• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.936-943
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• 2011

The effective moment of inertia revising the expression proposed by Branson has been used in ACI 440.1R-06 design guide for calculating deflections of FRP-reinforced concrete members. However, its adequacy has been questioned by several researchers. The propose of this study is to provide fundamental data for the rational design of deflection by the comparison of the experimental results obtained from twelve specimens with rectangular section and nine specimens with T-shaped section to the theoretical results. As a result, it found that calculated results for specimens with rectangular section were underestimated comparing to test results, while calculated results for specimens with T-shaped section were overestimated comparing to test results.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.493-499
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• 2008

In order to evaluate the lateral behavior characteristics of single drilled shaft embedded in granite gneiss, a lateral load test was conducted in field. Horizontal displacement according to lateral load were measured along with the depth by an inclinometer installed in the shaft. In this study, We have evaluated horizontal displacement characteristics comparing the measurement values with calculating results by theoretical formula. Based on the comparison, the Chang's method was similar with the measurement values even though it was slightly underestimated. However, the finite analysis method and p-y method was overestimated, especially on the upper part of the ground.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.16 no.6 s.73
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• pp.807-818
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• 2004

Experimental tests and theoretical methods of the analysis of the concrete shrinkage behaviors of steel-concrete composite girders are described herein. Steel-concrete composite test specimens were fabricated in the laboratory, and long-term behaviors such as deflections, curvatures, and strains were measured for one year. Test results were compared to the analytical results obtained by using the age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM). In addition, composite girders have been analyzed to investigate the effects of several parameters on the concrete shrinkage behaviors. From the long-term test results, it could be used to validate AEMM for the evaluation of the shrinkage behavior of composite girders. Because the shrinkage of the reinforced concrete slab in composite girders may lead to large tensile stresses in the concrete section, the transverse cracking of the slab could occur both in the positive and negative regions. Therefore, if the cracking of concrete would be ignored,it might lead to an overestimation of the stresses of the steel section of composite girders. Based on this research, it is proposed that the effect of transverse concrete cracking on the shrinkage behavior of steel-concrete composite bridges be considered.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.194-202
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• 2006

In the present study, stiffness prediction methodologies for flat-plate structures were evaluated in comparison with the experimental results on the full-scale slab-column connections of flat-plate structures. The methodologies are as follows: the methodology proposed by Jacob S. Grossman and the methodology proposed by Choi & Song. The former does not predict the stiffness change of the slab-column connection due to the change in the column section shape and the latter overestimates the stiffness when edge length of the column section in the loading direction is long. In the present study, the equation to calculate the effective width of slabs was modified to reflect the effect of the change in the column section shape.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the deflection of the prestressed beams. In this paper, a finite element model for deflections of prestressed beams is presented. Proposed finite element model was verified comparing with existing experimental results, and it showed a good agreement with the experimental results. Also, a parametric study has been conducted to analyze the influence of eccentricity, span-depth ratio, and prestressing force. The finite element model results were compared with hand calculation results. Deflections were increased as the eccentricity decreases, the span-depth ratio increases, and the prestressing force decreases. Hand calculation overestimated the deflection when the eccectricity or prestressing force is too small.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.497-509
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• 2010

Five concrete-encased steel columns using high-strength steel($f_{ys}$=801MPa) and high-strength concrete($f_{ck}$=97.7MPa) were tested to investigate the eccentric axial load-displacement relationship. Test parameters included the type, yield strength, and spacing of lateral reinforcement, and also the eccentricity of axial load. To analyze the behavior of the column specimens, the nonlinear sectional analysis using strain-compatibility and confinement effect was performed. To examine the applicability of existing design codes for the composite sections using high-strength materials, the test results were also compared with the predictions by the nonlinear analysis and the design codes. The confinement effect of lateral reinforcement increased the ductility of concrete, and the moment capacity of the column specimens increased with the ductility of concrete. The prediction by the nonlinear analysis gave good agreement with the test results. On the other hand, the ACI 318 neglecting lateral confinement effect underestimated the strength of the column specimens, and the Eurocode 4 using complete plastic capacity of steel section overestimated.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.941-951
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• 1994

The resilient behavior of subbase materials, locally used in Korea. were evaluated in this study by performing laboratory MR tests. The variations of the MR value according to LVDT's location in experiments and moisture conditions, respectively, were evaluated. And, in order to determine the relevant MR characteristics of the prototype materials, laboratory model tests containing smaller particles than those of the prototype were conducted. Based on above results, the relationship of the MR and the bulk stress (${\theta}$) was suggested. The case using internal LVDT. gave much larger $M_R$ value than that using external LVDT, since the external LVDT somewhat overestimates the resilient strain. The measured $M_R$ in damp conditions ($S_r$=40%) was larger than that in wet conditions ($S_r$=70%) by about 10%. The relationship between the $M_R$ and the void ratio was linear according to particle size effect. The relationship of the $M_R$ and the bulk stress (${\theta}$) on subbase materials in damp conditions to be used in Korea could be recommended as $M_R=3960{\cdot}{\theta}^{0.60}$ psi.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.24-33
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• 2001

