• Title/Summary/Keyword: 국한성

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A Social Economic Comparative Study on Appearance Background of Design -for Native Settlement of Design in Korea - (우리 나라 디자인 도입에 관한 사회경제사적 고찰 - 디자인의 한국적 개념의 정착을 위한 시론 -)

  • 이인자
    • Archives of design research
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    • v.11
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    • pp.130-139
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    • 1995
  • The dictionary defines the word 'Design' as planning and designing. Though this is a meaning confined to decorative function, the conception of modern design in this capitalist society of mass production and mass consumption can be said to have reached a new stage of the meeting of industry and the arts. This means the two sides of design' the side of beauty and usefulness The side of beauty should be understood in view of the sense of beauty, and usefulness should also be considered from the viewpoint of consumer's taste and preference This is thought to be the natural problems of design The origin of design can be understood from the background of capitalism. But the capitalism can be said to be the mode of Western thought and action developed based on Western thinking. The capitalism is an economic system derived from the society of industrial capitalism through commercial capitalism. but this economic thinking has been resulted from a mature social system of democracy and civic society. The civic society and democracy are derived from polis of ancient Greece and Rome. and the ancient Greek and Roman society was a society developed from the social system of the nobility and slaves. Polis continued to develop based on the positive territorial expansionism centering around the Mediterranean on the basis of Hellenism. and European countries achieved the intergration of religion. society and politics based on this. thus accomplishing the spirit of capitalism Our design is believed to have been derived from the direct import of Western capitalism. Accordingly. as the original form of Western capitalism has become our economic system. so our design copied that of th West. And our traditional culture and sensitivity which are different in the original form and root of racial disposition seem to breed discord between them. It is. therefore. very important and meaningful for us to exert all possible efforts to seek the root of our disposition and tradition and grope for the appropriate thought and style of design.

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The Comparative Evaluation of Plant Species Diversity in Forest Ecosystems of Namsan and Kwangneung (남산(南山) 및 광릉(光陵) 산림생태계(山林生態系)의 식물(植物) 종다양성(種多樣性)의 비교 (比較) 평가(評價))

  • Kim, Ji Hong;Lee, Byung Cheon;Lee, You Mi
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.85 no.4
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    • pp.605-618
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    • 1996
  • Namsan area supposed to be a disturbed ecosystem and Kwangneung area considered to be a natural ecosystem were selected for the study. On the basis of the plant species composition, the study was planned to examine structural plant species diversity so as to provide basic ecological information to restore more stable and healthy ecosystem for Namsan. The stratified sample plot method was employed for collecting vegetation data, establishing $20m{\times}20m$ square plots for overstory trees, $4m{\times}4m$ plots for mid-story woody plants, and $1m{\times}1m$ plots for ground vegetation. The herbaceous plants were periodically investigated by taking into account for seasonal(spring, summer, and autumn) variation in presence. Ecological attributes were evaluated through analyzing species composition, species diversity, life forms, interspecies association, and growing habitat for various forest types, vertical layers, life forms, and seasonal variation. Even though the species diversity index of canopy trees in the deciduous forest of Namsan was estimated higher than that of the natural forest of Kwangneung, overall species diversity of plants in Kwangneung area was greater than that in Namsan area. Herbaceous plants presented in Kwangneung but not in Namsan were Aconitum pseudo-proliferum, Botrychium virginianum, Dryopteris tokyoensis, Scutellaria insignis, Tricyrtis dilatata, and Viola kamibayashii, most of them were endemic species of Kwangneung. Elaeagnus umbellata, and Prunes padus var. seoulensis were found only in Namsan. Such species typically composed of the natural deciduous forest as Acer mono, Acer triflorum, Carpinus laxiflora, Cornus controversa, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurertse were limited growing in a small size of area in Namsan. The future project should be made for encouraging the growth and expansion of the distribution of such species to restore biodiversity in Namsan area.

