• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-258
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the factors of dietary and health behavior according to the employment in women in early adulthood and to analyze their relationship. Methods: In this study, adult women aged 20~29 who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016~2019 were classified into two groups depending on their permanent worker status, namely tenured employees (n = 254) and temporary employees (n = 377). Dietary habits (prevalence of skipping meals, food nutrition label use, etc.), nutrient intake, and metabolic syndrome factors were analyzed. Results: The tenured employees' group showed a significantly lower proportion of subjects who skipped breakfast (P = 0.0254) and significantly higher daily energy intake (P = 0.0264) than the temporary employees' group. However, there were no significant differences in the intake of energy nutrients and most of the micronutrients per 1,000 kcal of energy intake between the two groups. The proportion of subjects who consumed energy nutrients under 75% of the estimated energy requirement (EER) was 38.11% in the tenured employees' group, which was significantly lower than the 48.30% in the temporary employees' group (P = 0.0159). In economically active women aged 19~29 years, the odds ratio of low HDL-cholesterolemia prevalence was 1.80 times higher (95% CI, 1.06-3.06) in the temporary employees' group compared to that in the tenured employees' group after adjustment for confounding factors (P = 0.0295). Conclusions: In conclusion, among Korean adult women in their twenties, temporary employees showed inappropriate eating habits such as skipping breakfast, and had abnormal blood lipid levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.283-292
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• 2023

Considering that the number of middle-aged single-person households is increasing, this study investigates dietary behaviors, nutrient intake, and mental health according to household type. Data were procured from the 2015-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 5,466 participants aged 50-64 years were classified into 2 groups: a household with one member was defined as a single-person household, and households with two or more members were described as multi-person households. Single-person households comprised 10.63% of the total, with a higher average age, and lower income and economic levels than multi-person households. Compared to multi-person households, single-person households had a higher frequency of skipping breakfast, eating alone, and dining out, the moderately and severely food insecure group was more than 5 times, and nutrient intake and dietary quality were poorer. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios (ORs) of depressive symptoms were 2.35 times (95% CI: 1.39-3.96), and suicide ideation was 1.95 times (95% CI: 1.35-2.82) in single-person compared to multi-person households. Our results lead us to conclude that poor dietary intake in middle-aged single-person households affects the mental health, and the above factors should be considered when framing the dietary policy.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate dietary protein intake and its adequacy among Korean adults during recent 10 years. Methods: Based on the 2010 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data, a total of 51,296 adults aged 19 years old or more who participated in a one-day 24-hr dietary recall were included. Dietary protein intake was estimated as percentages of total energy (% of energy) and grams per body weight (g/kg/day) and compared with the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans to evaluate the adequacy of protein intake. In addition, proportions of people whose protein intakes were less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) and above the upper limit of the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) (> 20% of energy) were calculated according to sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Protein intake was increased from 14.7% of energy in 2010 to 15.6% of energy in 2019 among Korean adults. However, there was no increase in protein intake relative to the recommended nutrient intake (% RNI) during the recent 10 years. Protein intake relative to the RNI was decreased from 130.2% in 2010 to 121.1% in 2019 (P for trend < 0.0001) among total participants, and a significant decreasing trend was observed in all age groups except for over 65 years old. However, protein intake relative to the RNI was lowest in the elderly (98.6%). Proportions of low protein intake (< EAR) and high protein intake (> AMDR) increased in the past 10 years (P for trend < 0.0001 for all), and these were associated with socioeconomic statuses, such as education and household income levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that protein adequacy in Korean adults has not been improved over the past decade compared with recommended levels. Nutritional education and intervention programs should consider different intake levels according to sociodemographic characteristics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.449-464
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• 2019

