• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2006

A mechanically pressed juice of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) extract was prepared using 70% ethanol solution. The extract was subjected to gamma-irradiation treatment (20 kGy) and investigated for its change of color and biological activities. Hunter $L^*$ values of the irradiated Bokbunja extract were increased in comparison with the non-irradiated extracts, and the $a^*\;and\;b^*$values decreased by the irradiation treatment. The content of the total phenolic compounds in the non-irradiated and irradiated extracts were 58.4 and 56.5 mg/g, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activities of non-irradiated and irradiated extracts at a 250 ppm level were 80% and 79%, respectively. Lipid oxidation was retarded by addition of Bokbunja powder. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in the Bokbunja powder at pH 1.2 and the effect was not changed by irradiation. The Bokbunja powder showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium and Bacillus cereus. However, irradiation of Bokbunja did not affect any physiological functions (p>0.05). A Salmonella mutagenicity assay indicated that the irradiated Bokbunja extract did not show any mutagenicity. Therefore, Bokbunja extract could be used in various applications as a functional material, such as ingredients of food and cosmetic, compositions with functions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.438-446
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• 2007

The fermented soybean product, cheonggukjang, is favored by many people, partly due to its bio-functional ingredients. Since the fermentation process of cheonggukjang is mediated by enzymes, including proteases, produced by microbes, analysis of the proteome profile changes in cheonggukjang during fermentation would provide us with valuable information for fermentation optimization, as well as a better understanding of the formation mechanisms of the bio-functional substances. The soluble proteins from cheonggukjang were prepared by a phenol/chloroform extraction method, in order to remove interfering molecules for high resolution 2-D gel analysis. Proteomic analysis of the cheonggukjang different fermentation periods suggested that most of the soluble soy proteins were degraded into smaller forms within 20hr, and many microbial proteins, such as mucilage proteins, dominated the soluble protein fraction. The proteomic profile of cheonggukjang was very different from natto, in terms of the 2-D gel protein profile. Among the separated protein spots on the 2-D gels, 50 proteins from each gel were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS and PMF for protein identification. Due to database limitations with regard to soy proteins and microbial proteins, identification of the changed proteins during fermentation was restricted to 9 proteins for cheonggukjang and 15 for natto. From de novo sequencing of the proteins by a tandem MS/MS, as well as by database searches using BLASTP, a limited number of proteins were identified with low reliability. However, the 2-D gel analysis of proteins, including protein preparation methods, remains a valuable tool to analyze complex mixtures of proteins entirely. Also, for intensive mass spectrometric analysis, it is also advisable to focus on a few of the interestingly changed proteins in cheonggukjang.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.707-711
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• 2008

The principal objective of the current study was to isolate a purpurogallin derivative as an oxidation product from gallic acid, in an effort to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of this compound. Purpurogallin derivative is known to be the one of the oxidation products of gallic acid. This compound has been identified as a minor chemical component in fermented tea products. It has been previously demonstrated that theaflavins, the oxidation products of catechins found in fermented tea products, exert profound antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the biological activities of a minor chemical component in fermented teas have yet to be evaluated. Purpurogallin carboxylic acid (PCA) was identified as a major oxidation product of gallic acid from a peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide oxidation model system. The identity of the PCA was verified by $^{1}H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR and MS techniques. PCA treatment significantly suppressed the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. According to the nitrite assay, PCA 100, 75, and $50{\mu}g/mL$ treatment dose-dependently inhibited NO production by 57.6, 41.5, and 21.8%, respectively, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Moreover, IL-6 production was inhibited to a significant degree with PCA treatment of 100 and $75{\mu}g/mL$ at 43.1 and 23.9%, respectively. PCA treatment also significantly suppressed $PGE_2$ production at levels of 100 and $75{\mu}g/mL$. These results showed that PCA exerts inhibitory effects on the production of inflammatory mediators.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.782-789
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• 2013

Carrot (Daucus carota L. var. sativa) is one of the most widely used crops in the world and is nutritionally important crop. However, seed-hair which is generated in epidermal cell of seeds causes the difficulty of the seedling process, because of the seed germination and absorption inhibitions. For these reasons, carrot seeds are commercialized after mechanical hair removal process. However, in this process, various damage and seed loss occur and breeding of hairless-seed carrot cultivar is needed to overcome these various weaknesses and additional seed production costs. In this study, cDNA libraries using 2 combinations, which were composed of short-hair seed CT-ATR 615 OP 666-13 & long-hair seed CT-ATR 615 OP 671-9, and short-hair seed CT-SMR 616 OP 659-1 & long-hair seed CT-SMR 616 OP 677-14, were constructed and EST sequences of each individuals were analyzed to reveal carrot seed-hair characteristics. Firstly, analyzed EST sequences were classified into FunCat functional categories. As a result, significant differences have been identified in metabolism category, protein folding and stabilization, protein binding, C-compound binding category from both of two combinations. Secondly, several candidate EST sequences related to seed trichome differentiation and cellulose biosynthetic process were selected based on GO data of EST sequences. These differences based on FunCat categories and candidate EST obtained by GO data analysis are thought to be involved in the formation of carrot seed hair. Finally, 741 SSR sites and 33 SNP sites were identified from analyzed EST sequences of two combinations. Then we designed SNP and SSR primer sets to develop molecular markers. These molecular markers will be used for classification of carrot cultivars and study seed-hair characteristic.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.361-372
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• 2017

