• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-43
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• 2012

This paper examines the American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU)'s recent legal challenge on patents held by Myriad Genetics on two genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Instead of analyzing the ACLU's objections to the BRCA patents in terms of its legal technicalities and normative ethical principles, this paper seeks to situate this legal case in the broader historical context of the shifting understanding of the relationship between private ownership, economic development, and the public interest in academic sciences. This paper first briefly chronicles a series of scientific developments and key legal decisions involving patenting of life forms, including genetically engineered micro-organisms animals and biological materials of human origins like cell cultures and genes, that led to the US Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO)'s official guidelines on human gene patenting in 2001. At another level, this paper analyzes the expansion of the scope of intellectual property rights in the life sciences in terms of shifting economic and legal assumptions about public knowledge and its role for economic development in the 1970s. I then show how these economic, legal, and ethical ideas that linked private ownership and the public interest have been challenged from the 1990s, calling for revisions in intellectual property laws regarding a wide array of life forms. The tragedy of the anticommons in human gene patenting, according to ACLU, has severely undermined creative scientific activities, medical innovations, access to health care and rights to life among cancer patient groups. ACLU's objection to human gene patenting on several US-constitutional grounds in turn suggests issues regarding intellectual property are critically linked to vital issues pertinent to the creative communities in arts and sciences, such as free exchange of ideas, censorship and monopoly, and free expression and piracy etc.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.43-84
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• 1978

미국에 이민 온 한 한국가정을(정씨 가족) 대상으로 세 번의 면담 (interview) 및 art session을 통해서 이 핵가족 및 확대가족을 다음과 같은 방법으로 분석하여 가족의 유형(family Pattern)과 관계된 이론적 모델(Theocratical model)을 理이해하고 변화되고 있는 Health Program에 있어 간호원이 "변화인자(change agent)"로써의 역활을 재발견하고자한다. 이러한 방법은 가족 및 간호과학에 새로운 접근법이며 간호의 영역이 얼마만큼 확대될 수 있는가를 나타내고 있다. (1) Toman의 Family Cnstellation 이론과 일치되는 점 및 일치되지 않는 점 (2) 한국인 핵가족에서 관찰된 비언어적 의사소통(non-verbal communication)및 이것과 Scheflen의 이론과의 관계 (3) family Theory Bowen의 "differentiation of self"와 "family projection Process"이론에 의한 분석 (4) 핵가족에서 관찰된 상호작용 유형(interactional pattern)을 분석 (5) Art Session을 통해서 관찰된 사항 및 Critique 결과적으로 이 핵가족은 사회적 가치관이 변화된데서 오는 갈등에 직면하고 있다. 우리 나라의 확대가족에서 강조된 경치관은 가족을 하나의 전체로써 보는 "우리 (we-ness)"였는데 이것은 일상사용하고 있는 언어에도 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 볼 수 있어 즉, "내 동생 (my sister)"이라고 하는 대신 "우리 동생 (our sister)"이라고 하는데 여기에서 언어가 뜻하는 의미와는 거리가 먼 것을 알 수 있다. 정씨 부부는 미국적 정치관을 인식해서 그들의 상호작용 유형을 긍정적이고 개방적인 토의방법으로(positive open-discuses) 접근해야 한다. 이 핵가족의 부부는 둘 다 유교사상이 강조된 가정에서 자라나, 이 부부가 결혼한지 오 년이나 되었으나 언어적 의사소통이 (verbal communication)굉장히 제한된 것을 쓸 수 있다. 인간의 경험들은 인간이 접하고 있는 사회와의 상호작용에 의해서 결정된다. 사회가 배화함에 따라서 가족도 변화할 것이다. "변화는 언제나 사회에서 부터 가족으로 온다. 이 변화는 절대 작은 단위에서 큰 단위로 오는 것이 아니다.…그러나 가족구조는(family structure) 환경이 변화함에 따라서 적응해야 한다."라고 Minuchin이 지적한 것 같이 정씨 부부가 직면하고 있는 여러 가지 갈등은 이 핵가족이 그들의 가치관 및 상호 작용유형을 변형(repattering) 시키므로써, 복잡하고 다양한 미국사회에서 성장할 수 있는 좋은 기회를 만들어 주고 있다. 세 번의 면담시간은 각 30분이었으나 Volume 생략한 것을 부기하여 둔다.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.305-315
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• 1999

