• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.6 s.181
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• pp.629-641
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• 2006

The Standing Buddha Statue in the Gwanchoksa temple consists of medium to coarse grained biotite granodiorite with dark grey color, and it has a week gneissosity along the pegmatite veins. The results of magnetic susceptibility and geochemical patterns of the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and the basement rock suggest that both values are formed from the co-genetic magma with the same differentiation process. The CIAs of the basement rock and the Standing Buddha Statue are calculated to 51.43 and 50.86, and the WPIs are estimated 4.52 and 8.95, respectively. So the weathering potential from the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and basement rock prove to be high. The Standing Buddha Statue is terribly damaged with physical weathering from deterioration and exfoliation, and are scattered with secondary pollutant and precipitate. Basement rock is also in danger of ground collapse because of irregularly developed discontinuity system. Most surface of Standing Buddha Statue is seriously discolored into yellowish brown and dark gray, or black precipitates are also formed. Moreover, it is heavily covered with crustose lichen, fungi and algae, or moss are also found. In order to control the influential factors with the complex deterioration of Standing Buddha Statue, it is needed to rearrange a site environments, and conservation scientific management is required to protect it from covering lichens, exfoliations and fractures.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.49-58
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• 2005

Focusing on the information sender, message, channel, and receiver, the existing information theory deals with the noise, information contents, and probability of choice, which involve in the process of information transmission. In the current digital environment, besides simply conveying information itself through media, the important issue is how to efficiently convey information. Therefore, we need to analyze the theory in different perspective, and to research the Information redundancy for the methodology of information design. The redundancy causes the receiver to have attraction to the information and to reduce its contents due to its supplement and repetition. So it can play a role of efficient communication method. The concept of redundancy is applied to the communication of art such as literature, architecture, painting, and design to accomplish efficient communication. In order to get persuasive information design for the receiver's perspective we need to make use of this concept. The redundancy can be applied with the technical aspect of multimedia and Interaction, which add supplemental expression, or sort of event for the receiver's experience and memory. In the process of constructing information it can be applied with the structure of gaming redundancy, entropy, the accumulating communication code using entertaining feature, and storytelling methodology. The noise and entropy could be used for the means of making redundancy, not the obstacle to information. The redundancy gives the receiver attraction on the information and makes them have strong will of interpreting it so that the purpose of conveying information will be accomplished efficiently.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.219-243
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• 2004

Generally, electricity market has monopoly market structure because of need of enormous investment for infrastructure. However, the introduction of competition in network industry as electricity is a tendency of the world with decreasing the effects of economy of scale due to the advancement of technology. Now, electricity industry restructuring is in progress but the competition in electricity retail market is not in force yet in Korea. Whether a effective competition exist or not is very important to policy decision maker who drive restructuring, but there are small numbers of quantitative researches on that. In this study, we estimated the effectiveness of competition in the electricity retail market through switching costs. If switching costs are high, consumers actually can be locked in incumbent firm in spite of introduction of competition. Therefore switching is a critical factor to determine effectiveness of competition and to estimate the size of switching costs quantitatively can proffer the information about whether the competition in the electricity retail market is effective or not in the future. We estimated switching costs using consumer' stated-preference data by conjoint analysis. In according to estimation results, the cost of switching process is not so high, but the relative brand loyalty of an incumbent company is significantly high. And the price is considered as the most important factor choosing an electric service commodity. Based on the empirical results, it is possible to analyze the relationship between suppliers' competitiveness resulted from management efficiency and customers' switching possibilities. The paper therefore provides guidance for suppliers in deciding to enter into retail competition and for policy makers in introducing retail competition. And it has a significance of estimating the switching costs directly.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2020

This study has verified the process of helping actors recognize their sexual problems linked to sexual violence cases through early sexual experience history, and exploring and insighting the stuck feelings of sexual violence actors through psychodrama, which focuses on expressing behavior and emotions. The research questions were divided into sexual violence cases and perceptions of actors, actual insights through psychodrama, and dealt with past biblical history related to actors' events and events, exploration of childhood trauma, and insights and changes in emotions through psychodrama. The results from the study are as follows. First, they showed low self-understanding levels and frequent use of defense mechanisms against sexual violence cases in an environment related to cases involving sexual offenders, and were aware of the problematic factors affecting the cases in the course of their daily lives, but did not take them seriously. Second, there were many distorted masculinity and adult sites related to participants' biblical experience history. In the early experience of sexual activity, it was often viewed as a sexual object rather than an emotional exchange with a lover, and the contents of the initial Bible experience were linked to actual sexual violence cases committed by participants. Third, childhood trauma of participants through psychodrama led to rapidly changing family circumstances and abuse by fathers. Fourth, the actual content of emotions represented by anger in the early stages of psychodrama is meaningful in that it revealed the process of sadness, pain, regret and longing for a departing mother leading to objective insight into emotions through the catharsis process.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.68-73
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• 2016