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대구지역 대기환경용량평가에 관한 연구

  • Choe, Geun-Sik;Kim, Hae-Dong
    • 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.04a
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    • pp.90-91
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    • 2010
  • 우리나라는 산업화와 도시화의 급속한 발전으로 인한 대기오염물질배출시설, 자동차 통행량, 에너지 사용량의 증가 등으로 대기오염물질배출원의 수와 규모가 증대되어 광역도시를 중심으로 대기질이 악화되고 있다. 특히 우리나라의 수도권대기질은 선진국의 주요 도시에 비해 대기오염 상태가 좋지 않은 것으로 평가됨에 따라 정부는 대기질을 OECD선진국 수준으로 개선한다는 목표를 세우고 있으나, 지역의 대기상태 및 그 동안의 대기질 개선을 위해 이행된 정책의 효율성 측면에서 볼 때 사후적인 규제위주의 농도규제 방식으로는 급증하는 대기오염배출시설의 배출량총량 관리가 어렵고, 지자체별로 개별적인 분산관리로는 광역적으로 이동되는 대기오염물질의 관리가 불가능하다. 또한 대기오염과 상관성이 큰 에너지정책, 산업정책, 도시계획 등 관련 정책과의 통합적 접근이 어렵기 때문에 사전에 이를 예방하는 총량관리가 요구되어 진다. 총량규제란 특정지역의 기상, 지형조건 등을 이용하여 대기환경용량을 산출하고 이를 기초로 지역별 배출허용총량을 할당하여 궁극적으로는 오염원별로 대상오염물질의 삭감량을 정하는 제도로 선진국에서는 대기환경용량을 바탕으로 1970년대부터 사업장을 중심으로 배출농도 규제와 함께 총량규제를 병행 실시하고 있으며, 최근에는 자동차에도 실시하고 있다. 우리나라에서도 대기환경보전법 제9조에서 환경기준을 초과하여 사람의 건강이나 재산, 동식물의 생육에 중대한 위해를 가져올 우려가 있다고 인정되는 경우에는 동 지역 또는 특별대책지역 중 사업장이 밀집되어 있는 구역에 대하여 배출되는 오염물질을 총량으로 규제할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다. 또한, 환경부는 2003년도에 서울, 인천, 경기도내 19개시 지역을 대상으로 대기오염물질의 배출총량을 관리하는 대기오염총량제 실시를 포함한 '수도권대기질개선에관한특별법'을 제정하였고, 현재는 사업장에게 연도별 배출허용총량을 할당하고, 할당량 이내로 오염물질을 배출하도록 관리하는 사업장 대기오염물질총량관리 제도로 시행 중에 있다. 그러나 수도권대기질개선특별대책을 수립하면서 총량관리의 본격 이행 및 배출권 거래제도 도입에 대한 특별법안이 제정되고 부분적으로 시행되고 있으나, 우리나라에 총량관리를 본격 이행하는데 있어서의 필요한 준비여건은 아직 초기 단계이고, 관련 연구의 수행실적 또한 수도권에 제한되어 적은 편이다. 따라서 현재는 총량관리가 수도권에 국한하여 실시되고 있으나, 점차 타 도시까지 광역적으로 확대될 것으로 예상되는 바 이에 필요한 제반 사항들에 대한 조사 분석을 통하여 정책방향을 설정하는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것이다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구에서는 대구지역을 대상으로 대기오염농도 및 대기오염물질 배출량에 대한 현황조사를 실시하고, 이를 토대로 고농도가 자주 발생되거나 그러할 가능성이 높은 $NO_X$을 대상으로 대기오염기여도를 평가하고 대기확산모델을 통한 대기환경용량을 산정하였다. 대기오염농도 현황을 살펴본 결과, 대구지역의 대기오염은 $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO는 전형적인 1차오염물질의 변화경향을 보였으며, $PM_{10}$는 봄철에 황사의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 나타나 실제 대구지역에서 배출되는 양을 추정하기 힘든 것으로 판단된다. 또한 $NO_2$는 공업, 상업지역에서 $SO_2$$PM_{10}$는 공업지역, CO는 상업지역, $O_3$은 교외지역에서 높은 농도를 나타내는 것으로 파악되었다. 대구지역의 대기오염물질 배출량 현황은 CO가 47%, NOX가 43%로 전체 배출량의 90%를 차지하였고, 2005년 이후 $NO_X$는 감소하고 $SO_X$가 증가하는 추세이다. 또한 배출원대분류 중도로 및 비도로이동오염원에서 발생되는 선 오염원이 75%로 대구지역에서 가장 크게 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. ISCST3 대기확산모델을 이용하여 대기환경용량을 산정하기위하여, 먼저 대구지역의 대기환경용량평가는 가시적인 위해성이 높고 개선정책이 용이한 $NO_X$을 대상물질로 선정하였고, 배출량과 오염농도간의 상관도가 0.659로 높은 것으로 판단되어, 배출량을 삭감하였을 때 대기오염농도의 개선이 명확히 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로, 단위격자 당 한계배출율을 알아내는 작업을 실시하여, 대구지역을 동일하게 장기환경기준 80%수준인 22.4ppb를 만족시키기 위한 한계배출율은 2.23g/s가 필요한 것으로 파악되었고, 산출한 한계배출율을 이용하여 장기환경기준치 80%수준 달성을 목표로 하는 경우의 대기환경용량을 산정하고 실제 배출량과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 대구지역 전체의 환경용량은 약 3만 톤으로 실제 배출량 2만2천 톤에 약 8천 톤 이상의 여유가 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 그러나 구역별로 상이한 차이를 보였으며, 이에 따른 구역별 개선정책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 대기환경용량을 파악한 후 단위격자 당 한계배출율을 초과하는 대상 지역을 추출하여 삭감한 결과 초과배출량의 80%를 삭감해야 대구지역 전체에서 50ppb이하 농도가 되는 것을 알 수 있었는데, 실제로 초과배출량의 80%를 삭감하는 것은 어려움이 있다고 판단되어, 대구지역을 동일한 %율로 삭감한 결과 30% 삭감했을 때 50ppb수준을 달성하였고, 50%삭감했을때 2007년 환경기준인 30ppb수준을 달성하였다. 또한 배출원대분류 중 기여율이 높은 도로와 비도로오염원을 50%삭감한 결과 도로이동오염원의 삭감만으로도 상당한 고 배출지역의 농도저감에 효과가 있는 것으로 파악되고, 비도로오염원을 포함하여 삭감하였을 때는 대구지역 전체에서 50ppb이하로 내려가는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서 향후 총량규제의 실시에 맞추어 대구지역의 실제적인 환경용량의 정확한 파악과 고배출지역에 대한 삭감방법에 관한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다. 이 연구 결과는 앞으로 시행될 지역총량규제에 대한 기초적인 방법론으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