Bred and grown around the world, tomato (Solanum spp.) has highly valuable fruits containings various anti-oxidants such as lycopene, flavonoids, glutamine, and ${\beta}-carotene$. Several studies have explored, way in which to enhance the growth, management and quality of tomato, we focus on the management of growth for yield rather than quality. The expression of superior agronomic traits depends on where cultivars are grown. We evaluated 10 cultivars grown in three environment for their lycopene. HTL3137 ($70.48mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), which was grown in Yoeju in spring/summer, contained the highest lycopene content, while HTL10256 ($20.9mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), which was grown in Suwon in spring/summer, contain the least lycopene.Correlations between color components and lycopene content varied according to growing location and season. In spring/summer-grown tomatoes from Suwon, no significant correlation was observed between any color component (redness [R], greenness [G], blueness [B], luminosity, $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, hue and chroma) and lycopene content. A correlation was observed between B and lycopene content in tomatoes grown in Yeoju during the same season. In tomatoes grown in Yeoju in fall/winter, significant correlations were found between lycopene content and G, luminosity, $L^*$, and hue. Variance in interactions between genotype, environment, and genotype ${\times}$ environment (G ${\times}$ E) using Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimate (MINQUE) analysis indicated that lycopene content depends on genotype (51.33%), environment (49.13%), and G ${\times}$ E (21.43%). However, when the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) was used, the G ${\times}$ E value was highest.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.344-360
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• 2017

Zoysiagrasses are important turf plants used for school playgrounds, parks, golf courses, and sports fields. The two most popular zoysiagrass species are Zoysia japonica and Zoysia sinica. These are widely distributed across different growing zones and are morphologically distinguishable from each other; however, it is phenotypically difficult to differentiate those that grow along the coastal line from those in beach area habitats. A combination of morphological and molecular approaches is desirable to efficiently identify these two plant cultivars. In this study, we used a rapid identification system based on DNA barcoding of the nrDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The nrDNA-ITS regions of ITS1, 5.8S nrDNA, and ITS2 from Z. japonica, Z. sinica, Agrostis stolonifera, and Poa pratensis were DNA barcoded to classify these grasses according to their molecular identities. The nrDNA-ITS sequences of these species were found at 686 bp, 687 bp, 683 bp, and 681 bp, respectively. The size of ITS1 ranged from 248 to 249 bp, while ITS2 ranged from 270 to 274 bp. The 5.8S coding region ranged from 163 - 164bp. Between Z. japonica and Z. sinica, nineteen (2.8%) nucleotide sites were variable, and the G+C content of the ITS region ranged from 55.4 to 63.3%. Substitutions and insert/deletion (indel) sites in the nrDNA-ITS sequence of Z. japonica and Z. sinica were converted to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, and applied to the Zoysia grasses sampled to verify the presence of these markers. Among the 62 control and collected grass samples, we classified three groups: 36 Z. japonica, 22 Z. sinica, and 4 Z. japonica/Z. sinica hybrids. Morphological classification revealed only two groups; Z. japonica and Z. sinica. Our results suggest that used of the nrDNA-ITS barcode region and CAPS markers can be used to distinguish between Z. japonica and Z. sinica at the species level.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 1997