This study was conducted to identify trends and knowledge structures associated with recent trends in Korean tourism from 2010 to 2015 using keyword data. To accomplish this, we constructed a network using keywords extracted from KCI journals. We then made a matrix describing the relationships between rows as papers and columns as keywords. A keyword network showed the connectivity of papers that have included one or more of the same keywords. Major keywords were then extracted using the cosine similarity between co-occurring keywords and components were analyzed to understand research trends and knowledge structure. The results revealed that subjects of tourism research have changed rapidly and variously. A few topics related to 'organization-employee' were major trends for several years, but intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been further subdivided and employees of specific fields have been targeted as subjects of research. Component analysis is useful for analyzing concrete research topics and the relationships between them. The results of this study will be useful for researchers attempting to identify new topics.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.291-303
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• 2019

This study analyzed the changes in the industrial environment surrounding the Gumi region and the status of the industrial crisis in the Gumi area amid such changes. The Gumi region is experiencing a more turbulent period than ever in the environment changes at the international, national and local levels, such as the transition to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the weakening of the competitiveness of key industries including mobile devices and displays, and the moving-out of core companies such as Samsung and LG Group. Accordingly, efforts have been made to diversify the industrial structure by fostering industry of automobile parts, high-tech medical devices and carbon materials to cope with and adapt to environmental changes at the regional level. However, the Gumi region is still locked in to the mono-cultural, large enterprise-dependent industrial structure centering on the mobile and display sectors, failing to overcome the regional industrial crisis and stagnating the overall local economy. The relocation of large companies began to increase in the 2010s, reducing the protection of large corporations against environmental changes at the corporate level. As a result, the crisis factors of small and mediumsized enterprises are gradually expanding to the national and international scale and working more complexly, which is beyond the level they can afford. So it is highly likely that the current industrial crisis will deepen. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the resilience to adapt to changes in the environment when it comes to overcoming the industrial crisis in Gumi region. To this end, it is necessary to improve innovation capabilities and diversify businesses based on convergence and complex technologies at the enterprise level, and to be selected as a special crisis response area aimed at creating an innovative ecosystem through autonomous resonance of companies and industries at the local level.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.101-119
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• 2021

Korea's National Treasure No. 229, the Jagyeongnu (clepsydra) of Changgyeonggung Palace, is a scientific and cultural property representing the pinnacle of science and technology in the Joseon Dynasty. Currently, only the large, mid-sie, and small Pasuhos (bronze jars) remain. During a nearly two-year conservation project by the Cultural Heritage Conservation Science Center (CHCSC) that began in 2018, conservators identified the contaminants on the surface of the water clock's components. It turned out that the contaminants had been caused by the exposure of squalane and silicone oil, used in an earlier preservation treatment, to the elements. The CHCSC conducted experiments to determine the most effective method to remove the contaminants. First, the conservators tried using an organic solvent, a poultice, and the application of toluene and bentonite, which yielded excellent reactivity and significant color difference changes (𝚫E). However, the reactivity was insufficiently effective to warrant the health hazards to the conservators and the environment (toluene is toxic). Although organic solvents required considerably more effort, time, and human resources, the conservators confirmed that their use achieved a true color difference variation (𝚫E) that was within the same range as the toxic hydrocarbon. Thus, they confirmed that using an organic surfactant was the best method for removing the contaminants.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.461-467
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• 2021

Among the defect factors that can occur when a wafer-level lens is molded using a thermosetting material, the mold sticking problem of a molded lens during the release process can damage the molded substrate and deform the substrate at the wafer level. An experiment was conducted to examine the factors affecting the demolding force in the lens forming process. The demolding force was examined according to the coating material of the molds. The mold was surface-treated with ITO and Ti, followed by plasma treatment in an O2 atmosphere. A DLC coating was then performed, and the curing and releasability were examined. A coating method for the pull-off experiment was selected based on the results. To measure the demolding force according to the curing process conditions, a method of curing at a constant pressure and a method of curing at a constant position were applied. As a result, the TiO2 surface treatment reduced the release force. When cured by controlling the location, curing shrinkage can reduce the adhesion energy of the interface during curing, resulting in better demolding.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.58-69
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• 2022