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Prognostic Significance of Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes and Pleural Effusion in Small Cell Lung Cancer (소세포암 병기판정시 예후인자로서 쇄골상관절종 침범과 흉막삼출의 의의)

  • Kim, Mi-Jeong;Han, Seung-Beom;Kwak, Jin-Ho;Kwon, Doo-Young;Kim, Min-Su;Choi, Won-Il;Jeon, Young-June;Park, Jae-Yong;Jung, Tae-Hoon
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.50 no.1
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    • pp.84-93
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    • 2001
  • Backgrounds : In the absence of distant metastasis, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients presenting with supraclavicular lymph node (SCLN) involvement and pleural effusion can benefit from thoracic radiotherapy. But there are some debate as to the prognostic significance of both SCLN involvement and pleural effusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of SCLN involvement and pleural effusion in SCLC. Methods : Two Hundred and fifteen patients with histologically confirmed small cell lung cancer, who were treated either at the Keimyung university Dongsan hospital and Kyungpook national university hospital from January 1994 to June 1998, were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were classified as having either limited or extensive stage using the Veterans Administration staging system. Results : SCLN was presented in 10.5% of patients(n=21). The median survival was 247 days for patients with SCLN(n=21) and 264 days for patients without(n=194) (p=0.52). After treatment, the median survival was 298 days for patients with SCLN(n=13) and 348 days for patients without(n=115) (p=0.52). SCLN involvement was not correlated with the presence of distant metastases. Median survival was 459 days for patients with a limited stage without SCLN(n=66), 650 days for those with a limited stage with SCLN (n=7) (p=0.96). Pleural effusion was presented in 24.7% of patients(n=52). The median survival was 198 days for patients with pleural effusion(n=52) and 275 days for patients without(n=163) (p<0.05). After treatment, the median survival was 294 days for patients with a pleural effusion(n=25) and 286 days for patients without(n=103) (p=0.39). The presence of pleural effusion was not correlated with that of distant metastases. The median survival was 395 days for patients with a limited stage without a pleural effusion(n=63), 451 days for those with a limited stage with pleural effusion(n=10) (p=0.92). Conclusionsa : In this study, SCLN involvement does not explain the poor survival rate and the relevance to extensive staged disease. Furthermore, the existence of a pleural effusion did not correlated with the presence of distant metastases. However, the presence of a pleural effusion appears to be a minor prognostic factor in our study. Therefore supraclavicular lymph node involvement and the presence of a pleural effusion in SCLC are not poor prognostic factors, which does not justify any amendment to the staging system currently used.

