• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the physiological characteristics of 'Manpungbae' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pears through the seasonal changes of pericarp structure and anatomical differences between bagging and non-bagging treatment, and also fruit quality and peel coloration characteristics at the harvest time. The pericarp at full bloom was consists of outer epidermis, hypodermis, parenchyma cell, and inner epidermis from the exterior. The cell layers from the outer epidermis to vascular bundle increased rapidly 7-10 layers to 18-26 layers from full bloom (FB) to 77 days after full bloom (DAFB) and did not change significantly until maturity. Thus, the cell division period of 'Manpungbae' pear was until 77 DAFB and during this period, the thickness from hypodermis to vascular bundle increased from $73.1{\mu}m$ to $195{\mu}m$ in this period. Stone cells were formed from seven to 21 DAFB and stone cell clusters were formed around 49 DAFB. The cork cell layer was formed between 49 and 77 DAFB. 'Manpungbae' fruit pericarp was consists of 4.5 layers of the cork cell layers and seven layers of hypodermis which has the tannin at harvest time (161 DAFB). Comparison of the fruit enlargement and fruit structure development by bagging or non-bagging showed that 'Manpungbae' fruits without bagging had more than three cork cell layer than those with bagging at maturity. The size of stone cell clusters were varied in two treatments. Fruit weight was higher in the non-bagging treatment but there was no difference in soluble solid contents (SSC) between two treatments. The weight of the 'Manpunbae' fruit was distributed from 301 g to more 900 g and the average fruit weight was 677.2 g at harvest time, and fruits in the range of 551-800 g accounted for 71.6% of total production. The SSC, acidity and SSC/acidity ratio was $10.2-12.1^{\circ}Brix$, 0.10-1.24% and 9.76-14.31 respectively, and the SSC was higher in bigger fruit which had a very higher positive correlation with a fruit weight. However, the fruit firmness tended to be lower with fruit size which had a very higher negative correlation with the fruit weight and SSC. The cork cell layer numbers between yellowish brown and green pericarp were not different significantly, in 3.8 and 3.5 respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2017

This study was conducted to estimate the light pollution damage caused by night-break lighting in 'Kyoho' grapes. Night irradiation was performed every night for four hours (10 p.m. to 2 a.m.) from the full bloom to the harvest stage using red, blue, and white lamps as artificial light. Fruit yield, soluble solid content, anthocyanin content, and chlorophyll a content were affected by night irradiation. The soluble solid content of the control was $17.5^{\circ}Brix$, approximately $1^{\circ}Brix$ higher than the red ($16.4^{\circ}Brix$), blue ($16.2^{\circ}Brix$), and white light treated grapes ($16.3^{\circ}Brix$). The anthocyanin content of the skin was also higher in the control at $4.08{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ compared to the red ($3.14{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), blue ($2.47{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), and white ($2.82{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$) light treated samples. On the other hand, the chlorophyll a content of the control was the lowest at $0.268{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ as compared with the red ($0.339{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), blue ($0.345{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), and white ($0.372{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$) light treated samples. Considering that higher soluble solid contents, higher accumulation of anthocyanin, and lower chlorophyll a contents are factors involved in fruit maturation, night irradiation may delay fruit maturation and red light treatment may result in decreased yield. Our results confirmed that night-break lighting regardless of the wavelength provoked light pollution in 'Kyoho' grapes. Therefore, fruit maturation may be poor in the presence of artificial light, including streetlamps, in neighboring vineyards.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.3
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• pp.344-355
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• 2012

This study was conducted to analyze on the operational time and productivities of logging operations in whole-tree logging operation system by tower-yarder and swing-yarder, and in cut-to-length logging operation system by excavator with grapple in order to establish the efficient logging operation system and to spread logging operation technique. In the analysis of operational time, in case of whole-tree logging operation system, the felling time was 46.6 sec/cycle by chain saw, the yarding time was 480.6 sec/cycle by tower-yarder, the yarding time was 287.4 sec/cycle by swing-yarder and the bucking time was 155.14 sec/cycle by chain saw. In case of the cut-to-length logging operation system, the felling and bucking time was 225.65 sec/cycle by chain saw, the cut-to-length extraction time was 4,972 sec/cycle by excavator with grapple, the branches and leaves extraction time was 3,143 sec/cycle by excavator with grapple. The forwarding time was 4,688 sec/cycle by wheel type mini-forwarder, the forwarding time was 2,118 sec/cycle by excavator with grapple and small forwarding vehicle. In the analysis of operational productivities, in case of whole-tree logging operation system, the average felling performance was $57.89m^3/day$ by chain saw, the average yarding performance was $20.3m^3/day$ by tower-yarder, $31.55m^3/day$ by swing-yarder respectively, the average bucking performance was $20.3m^3/day$ by chain saw. In case of the cut-to-length logging operation system, the average felling and bucking performance was $11.96m^3/day$ by chain saw, the average cut-to-length extraction performance was $34.75m^3/day$ by excavator with grapple, the average branches and leaves extraction performance was $37.66m^3/day$ by excavator with grapple, the average length of operation road construction was 73.8 m/day by excavator with grapple. The average forwarding performance by wheel type mini-forwarder and the average forwarding performance by excavator with grapple and small forwarding vehicle was $15.73m^3/day$ and $65.03m^3/day$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.710-721
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• 2012

