxides, and/or organic matter, and may release and flush them through drain networks into the watershed of Hoidong Reservoir, careful monitoring of environmental conditions appears to be very important.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.219-219
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• 2016

유기발광소자는 저전력, 빠른 응답속도, 고휘도 및 자체발광 등의 장점들 때문에 고체 광원과 플렉서블 디스플레이로 연구가 진행되고 있다. 유기발광소자는 유기 발광층을 인광물질로 사용 함으로서 100 % 내부양자 효율을 이루고 있지만 공기와 유리기판의 계면과 유리 기판과 ITO 계면에서 발생하는 내부 전반사 효과와 유기물과 ITO 기판 사이에서 발생하는 웨이브 가이드 효과 등으로 인해 발광량의 약 20 %만을 외부로 추출 할 수 있다. 따라서 유기발광소자의 광 추출 효과를 증가시키기 위해서 소자외부에 아웃커플링 필름 또는 마이크로렌즈 어레이 필름을 부착시키는 방법, 금속 나노 입자를 유기발광소자 내에 삽입하여 표면 플라즈몬 효과로 인한 광추출 효율을 높이는 방법 등이 제시되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Au-ZnO 나노복합체를 간단한 졸겔법을 이용하여 양극 버퍼층으로 사용하여 그에 따른 계면, 전기적 및 광학적 특성을 분석하였다. Au-ZnO 나노복합체를 포함한 tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminium (Alq3) 발광층에서 ZnO를 포함한 Alq3 발광층보다 엑시톤 수명이 빠르게 감소하는 것을 시간 관련 단광자 계산(Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting) 측정을 통해서 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 Au 금속 나노입자의 플라즈몬 흡수 파장과 Alq3 발광층에서 생성되는 발광 파장이 겹쳐서 효과적인 공명 에너지 전달효과로 인해 Alq3 발광층의 발광성질이 향상된 것을 의미한다. Au-ZnO 나노복합체와 ZnO 나노입자를 가지는 유기발광소자의 전류 효율은 50 mA/cm2 에서 각각 2.27와 1.83 cd/A 가지는 것으로 확인 되었다. 또한 Au-ZnO 나노복합체와 ZnO 나노입자를 사용한 유기발광소자의 전압-전류밀도가 유사한 것을 확인 할 수 있는데 이는 Au 금속 나노입자가 ZnO 나노입자의 정공 주입능력을 저하시키지 않는 것을 의미한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.260-260
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• 2012

최근 IT산업의 급속한 발달로 모바일 제품과 반도체 및 IC 패키지 등의 전자제품의 소형화, 경량화 및 고성능화되어 가고 있다. 따라서 반도체 공정에서 단위소자의 고속화를 구현하기 위한 금속배선공정에 사용되는 금속재료가 최근에 최소 선폭을 갖는 디바이스에서는 구리를 배선 재료로 전환하고, 향후에는 모든 디바이스가 구리를 주요 배선재료로 사용할 것으로 예측되고 있다. 반도체 소자 공정 중 시료 표면 위에 형성되는 오염물은 파티클, 유기오염물, 금속 불순물 그리고 자연 산화막으로 나눌 수 있다. 구리 표면에 생성되는 부식생성물의 종류에는 CuO, $Cu_2O$, $Cu(OH)_2$, $CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$와 같은 생성물들이 있다. 이러한 부식생성물이 구리박막 표면에 형성이 되면 성장된 구리박막의 특성을 저하시키게 된다. 이러한 다양한 오염물들을 제거하기 위해서 여러 가지 전처리 공정에 대한 연구가 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서, 스퍼터 방식으로 구리를 증착한 웨이퍼 (Cu/Ti/Si) 를 대기 중에 노출시켜 자연 산화막을 성장시키고, 이 산화막과 대기로부터 흡착된 불순물을 제거하기 위해 계면 활성제인 TS-40A와 $NH_4OH$ 수용액을 사용하여 이들 수용액이 구리 표면층에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사 분석하였다. 사용된 TS-40A는 알칼리 탈지제로서 웨이퍼 표면의 유기물을 제거하는 역할을 하며, $NH_4OH$는 구리를 제거하는 부식액으로 산업현장에서 널리 사용되고 있다. 다양한 표면 전처리 조건에 따른 구리박막 표면의 형상 및 미시적 특성변화를 SEM과 AFM을 이용하여 관찰하였고, 표면의 화학구조 및 성분 변화를 관찰하기 위해 XPS를 측정하였으며, 전기적 특성변화를 관찰하기 위해 4-point prove를 사용하여 박막의 면저항을 측정하였다.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.681-685
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• 2009