This research was conducted to investigate morpological and growth characteristics of 358 Coix lacryma-jopbi mayuen STAF collected in Korea. The test collections contained 76% medium wide-type leaf, 59% medium size-type seed, 34% large size-type seed, 70% elliptical-type shell, 50% brown shell color, 92% low stem color and hardness of seed coat averaged $3.4kg/cm^2$ with the range of $1.1{\sim}18.7kg/cm^2$. 24% adaptable plant height ranged from 156cm to 170cm, days to heading after seeding averaged 83.2% with the range of $74{\sim}94$ days, early maturating varietes was 24.9% below 80 days. Rate to leaf blight 48.5% with the range of $9{\sim}92%$ and rate to stem borer averaged 8% with the range of $0{\sim}17%$. The weight of 1000 seeds showed positive correlation with days to flowering and plant height and number of seeds per plant showed positive corrleation with percentage of ripness, but weight of 1000 seeds showed negative correlation with occurrence of leaf blight and stem borer plant. Therefore we are expecting useful germplasm and selectable index for effective breeding.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate a method for producing cultured virus - free ovules for breeding high - quality Citrus cultivars. Ovules from the immature fruits of three citrus cultivars native to Jeju (Dongjeongkyool, Cheongkyool, and Jikak) and two cultivars of Citrus unshiu Marc. (Miyagawa wase and Haryejosaeng) that were thought to be infected with Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) were cultured on MS2 medium (Murashige - Skoog [MS] basal medium containing $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ malt extract, $50g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose, $1.0 mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ kinetin, and $8g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ agar). After four weeks of culture, 10, 21, 13, 5, and 7 somatic embryos and 2, 4, 2, 4, and 5 white callus cells (surrounding green somatic embryos) were obtained from Dongjeongkyool, Cheongkyool, Jikak, Miyagawa wase, and Haryejosaeng, respectively. After six weeks of culture, somatic embryos were obtained from cultured cells grown on MT basal medium supplemented with malt extract ($500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), lactose ($70g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and agar ($16g{\cdot}L^{-1}$). Over 60% of the somatic embryos from citrus cultivars native to Jeju developed into normal plants on MS basal medium supplemented with malt extract ($500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), sucrose ($50g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and agar ($8g{\cdot}L^{-1}$) after 10 weeks of culture. Normal plants were regenerated from two Citrus unshiu Marc. cultivars on MT basal medium supplemented with sorbitol (1.0 M), galactose (1.0 M), $GA_3$ ($1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and Gelrite ($3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The absence of virus in plants generated from cultured ovules was confirmed by RT - PCR and antigen - antibody reactions. Therefore, virus - free Citrus cells can be obtained for breeding high - quality citrus cultivars using the biotechnological technique evaluated in this study.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 1999

Quality changes of fruit vegetables were investigated during simulated export and marketing to find out the optimum shipping temperature. Fruit vegetables were loaded into a small refrigerated-container and kept for four days at various temperatures, and fruit quality was assayed immediately after harvest, 4 days after storage and 4 days after marketing at ambient temperature. In 'Back Seong Ilho' cucumber fruits, fresh weight loss was further reduced at $13^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$ and room temperature. Soluble solid contents remained at relatively lower levels when cucumbers were stored at $13^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$. In 'Chun Ryang' eggplant fruits, fresh weight loss was greatly increased at all the temperatures (room, $12^{\circ}C,\;9^{\circ}C,\;and\;6^{\circ}C$). However, flesh browning, a primary quality factor of eggplant fruit, was most effectively inhibited at $9^{\circ}C$, whereas chilling injury occurred in fruit flesh at $6^{\circ}C$. Water loss of 'Eals Seinu' melon fruits was most inhibited and soluble solid contents at harvest were maintained for the longest period at $4^{\circ}C$. In 'Pe Pe' cherry tomatoes, storage at $10^{\circ}C$ and $7^{\circ}C$ seemed to more effectively inhibit metabolic changes and the incidence of cracking, the severest disorder than room temperature. But the fruits stored at $10^{\circ}C$ contained higher level of soluble solids than those at $7^{\circ}C$. The overall results suggest that the optimum shipping temperature range is 11 to $13^{\circ}C$ for cucumbers, around $9^{\circ}C$ for eggplant fruit, $4^{\circ}C$ for melons, and $10^{\circ}C$ for cherry tomatoes.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2012

Proper light intensity, shading tolerance, potting media, and fertilization level were investigated to develop Orostachys iwarenge for. magnus (Korean name, Ullungyeonwhabawisol) as a potted ornamental plant. The plants were grown under different light intensity (52, 82, 90, and 97% shading). The best growth was shown at 52% shading, which indicated that the proper light intensity for O. iwarenge for. magnus is less than 52% of shading. Plant growth decreased severely at 82% shading and leaf color became lighter as the shading rate increased, which indicated that O. iwarenge for. magnus has no tolerance against low light intensity. To select a proper potting media, decomposed granite (DG), fertilizer-amended media (FAM), river sand (RS) were used as potting medium with different ratio of 60:20:20 (DG:FAM:RS, v/v/v), 80:20 (DG:FAM, v/v), 60:40 (DG:FAM, v/v), and 20:80 (FAM:RS, v/v). DG:FAM:RS (60:20:20) showed the highest values in shoot fresh weight, plant width, and number of runner in potted O. iwarenge for. magnus. Fresh weight of shoot part was 16 g in DG:FAM:RS (60:20:20), which was about 2 folds of those at the other medium. At the experiment for selection of proper fertilization level, plants showed a better growth as the concentration of hyponex solution and application frequency increased. Once drenching 1 week interval of hyponex solution diluted by 1,000 folds brought the highest results in fresh weight, plant width, and runner number. Particularly, fresh weight of shoot part was 35 g at once drenching per week of 1,000 folds solution, indicating 84% improvement comparing with non treatment (19 g).