This study is to find out the search of the desirable tree cutting permit system by investigating and analyzing timber logger's consciousness in Korea. A sample group, including 64 officers in 5 Regional Forest Services and 27 National Forest Stations, 161 local government of 322 officers and team leaders with cutting permits, and 308 tree loggers was surveyed. The survey results showed that the ongoing harvest year plan for national, public and private-type forests, which was applied differently, could be integrated as 3.73 points, which was not significant among the groups. A total of 95.1% of the national forest officers stated that the environmentally friendly harvesting system could be improved and that it is exempted from bad broadleaf trees and renewal of forest type (4.14 points). An environmentally friendly harvesting system including the type of forest and location status (slide, soil, etc) is needed (3.87 points). Additionally, the round timber purchased from tree loggers managed in 2009 was about 10.6% of the domestic timber supply ($3,176,000m^3$) and round timber sales were about 50.1%. A total of 72% of the loggers suggested that a environmentally friendly harvesting system is needed (4.11 points). These results show that a new system for harvesting timber is needed to replace the current environmentally unfriendly harvesting system, and that tree loggers should be registered for management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1227-1235
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• 2013

This study was conducted in order to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of dry noodles with addition of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) flour from glutinous and non-glutinous varieties. The sorghum varieties used in this study were glutinous 'Hwaggumchal' and non-glutinous 'Donganme', and the contents added to noodles were 'Hwaggumchal' 5%, 'Hwaggumchal' 10%, 'Donganme' 5%, and 'Donganme' 10%. The turbidity of soup of cooked noodles was increased by addition of sorghum flour. The cooking loss of 'Hwaggumchal' flour added noodles (HFN) was greater than that of 'Donganme' flour added noodles (DFN), reflecting endosperm characteristics. Phenolic compounds such as polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents and antioxidant activity of sorghum flour added noodles were increased in proportion to the amounts of added sorghum flour. In the added varieties, DFN showed greater amounts of phenolic compounds and higher levels of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities than HFN. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of 5~10% DFN were increased by 4.6~6.2 fold and 10.5~13.4 fold, respectively, compared to non-added noodles. Regarding cooking effects, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of sorghum flour added noodles were increased by 10.9~11.2% after cooking. In sensory evaluation, color and appearance value were highest in HFN, and no differences in taste and overall acceptability were observed among treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1375-1384
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the current state of consumption of medicinal food and the intent to participate in medicinal food education by food-related lifestyle. A total of 264 samples were conveniently selected from students enrolled in culinary education at the Seoul Institute of Technology and Education from September 5, 2014 to September 20, 2014. The results were as follows. Factor analysis showed five factors in food-related lifestyle named as adventure-seeking factor, taste-seeking factor, health-seeking factor, convenience-seeking factor, and safety seeking factor. There were three factors in awareness of medicinal food named as health characteristic, negative perception, and intent to purchase. The cluster analysis showed five dimensions for food-related lifestyle named as convenience-seeking group, safety-seeking group, health & safety-seeking group, health-seeking group, and taste-seeking group. Among the demographic characteristics, there was a significant difference in age, cooking career, and households by food-related lifestyle group. Among intent to participate in education regarding medicinal food, there was a significant difference in medicinal food educational institution preferences by food-related lifestyle group. Among medicinal food awareness, there was a significant difference in negative perception by food-related lifestyle group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.206-216
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• 1988