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An Investigation into the Secondary Science Teachers' Perception on Scientific Models and Modeling (과학적 모델과 모델링에 대한 중등 과학 교사의 인식 탐색)

  • Cho, Eunjin;Kim, Chan-jong;Choe, Seung-urn
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.859-877
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study is to probe secondary science teachers' perception on scientific models and modeling. A total of 50 experienced science teachers were surveyed with 10 open-ended questions about several aspects of models and modeling: definition, examples, purpose, multiplicity, changeability, design/construction, evaluation and beliefs in the use of models and modeling as a teaching tool. The analysis of the data shows the following results: 1) understanding of models and modeling held by a majority of experienced secondary science teachers was far from that of experts as they concentrated on a model's superficial, representative, and visual functions, 2) when it comes to their view toward the use of a model, a model does not remain in the stage of 'doing science' but in the stage of being a subsidiary teaching tool for the teacher's explaining and the students' understanding of scientific concepts, 3) the subjects they majored in made meaningful differences in their contextual understanding of models and modeling, 4) though most of the teachers acknowledged the importance of teaching about models and modeling, even a lot of them showed a negative position toward the opinion that they are willing to apply modeling to their classes. Implications of the results were discussed in terms of intervention in order to enhance secondary science teachers' understanding and pedagogical content knowledge of models and modeling.

Various Possibilities of Dispositif Film (디스포지티프 영화의 다양한 가능성)

  • KIM, Chaehee
    • Trans-
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    • v.3
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    • pp.55-86
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    • 2017
  • This study begins with the necessity of the concept of reincarnation of film media and the inclusion of specific tendencies of contemporary films as post - cinema comes. Variable movements around recent films Challenging and experimental films show aesthetics that are difficult to approach with the analysis of classical mise en scene and montage. In this way, I review the dispositif proposed by Martin in films that are puzzling to criticize with the classical conceptual framework. This is because the concept of dispositive is a conceptual pile that extends more than a mise en scene and a montage. Dispositif films tend to be non-reproducible and non-narrative, but not all non-narrativef tendencies are dispositif films. Only the dispositif film is included in the flow. Dispositif movement has increased dramatically in the modern environment on which digital technology is based, but it is not a tendency to be found in any particular age. The movement has been detected in classical films, and the dispositif tendency has continued to exist in avant-garde films in the 1920s and some modernist films. First, for clear conceptualization of cinematic dispositif, this study examines the sources of dispositif debates that are being introduced into film theory today. In this process, the theory of Jean Louis Baudry, Michel Foucault, Agamben, Flusser, and Deleuze will help. The concept of dispositif was discussed by several scholars, including Baudry and Foucault, and today the notion of dispositif is defined across all these definitions. However, these various discussions are distinctly different from the cinematic dispositif or dispositif films that Martin advocates. Martin's proposed concept reminds us of the fundamentals of cinematic aesthetics that have distinguished between the mise-en-scene and the montage. And it will be able to reconsider those concepts and make it possible to view a thing a new light or create new films. The basic implications of dispositif are apparatus as devices, disposition and arrangement, the combination of heterogeneity. Thus, if you define a dispositif film in a word, it is a new 'constraint' consisting of rearrangement and arrangement of the heterogeneous elements that make up the conditions of the classical film. In order for something to become a new design, changes must be made in the arrangement and arrangement of the elements, forces, and forces that make up it. Naturally, the elements encompass both internal and external factors. These dispositif films have a variety of possibilities, such as reflection on the archival possibilities and the role of supervision, the reestablishment of active and creative audience, the reason for the film medium, and the ideological reflection. films can also 'network' quickly and easily with other media faster than any medium and create a new 'devised' aesthetic style. And the dispositif film that makes use of this will be a key keyword in reading the films that present the new trend of modern film. Because dispositif are so comprehensive and have a broad implication, there are certainly areas that are difficult to sophisticate. However this will have a positive effect on the future activation of dispositif studies end for end. Dispositif is difficult to elaborate the concept clearly, so it can be accessed from a wide range of dimensions and has theoretically infinite extensibility. At the beginning and end of the 21st century film, the concept of cinematic dispositif will become a decisive factor to dismantle old film aesthetics.