Most people react emotionally and are impressed for natural seen such as act, paint, sculpture, music, science, discovery, act include movie, opera. For empathy, people should make efforts feeling about sense from watching by themselves. Usually we are looking for meaning from art and intend to relate wth the content of music, drama, paint, and movie. The trend of statical order in modern design is strong in this time. However, we need to research the motive order for progressive design. And also, designer who want to give motive order to something must need to study motive order in design. This thesis explains the way of effective approach so that designer can apply the thinking such like bring in emotion. Also this research introduces the way of thinking to do progressive imagination and try to research through case study.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.655-658
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• 2005

질병과 관련된 인간의 노력은 병의 치료보다는 몸의 이상 유무를 빠르게 진단하는 것과 이를 통한 예방에 초점을 맞춰져 있다. 이를 위해 혈액과 소변 검사등과 같은 검사부터 시작해서 초음파와 CT등 다양한 진단 기기가 발전되어 왔다. 그러나 인체는 스스로 자신의 질병 유무에 대한 인체의 생체 신호를 몸밖에 나타내게 되어 있다. 이를 해독하여 질병을 진단하는 것이 한방에서 주로 사용하는 방법이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 한의학에 있어서 생체 신호를 해석하는 4대 질환 진단 방법 중 가장 중요한 망진(望診)에 대해 기술하고자 한다. 특히, 인체의 중심 기관인 심장에 대해 망진을 IT기술로 구현하고자 한다. 심장은 오관중 혀와 관계가 되어 있으며 따라서 심장에 대한 인간 생체 신호 해석시 혀는 중요한 분석 기관이 된다. 이를 위해 혀를 통해 인간의 생체 신호에 대한 결과를 반영하여 심장의 질환 여부에 대한 정보를 제공하여 주는 설진 시스템을 구축하고자 하며 우선적으로 본 논문은 얼굴 영상에서 혀 영역을 추출하는 방법에 대해 제안하고자 하며 실험에 의해 제안한 방법의 유용성을 입증하고자 한다.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2012

The study, published in the 2007 revised curriculum of Practical Arts and Technology and Home Economics textbook(16 species) of the 'human development and family members' area of learning content elements were analyzed. This analysis was conducted in order to evaluate that the 2007 revised curriculum of Practical Arts(Technology and Home Economics) has been made well Articulations. The criteria of Articulations is "Development of learning content, Repeating, Gaps, Reduction. Content criterias is 'human development and family' area. These include "human development, human relationships, marriage and family life, caring for family members and family welfare" of the four criteria and 14 content elements. The results of this analysis, the first content elements is "process of human development, characteristics of human development, family relationships, communication, dating and partner selection, the significance of marriage and family, understanding the basic concepts of family, family change and family problem solving". There was no content elements. content element is 'friendship'. content elements is 'Characteristics of human development', 'understanding of sex and pregnancy and childbirth'. Thus, in the new curriculum, a review of these Articulations are required. Especially, the 'friendship' and 'understanding of sex and pregnancy and childbirth' of the content element should be noted in the curriculum configuration because of content elements be Analyzed as or . Also 'values about marriage change' importance in the low fertility society is a big learning content elements need repeating. However, textbooks should reflect differences in the configuration will hakgyogeupgan. Meanwhile, 'changes in values about marriage' that it is necessary to deal with the repeatedly because of recentely society is The low fertility society, However, for this content element based on the differences between school level to appear the contents of textbooks, the textbook screening process will be provided with the correct guidance.