In order to set up a predictive model for effective spat collection of pen shell, Atrina (Servatrina) pectinata, the survival rate and time required at each developmental stage of drifting larvae were surveyed during the period from June 8 to October 16 in 1986 at the Yongku inlet Chilchon Is., Chinhae Bay, the southern part of Korea. And also the experiments of spat collection were carried out In Yongku inlet during the period from July 6 to November 23 in 1987 and In Yoja Bay during the period from July 9 in 1987 to February 15 in 1588. The advent of D-shape larvae ca. $135\times144um $ long had three peaks in that area: August 1, 12 and 25. Umbo shape larvae ca. $300\times317um$ and full grown larvae ca. $455\times450um$ long also sowed three peaks: August 9, August 22 and September 4 for the former, and August 23, September 3 and September 16 for the latter. Nine to ten days was required for D-shape larvae to develop to umbo shape larvae. The instantaneous survival rate was 0.94 with a total survival rate if $54\%$ at this intermorphological stage. The required time of umbo to full grown larvae varied from twelve to fourteen days with a instantaneous survival rate of 0.88 and total survival rate of $19\%$. Twenty-two to twenty-three days was required for each group of the D-shape larvae to reach a fullgrown stage, and their total survival rate was $10\%$ during this developmental period. The number of the spat attached to the spat collector is 0.16 inds. per $m^2$ vertical spat collector in Yongku inlet and 0.48 inds. per $m^2$ horizontal spat collector in Yoja Bay. The average shell length of spat attached was $0.51({\pm}0.15)\;mm$ on September $27,\;38.52({\pm}6.98)\;mm$ on November 21 in 1987 and $49.00({\pm}10.77)mm$ on February 15 in 1988.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.334-341
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the growth of planted red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) seedling, soil properties and understory vegetation structure after fertilizer treatments [unfertilized plot (control), CF plot (Combination Fertilizer), UF plot (Urea Formaldehyde Fertilizer)] in a Pinus densiflora stand planted after the forest fires in Gosung, Gangwon province. The height growth rates of seedlings in four years were 264% in unfertilized, 404% in CF, and 388% in UF plots, respectively. The root collar diameters were increased 340% in unfertilized, 454% in CF, and 427% in UF plots, respectively. No significant changes occurred in soil total nitrogen and potassium ion ($K^+$) with the fertilization. However, available $P_2O_5$, content in the soil surface (0-15 cm) increased with the fertilizer application. Soil organic matter increased significantly with fertilizer treatments, while gradual decrease occurred in unfertilized plots. Sodium ion ($Na^-$) decreased in all sites. Soil pH, CEC, calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$) and magnesium ion ($Mg^{2+}$) contents were not significantly different among treatments. Although Shannon's species diversity index and species richness in understory vegetation did not change with fertilizer treatments, vegetation cover rates in forest floor increased significantly with the fertilization. These results suggest that the increase of pine seedling growth and vegetation cover rates with fertilization could enhance soil stabilization in forest tire areas.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 1995

One of alternative conventional technologies used for treatment of livestock wastes is composting process, and recently some mechanical composting processes are being practiced. It is, however, recognized the composting process also has its own limitations such as longer time requirement, and difficulties to estimate the degree of decomposition, etc. The incomplete compost contains potentially harmful materials to crops and public health due to instabilized organic contents and pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this investigation is to develop an innovative system whereby anxious livestock wastes are thoroughly stabilized and disinfected. Thus the overall management scheme should meet the following requirements. 1. A system should be in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner. 2. Sludges must be chemically stabilized and bacteriologically safe. 3. Odor-free by product should be applied to crop land. 4. Sludges are sources of fertilizer nutrients and/or soil amendments to enhance crop production. 5. And they can be used as potential pH adjusting agent of the acidified soils. Overall effectiveness of the developed system is experimentally tested to satisfy the preset criteria and requirements. Major experiments are divided into four categories: they are 1. chemical stability test, 2. optimal condition test of stabilization process, 3. bacteriological examination and disinfection tests, and 4. deodorization tests The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and the drying process. Stabilized wastes is dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and drying process. Stabilized wastes are dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about 300g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. In the stabilization reaction process, the pH of wastes is lowered from initial values of 12.3 to 8.6. High pH prevents odor production and kills pathogenic organisms. Organic matter contents in the stabilized wastes are about 50% and the sum of contents of fertilizer elements such as total nitrogen, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ are about 5.3%. The livestock wastes that are stabilized chemically and hygienically can be used as a good soil conditioner and/or organic fertilizer.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.178-189
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• 2012

As phthalates classified as toxic to reproduction category 2 and endocrine disrupting chemicals were more strictly regulated as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) for authorization in under EU REACH and considered as priority substances in RoHS II, standardization of phthalate testing method is now being proposed in IEC 62321 of IEC TC 111 and the 2nd revision of KS M 1991 is also finished. In order to assist standardization activities related to phthalating testing, solvent extraction part of existing national standards were compared and verified. Recovery of DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate) from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) by Soxhlet extraction increased in the order of methanol, toluene, dichloromethane and hexane from 46.9% to 95.3% as measured by GC-MS. Optimum extraction time was verified to be 6 hours using hexane. Recovery of DBP (dibutyl phthalate), BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate), and DEHP from different matrixes such as PVC, nitro cellulose, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). and EPDM(ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber were evaluated to be more than 90% up to 99%. The detection limits of phthalates in solvent extraction followed by GC-MS analysis were 0.08~0.3 ${\mu}g/mL$ in solution and 8~30 mg/Kg in polymeric samples. GC-MS analyses of phthalates were carried out using different solvent extraction based on the EN 14372, ASTM D 7083, Japanese test method (MHLW 0906-4) and KS M 1991, proving that equivalent recoveries ranging from 98%~99% were obtained. DBP and DEHP were detected in three consumer products such as a child toy, a power cable and manicure with the amount of 22~1,910 mg/kg.