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THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE UNDER RATIONAL EXPECTATION (이성적(理性的) 기대하(期待下)의 환율행태분석(換率行態分析))

  • Yu, Il-Seong
    • The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.31-62
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    • 1989
  • By using deterministic dynamic models, we observe the behavior of the foreign exchange rate of a small open economy with rational expectation formation and different restrictions on the international economic integrations. First, an economy connected to the world by purchasing power parity and uncovered interest parity is studied in the next section. In both sections, financial assets available in the economy are domestic money and bonds. Stocks are added as a financial instrument in the next section, and real capital accumulation is also taken into account. Furthermore, the economy concerned there is fairly autonomous, and not directly governed by either purchasing power parity or uncovered interest parity. The expectation formation used throughout the whole paper is complete perfect foresight, which is the certainty version of rational expectation and free from any forecast errors. It is found that upon monetary expansion the short run depreciation of the foreign exchange rate is a fairly robust result regardless of the degree of the international economic integration, while it is not true for fiscal expansion. The expectation on the long run state significantly affects the short run response of the exchange rate. All of our models postulate that the current account should be balanced eventually. As the result, the short run behavior of the exchange rate is affected by the expectation on the long run balance and may well be a blend of the traditional flow view and modem asset view. The initial overshooting of the exchange rate is easily observed even in the fairly autonomous economy Furthermore, the initial overshooting is not reduced over time, but augmented for some time before it is eventually eliminated. As long as we maintain rational expectaion, introducing time delay in the adjustment of the foreign goods price to the foreign exchange rate does not make much difference.

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A Study on the Intake and Satisfaction Levels of Busan Foods among Chinese Tourists (중국 관광객의 부산음식의 섭취현황 및 만족도에 관한 연구)

  • Lim, Yaung-Iee;Lee, Jong-Hyeon;Kim, Young-Joo;Jeong, Ji-Kang;Kim, Sin-Jeong;Park, Kun-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.42 no.9
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    • pp.1492-1498
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    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the intake of food and degree of satisfaction of services among Chinese tourists in the restaurants in Busan. The choice of what these tourists would eat after touring Busan was also determined. We chose 100 independent Chinese tourists visiting Busan for this study. Students, housewives, highly educated people, and people who visited once or twice were predominant among our study subjects. The Chinese tourists chose the following Busan local foods during their visit: Saengseonhoe (19%), Haemultang (19%), Oribulgogi (17%), Dwaejigukbap (12%), and Dongrae Pajeon (11%). The tourists responded that they would like to eat Bulgogi, Samgyeopsal, Bibimbap, Doenjangjjigae, and Dwaejigalbi again if they revisit Busan, indicating that they prefer general Korean food rather than Busan local food. The degree of satisfaction of Chinese tourists with Busan food was low and their response showed they were not satisfied with the prices and the amount of food served. Services (kindness, cleanliness) in Busan restaurants ranked high in the opinion of Chinese tourists. Of all the courses included in their tour of Busan, shopping for items received the highest score of satisfaction (44%), while food in Busan earned the lowest (10%). As regards intention to revisit Busan, 38% of the Chinese tourists answered yes, and 61% were unsure, and 1% was no. Our survey results indicate that restaurants in Busan city need to prepare food of choice for Chinese tourists and also make an effort to raise satisfaction on the cost and amounts of Busan foods.