• Philosophy of Medicine
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• v.25
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• pp.3-26
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• 2018

Medicine and philosophy were very closely related in antiquity. The Pre-Socratics were interested in physiological and pathological aspects of human body. Their interests of human body was a part of interests on nature. Plato and Aristotle were fond of proposing their philosophical arguments using medical analogy. Medicine and philosophy were regarded as two disciplines which play a similar role in human being. Ancient philosophers thought that medicine and philosophy were similar on the ground that while philosophy eliminates passion from human soul, medicine eliminates disease from human body. Here, they regarded the similarity of medicine and philosophy only in terms of analogy. More comprehensive and systematic relationship between medicine and philosophy is realized by Galen. He manifestly declared that "The Best Doctor is also a Philosopher", which is also the title of one of his treatise. In this treatise, Galen regarded philosophy is a discipline consisted of physics, logic, and ethics according to the view s of Stoics. As a result, a good doctor for Galen is one who is well versed in physics, logic, and ethics. Furthermore, He regarded Hippocrates as the ideal model of a doctor-philosopher.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.105-135
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the experience of stress, coping and social support among students and their parents after Korea recovered from the recent economic crisis. A total of 634 students(primary school=135, junior high school=118, senior high school=168, and university=213) and 842 parents (fathers=421, mothers= 421), for a total of 1,476 participants, completed an open-ended questionnaire developed by the present researchers. For students, the most painful experience was related to problems in academic life, followed by problems in relationship. For father, the most painful experience was financial problems and for mothers, it was conflicts in the family. In stress situations, self-regulation was the most frequently adopted coping style by both students and adults. The second most frequently reported coping style was avoidance. In terms of social support, students reported receiving most support from friends, and the importance of friends became greater for the older students. Parents reported receiving most social support from their spouse. As for the type of social support, around half of students and parents reported receiving emotional support. Emotional support was viewed as being very important in reducing the stress experience related to academic life, problems in relationships, family conflict, and financial difficulties. The results of the present study will be compared to similar studies conducted before and during the economic crisis and the implications of these studies, as well as the importance of the indigenous Korean psychology, will be discussed.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.230-247
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate and analyze technology teachers' and other subject teachers' satisfactions with motivation-hygiene factors in order to provide informations for their job motivation at secondary schools. The data were collected from 216 technology teachers and other subject teachers in Gwangju City and Chon-nam Province and analyzed and tested at p<.05 or more by employing t-test through SPSS program. The average satisfaction levels of the teachers were M = 3.85 with compounded motivation factors and M = 3.38 with compounded hygiene factors. The former is higher the latter. In the satisfaction levels of individual factors responsibility was first, work itself second, achievement third, and human relation, job safety, growth opportunity, recognition, supervision skill subsequently went down. The satisfaction levels of these factors were higher than neutral(M = 3.00). On the other hand, the satisfaction levels of work environment and payment were a little lower than neutral. Technology teachers were more satisfied than other subject teachers with responsibility and human relation factors among 10 motivation and hygiene factors. They had more positive perception than the others with these two. Generally, these teachers groups presented almost the equal satisfaction level with motivation and hygiene factors. The data were collected from technology teachers and other subject teachers in Gwangju City and Chon-nam Province and thus these might not be applicable to teachers in other cities and provinces.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.111-123
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• 2010

This study investigates the satisfaction of the culinary students during their studies in Rhode Island State (R1) in the United States. This research will prepare and give guidance to those who wish to study abroad. For this research, interviews and surveys were conducted and along with total of 68 copies of questionnaire were collected from to the Korean culinary students in the RI from Sep. 2007 to Mar. 2008. The analysis of the data was based on a Likert scale. Findings showed that most students chose to study abroad in their major felt satisfied with their school facilities. The research also indicated that where few challenges, such as language barrier and cultural differences. The inconveniences were with language problems and progress gradually into cultural challenges. In this respect, culinary students need to have more linguistic preparation and as well as to learn the importance of multiculturalism and globalization. Successful study abroad requires both personal and academic preparation. Teacher and parents should give supports and provide the fundamental skills that the students need to have a productive experience.

• 한국노년학
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.487-502
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• 2007

An objective of this study is to verify factor of exercise adherence of the elder who have carried on exercise for many years at non-commercial sports center. To achieve the objective, I used ethnography, a method of qualitative study. The subjects for this study were 5 members of non-commercial sports center. They have been attending lesson which I have been running Taichi for more than 2 years and carried on exercise for more than 5 years. Main results of this study are as follows. First, the elder who have kept on with exercise showed the eagerness to participate and capacity of self-management through their exercise adherence for many years. Second, various factors such as social, environmental, and social psychological on had a strong effect on a continuous exercise performance. The most remarkable thing of results of this study is a close human connection among instructors, manager and companion is the most effectual factor of the elder's exercise adherence.