$CeO_2$ buffer layers have been deposited on YSZ single crystal substrates via a radio-frequency sputtering method. We focused on the texture development of $CeO_2$ with out-of-plane alignment and its effects on a superconducting YBCO layer, which was deposited by metal organic deposition. $CeO_2$ layers were grown epitaxially on single crystal YSZ substrates and subsequent YBCO layers were also grown epitaxially from $CeO_2$ layers. It was observed that the intensity of $CeO_2$(200) decreased with deposition temperature. ${\theta}-2{\theta}$ scan FWHM values of $CeO_2$(200) were inversely proportional to the peak intensities of $CeO_2$(200). The sample with the lowest $CeO_2$(200) intensity and poor out-of-plane alignment showed a strong reaction with the MOD-YBCO layer resulting in a thicker $BaCeO_3$ layer. The texture and superconducting property of the YBCO layer were affected indirectly by the formation of a $BaCeO_3$ layer at the interface between the $CeO_2$ and YBCO layers.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.477-490
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• 2003

Bottom sediments from Youngil Bay, East Coast of Korea, were analyzed for grain composition as well as elemental compositions and total organic carbon (TOC) content in order to investigate the spatial variability and content of metal elements. Grain size distribution of the sediments seems to be controlled by anticlockwise current pattern with bottom topography of the study area. Spatial variability of TOC and all elemental contents reflects those of grain size, but an exception was found in the harbor area (Old-Port): their contents are high in the central part of the bay with the muddy sediment and decrease toward the sand-dominated coastal zone. However, contents of Ca, Sr, K are high in the sand-dominated coastal zone and contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) are high in the Old-Port area and the mouth of Hyeongsan River. The correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses reveal that four important factors controlling the distribution of metals in the bay are sediment grain size (or quartz dilution effect), the formation of sulfide minerals associated with decomposition of organic matters under anoxic geochemical environment, calcium carbonate (mainly shell fragments) and coarse-grained feldspar mineral. According to the metal content of labile fraction an CER (concentration enrichment ratio) value, high accumulation of some heavy metals in the harbor area seems to result not formed by early diagenetic processes under anoxic environment.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2022

In this study, the surface protection film based on organic-inorganic composite is manufactured for suppressing lithium dendrite growth, and the film is applied on the surface of Li metal negative electrode for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The film is consist of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric binder which has good mechanical strength and high electrochemical stability, and carbon black (Super-P) which has outstanding electrical conductivity as the inorganic compound. First, in order to confirm the suppression of the internal short circuit by the lithium dendrite, the time required for the short circuit is measured while a constant current is continuously applied. As a result, the internal short circuit is delayed in proportion to the carbon black content of the film, and it is significantly delayed than bare Li metal electrode which does not use protection film. The cycle performance of the thick protection film (8 ㎛), is worse than that of the thin film (4 ㎛). However, as the carbon black content of the film increased, the cycle performance is improved. Thus, the surface protection film based on carbon black/PVDF composite can delay the internal short circuit, and has low overvoltage during the cycle. However, more stable cycle performance needs to be built through further improvements.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.605-622
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• 2007

Elemental, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and isotopic analysis of the core sediments from the northwestern and eastern Ulleung Basin of the East were carried out to identify their geochemical characteristics, spatial and vertical variation and origin of organic matter in Upper Quaternary sediments from the northwestern and eastern Ulleung Basin of the East Sea. TOC, m and TS did not show spatial variation between the sampling locations whereas they showed systematic vertical variation associated with MIS stages related to the sea-level change of the East Sea. It is suggested that these past changes of sea-level influenced the sedimentary depositional environments and/or diagenesis which resulted the patterns observed in this study. Based on the results of TOC/N, TS/TOC, ${\delta}^{13}C_{org}\;and\;{\delta}^{15}N_{org}$ analysis, organic matters in the study area appears to be predominantly originated from the marine algae rather than land plant and deposited under normal marine oxic condition during MIS I and MIS III period, and under euxinic/anoxic condition during MIS II period. TOC/N, ${\delta}^{13}C_{org}\;and\;{\delta}^{15}N_{org}$ have a relatively constant value irrespective of MIS stages, implying that the organic matter source does not change by the sea-level fluctuations. However, the results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicates that the organic matter is in immature stage and originated from land-plant (Type III), locating in the immature stage land plant (Type III). Similar differences were reported from other areas such as the Atlantic Ocean, Iberia Abyssal Plain, Mediterranean Sea, suggesting that Rock-Eval method does not exactly reflect the characteristic of immature organic matters. Accordingly, the application of Rock-Eval pyrolysis for delineating the source of immature organic matters should be approached with caution and all other geochemical proxies should be considered altogether at the same time.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2006

We demonstrated organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on the organic thin-film materials such as tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum $(Alq_3)$. The structure of OLEDs was vacuum deposited upon transparent and thin glass substrates pre-coated with a transparent, conducting indium tin oxide thin film. The luminance characteristics, current, capacitance, and dispersion factor for degraded OLEDs, which were made by various bias currents $(0.5mA\;{\leq}\;I_{Bias}\;{\leq}9mA)$, are studied. The current dependences of lifetime were divided at approximately 2mA, and they represented nearly linear behaviors but had different slopes in a logarithmic plot of lifetime versus bias current. With lighting OLEDs, the anomaly of capacitance, as shown in the CV curve, occurred because of two factors, polarization in the bulk of organic materials and the interface between the metal and organic layers. In decayed OLEDs that had lower bias currents of less than 2mA, it was found that the degradation of luminance was related to both the decrease of polarization and to the lowering of the injection barrier.