This article proposes a strategy for producing accident scenarios in quantitative risk, which is peformed in process design or operation steps. Present worldwide chemical processes need off-site risk assessment as well as on-site one. Most governments in the world require industrial companies to submit the proper emergency plans through off-site risk assessment. Korea is also preparing for executing Integrated Risk Management System along with PSM and SMS. However.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.79-92
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• 2012

The purpose of this study are to examine the difference between the recognition and the satisfaction of CRM marketing's order of priority based on consumers type, and to define how both employees' recognition of priority and the performance influence on industry's financial and non-financial effect. As a result, a subjected industry turned out that the recognition of priority and satisfaction based on consumers type were different from each other, and employees' recognition of CRM marketing's of priority was different but it showed the both party's priority were same. The compared result between consumers' satisfaction and employees' recognition of performance is that employee's evaluation is overrated in proportion to consumers' satisfaction. Furthermore, among CRM marketing's priority, differentiating and sustainability of customers influenced on financial and non-financial appraisal but customers satisfaction did not.

• 월간산업보건
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• s.379
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• pp.9-16
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• 2019

2-부톡시에탄올(2-butoxyethanol)에 대한 생물학적 노출지수 설정에 필요한 자료는 상당수 존재한다. 다양한 실험실 및 직업적 현장연구는 2-butoxyethanol에 노출된 후 소변에서 butoxyacetic acid의 배설을 조사하여 생물학적 노출지수를 구축할 데이터베이스를 제공하였다. 실험실 연구는 작업시간 동안보다는 짧은 시간을 노출시킨다. 휴식 중에 실시한 실험 자료들을 20ppm에 8시간 노출로 외삽하면 작업시작 종료 시점의 소변 중 butoxyacetic acid의 농도가 각각 192, 272, 190 mg/g creatinine이었다. 작업부하 30 watts와 50 watts의 연구 결과를 외삽하면 각각 304 butoxyacetic acid/g creatinine과 313 butoxyacetic acid/g creatinine이었다. 작업현장 연구는 소변을 가수분해시킨 후 총 butoxyacetic acid의 검출 범위가 광범위할 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 외삽의 결과는 일반적으로 1ppm 미만의 노출에서 나온 것이라는 점에 유의해야 한다. 피부 흡수의 가능성과 2-butoxyethanol의 상대적으로 낮은 휘발성을 감안할 때 현장 연구에서는 피부 경로가 흡입 연구보다 더 중요할 수 있다. 따라서 현장 조사는 휴식을 취한 자원봉사자를 대상으로 실시한 흡입 연구와 비교하면 소변 중 butoxyacetic acid 농도를 과대평가하는 경향이 있다. 활용 가능한 시뮬레이션 연구에서 휴식 시 2-butoxyethanol의 TLV-TWA 20ppm에 8시간 전신(흡입과 피부) 노출되는 경우 가수분해된 총 butoxyacetic acid가 210 mg/g creatinine이 예상되고 작업부하 50 watts에서는 373 mg/g creatinine이 예측된다. 50 watts의 작업량으로 20ppm에서 8시간 노출되는 경우 생물학적 노출지수(BEI)는 약 400 mg/g creatinine일 것이다. 그러나 생물학적 노출지수는 외삽에 대한 불확실성, 심각한 피부 노출 및 작업장 노출평가 자료의 부족을 반영하여 200 mg butoxyacetic acid/g creatinine으로 설정하였다. 인용한 자료들의 한계에도 불구하고 자원 봉사자 연구와 시뮬레이션 연구의 자료들이 일치성이 있었다. 연구에 따르면 butoxyacetic acid는 측정 가능한 양으로 존재하며 작업 교대 중에 검출될 수 있는 충분한 시간의 반감기를 가지고 있다. Sakai 등의 연구 자료와 일부 모델링 자료에서 노출농도가 높은 경우 주중에 약간의 축적 가능성을 보고하였지만 작업장에서 일반적으로 노출되는 농도 범위에서는 누적이 예상되지 않으며 작업 종료 후에 소변시료를 채취하는 것이 바람직하다. 대다수의 연구에서 소변 중 butoxyacetic acid 농도 수준의 개인 간 다양성을 보고하였다. 또한 대부분의 작업현장 연구에서는 2-butoxyethanol의 주변 환경 농도수준과 소변 중 butoxyacetic acid 수준에 유의한 상관관계를 발견하지 못하였다. 상호 연관성이 결여된 원인은 대부분 피부 노출의 영향으로 추정하였다. 개인 보호 장갑을 착용한 근로자들에게서는 유의한 상관관계가 발견되었다.