Purpose: North Koreans could be at higher risk for their bone health because of previous periods of severe famine and the continuing low availability of food. This study determined the bone mineral density (BMD) status and its relationship with dietary behaviors and nutrient intake of North Korean refugees (NKR) in South Korea (SK). Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 110 female NKR from a NORNS cohort of a non-probability sample of adult NKR in Seoul. BMD examined by DEXA was used to divide participants into the normal group (NG) and the non-normal group (NNG) according to the WHO guideline. A self-administered questionnaire included questions on age, the socioeconomic situation in North Korea (NK) and SK, the food security in NK and SK, and the health behaviors, dietary behaviors, and food frequency questionnaire administered in SK. A one-day 24-hr recall was conducted and the results were analyzed by using CanPro. SPSS was used to analyze whether BMD and related dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes differed according to the groups. Results: NG (62.7%) was significantly younger and had a lower abdominal obesity score than NNG (p < 0.001). While 14.5% of NG reported experiencing menopause, all of NNG reported experiencing menopause. The NG more frequently consumed the dairy group of foods (9.6 times a week) than did the NNG (4.8 times a week) after the statistics were adjusted for age (p < 0.007). The NG consumed significantly more animal protein and animal calcium than did the NNG (p = 0.01, p = 0.009, respectively). Calcium intake was low with 49.3% of NG, and 78.0% of the NNG reported consuming calcium lower than the estimated average requirement. Only calcium showed an index of nutrient quality lower than one in both groups. Conclusion: These results showed that NKR women and possibly all North Korean women are at high risk for bone health and they consumed low levels of bone-related nutrients, and this should be considered for the nutrition policy for NKR and North Korea.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.357-365
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• 2019

Purposes: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) in Korean adults according to gender, age period, and the metabolic syndrome or not. Methods: The study subjects were 5,021 adults, who completed all of the KNHANES VI-2. The subjects were categorized, using life periods, into young, middle-aged, and older adults. Methods were selected based on the KNHANES VI-2. IBM SPSS 25.0 was used for a complex samples cross-tabulation, general linear model and a complex samples t-test. Results: The HRQoL (EQ-5D) was higher in male(p<.001), in the young group by age(p<.001), and in the non-metabolic syndrome group(p>.05). In condition of the metabolic syndrome by gender, the female group's EQ-5D was higher in the non-metabolic syndrome group; there was the result of the complex samples independent t-test revealed significant differences in EQ-5D(p<.01). Conclusion: The HRQoL (EQ-5D) was higher in male, young, and in the non-metabolic syndrome group. Also, in condition of metabolic syndrome in female, there was the result of the complex samples independent t-test revealed significant differences in EQ-5D.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.216-225
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to compare nutrients intake, health indices, and prevalence of chronic diseases by occupation in middle-aged men, using results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into two groups by their occupation (Office worker (OW) and Agri-fishery worker (AFW)) and their percentages were 75.5% and 24.5% respectively. In health-related factors, drinking rate was higher in OW (p<0.001), while smoking rate was higher in AFW (p<0.001). Walking and strength exercise were both higher in OW group. In dietary behavior, the rate of skipping breakfast and eating out was higher in OW (p<0.001). Food supplement usage were consumed by OW more than AFW (p<0.001). Daily energy intake was higher in AFW (p<0.05). There were significant differences in nutrient density per 1,000 kcal of minerals and vitamins between the two groups (p<0.05~p<0.001), except calcium, potassium, vitamin A and thiamin. In body weight, BMI, waist circumference and blood pressures, OW was higher than AFW (p<0.05~p<0.001). Whereas, HDL and LDL-cholesterol were higher in AFW (p<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was higher in AFW (p<0.001). The results of this study can be used as data to establish nutrition and health strategies for occupation in middle-aged men.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.170-183
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• 2022