Comparison of the Mid-term Changes at the Remnant Distal Aorta after Aortic Arch Replacement or Ascending Aortic Replacement for Treating Type A Aortic Dissection (A형 급성대동맥박리증에서 대동맥궁치환술과 상행대동맥치환술 후 잔존 원위부 대동맥의 변화에 대한 중기 관찰 비교)

  • Cho, Kwang-Jo;Woo, Jong-Su;Bang, Jung-Hee;Choi, Pill-Jo
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.40 no.6 s.275
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    • pp.414-419
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    • 2007
  • Background: Replacing the ascending aorta is a standard surgical option for treating acute type A aortic dissection. But replacing the aortic arch has recently been reported as an acceptable procedure for this disease. We compared the effects of aortic arch replacement for treating acute type A aortic dissection with the effects of ascending aortic replacement. Material and Method: From 2002 to 2006, 25 patients undewent surgical treatment for acute type A aortic dissection, 12 patients undewent ascending aortic replacement and 13 patients underwent aortic arch replacement. Among the aortic arch group, an additional distal stent-graft was inserted during the operation in 5 patients. 19 patients (11 arch replaced patients and 8 ascending aortic replaced patients) were followed up at the out patient clinic for an average of $756{\pm}373$ days. All the patients undewent CT scanning and we analyzed their distal aortic segments. Result: 4 patients who underwent ascending aortic replacement died, so the overall mortality rate was 16%. Among the 11 long term followed-up arch replacement patients, 2 patients (18.1 %) developed distal aortic dilatation and one of them underwent thoracoabdominal aortic replacement later on. However, among the 8 the ascending aortic replaced patients, 5 patients (62.5%) developed distal aortic dilatation. Conclusion: Aortic arch replacement is one of the safe options for treating acute type A aortic dissection. Aortic arch replacement for treating acute type A aortic dissection could contribute to a reduced distal aortic dilatation rate and fewer secondary aortic procedures.

Concurrent Chemoradiation in Patients with Cancer of the Esophagus (식도암에서의 동시화학방사선요법)

  • Lee Kang Kyoo;Park Kyung Ran;Lee Jong Young;Shin Hyun Soo;Lee Chong In;Chang Woo Ick;Shim Young Hak
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.7-16
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    • 1998
  • Purpose : To evaluate survival rate and prognostic factors affecting survival of patients with esophageal cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiation. Materials and Methods : Eligibility included biopsy proven invasive carcinoma of the cervical or thoracic esophagus, confined to esophagus and mediastinum with or without regional lymph node and supraclavicular lymph node, and ECOG Performance status $H_0-H_2$. Patients received radiation therapy with 5940cGy over 7 weeks and chemotherapy, consisted of 5-FU(1000 $mg/m^2/day$ in continuous infusion for 5 days, days 1 to 5 and days 29 to 33) and mitomycin C($8mg/m^2$ intravenous bolus at day 1). After concurrent chemoradiation, maintenance chemotherapy was followed with 5-FU(1000 $mg/m^2/day$ in continuous infusion for 5 days at 9th, 13th, and 17th weeks) and cisplatin($80mg/m^2$ intravenous bolus at the first day of each cycle). Results : From November 1989 to November 1995, 44 patients were entered in this study. After treatment, complete response rate and partial response rate were $59\%$ and $41\%$. Overall 1, 2, and 5-year survivals were $59\%$, $38\%$, and $9.6\%$(median 17 months), Prognostic factors affecting survival were response to treatment and T-stage. Among 26 complete responders, there were 6 local recurrences, 3 distant recurrences, 1 local and distant recurrence, and 2 unknown site recurrences Acute and chronic complication rates with grade 3 or more were $20\%$ and $13.0\%$ and there was no treatment-related mortality. Conclusion : Concurrent chemoradiation, compared with historical control groups that treated with radiation alone, improved median survival and did not significantly increase treatment-related complications. Complete responders had longer survival duration than partial responders. Predominant failure pattern was local failure. So, efforts to improve local control should be proposed.

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