Purpose: This descriptive survey-based study aimed to identify the factors associated with obese adults' quality of life (QOL) using a secondary analysis of data collected through the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019). Methods: In this study, factors affecting the health-related quality of life of obese adults were analyzed by categorizing them into three independent variables: general characteristics, health behaviors, and mental health characteristics. Using t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), an analysis was performed to determine the differences in obese adults' QOL depending on their general characteristics, health behaviors, and mental health conditions. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to identify the factors that affect obese adults' QOL. Results: In obese adults' general characteristics, the risk factors for QOL were older age, male, lower-income level, presence of spouse, and occupation. With regard to health behaviors, the risk factors were lack of exercise. In terms of mental health conditions, the risk factors were stress and suicidal ideation. Conclusion: Obese adults' QOL was affected by age, sex, income level, absence/presence of a spouse, occupation, health behaviors (e.g., exercise), and mental health conditions (e.g., stress and suicidal ideation).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.354-368
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• 2019

Purpose: This study evaluated the glycemic response of diets using estimated glycemic load (eGL), which had been developed for mixed meals for Korean adults, and examined its associations with cardiometabolic risk factors among Korean adults. Methods: A total of 4,655 men and 6,760 women aged 19 years and above were included from the 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. eGL was calculated by each meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack) and then summed to give daily total eGL. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association. Results: Mean daily total eGL was 112.6 in men and 99.3 in women. Daily total eGL was positively associated with carbohydrate and fiber intakes, but negatively associated with protein and fat intakes in both men and women (p < 0.05 for all). Daily total eGL showed an inverse association with HDL-cholesterol level in both men and women (p = 0.0036 for men and p = 0.0008 for women). Men in the highest quintile of daily total eGL showed a 66% increased risk of hypercholesterolemia (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.10 ~ 2.50; p for trend = 0.0447) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Conclusion: These findings suggest that eGL based on carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber intakes can reflect glycemic response and therefore can be used as an index for dietary planning, nutrition education and in the food industry.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.369-382
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• 2019

Purpose: We evaluate the influence of the types of coffee beverage on obesity and abdominal obesity in Korean adults who were aged 19 years or over by using the 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: Specific questions were asked about frequency of coffee intake, the type of coffee beverage, the addition of milk and/or sugar to coffee by using the food frequency questionnaire of the 2013 ~ 2016 KNHANES. Results: We found that coffee intake increased the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity. After multivariable adjustment, coffee consumption increased the risk of obesity by 1.30 (95% CI: 1.08 ~ 1.57) in the group that drank coffee twice a day, and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.11 ~ 1.60) in the people who drank coffee ${\geq}3$ times a day as compared to that of the non-coffee intake group. The risk of abdominal obesity increased to 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02 ~ 1.57) in the < 1 time/day coffee drinking group, 1.34 (95% CI: 1.08 ~ 1.66) in the 1 time/day coffee drinking group, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.09 ~ 1.67) in the 2 times/day coffee drinking group, and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.14 ~ 1.72) in the ${\geq}3$ times/day coffee drinking group as compared to that of the non-coffee drinking group. The influence of black coffee intake was different according to gender: males showed a high prevalence of abdominal obesity and females showed a high prevalence of obesity. Mixed coffee consumption increased the risk of obesity and abdominal obesity by more than 34% in men who consumed coffee more than 3 times a day and in women who consumed coffee more than 2 times per day. Conclusions: We found that coffee intake, regardless of the type of coffee, increased the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity. It is necessary to refrain from drinking coffee to prevent obesity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.372-380
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• 2021

In this study, data from the 7th (2016~2018) and 8th (2019) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used, which included 5,325 subjects. Health behavior, dietary and nutrient intake status, physical measurement and biochemical characteristics, and risk factors for elderly related chronic diseases were classified and analyzed according to the changing composition of single households and other households in the current society. As a result, the ratio of current smokers and drinkers in young adult single households, walking less than 30 minutes per day, subjective health status was poor, breakfast rate less than three times per week, eating out frequency more than once a day, lipid intake ratio to total calories, saturation fatty acid intake were significantly higher. In addition, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher. However, dietary fiber intake level was significantly lower. The results for hypertension, which is the representative chronic disease that causes old age-related chronic diseases, were significantly higher in single households (ORs=1.400 (95% CI: 1.095, 1.791), p=0.007). Although young adults may not have showed particularly serious health problems yet, education is believed as important to recognize and prevent age-related disease risk factors.