This study compares and analyses the impacts of holding domestic garden expos that will be fundamental for holding garden expos in the future. Satisfaction with the three sites of the 2013 Suncheon Bay International Gardening Expo, 2015 Seoul Gardening Expo, and 2022 Goyang International Flower Fair, as well as factors affecting the satisfaction in economic, social/cultural, environment/ecology, and operation aspects, were analyzed. As a result of the study, the satisfaction level of all three sites was high, with a value of 3.5 or higher. In particular, satisfaction with the 2013 Suncheon Bay International Gardening Expo was the highest. It was found that there was a difference between the satisfaction level of the 2013 Suncheon Bay International Gardening Expo and the 2015 Seoul Gardening Expo. As a regional festival, the 2013 Suncheon Bay International Garden Expo has acquired a high status due to the 'Suncheon Bay Garden' being designated as the first National Garden. It is thought that great satisfaction was obtained because economic, social, cultural, and environmental revitalization was achieved by matching the values of citizen participation and ecological conservation. As a result of the comparison of perception types affecting the satisfaction by garden fair, satisfaction at the 2013 Suncheon Bay International Gardening Expo and the 2015 Seoul Gardening Expo, it was found that both affected all four aspects. The 2022 Goyang International Flower Fair did not affect satisfaction in the operational aspect. This seems to be because the Goyang International Flower Fair is already a fixed local brand. As a result of analyzing the detailed factors of perception that affect satisfaction, the three target sites were commonly analyzed, including social and cultural factors, which attract cultural events, improve pride and affection for the region, and help educate children. In terms of environmental and ecological factors were analyzed as an inconvenience in life due to traffic congestion. It can be seen that it has the same meaning as the comparative analysis of the difference in factors on the satisfaction of the target site. There is no difference in the effect on satisfaction in terms of social·cultural, and environmental·ecological aspects, but there are differences in terms of economy and operation. Based on the analysis results of this study, to hold a domestic garden expo in the future, it is necessary to properly utilize "environmental" and "ecological" garden aspects that have potential values according to the region's characteristics to develop sustainable, eco-friendly tourism resources. In addition, values will be more apparent when cultural and artistic programs are planned to establish a differentiated identity in the host area and are appropriately used as a marketing means for a local fair. A well-planned local festival through communication with local residents can affect the image of the region and lead to the revitalization of the local communities by securing urban competitiveness along with the establishment of urban brands, so it can be said that local residents' participation and national or local organizations' cooperation is essential.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.153-168
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• 2000

An estuarine marsh is semi -inclosed inlets, located between coastal and terrestrial environment. The sediment transport by river and tide through tidal river and vertical accretion by sediment accumulation are important processes in estuarine marsh. An analysis of the vertical accretion rate at various time scale is important work for understanding and managing coastal environments. The purpose of this study is to determin the spatial characteristics of vertical accretion rate in an estuarine marsh, Sunchon Bay, in the southern coastal region of Korean peninsula. The methods of analysis are sedimentation rate by individual tidal cycle, annual accretion rate, concentration of total suspended load in water column. Spatial characteristics of sedimentation rate by individual tidal cycle was investigated using 30 filter paper traps. Sedimentation rate by individual tidal cycle at levee edge was higher than that at back marsh. The sedimentation rate decreased with distance from estuarine front. Levee effect and proximity to the turbidity maximum zone result in a higher sedimentation rate in the levee edge. There is a weak relation-ships between tidal regime and sedimentation rate by individual tidal cycle. Spatial cahracteristics of annual accretion rate was investigared using 30 artificial marker plots. Annual accretion rate at back marsh($1.5{\sim}3.5cm/yr$) was higher than that at tidal river levee edge($0.8{\sim}3.0cm/yr$). Total suspended load (TSL) concentrations in water column also indicate this spatial characteristics of annual accretion rate. TSL concentration in water column leaving the vegetation part dramatically decreased. There is a very strong relationship between the concentration of suspended load and accretion rate. These results indicate that annual accretion rate is controlled by vegetation cover and proximity to the turbidity maximum zone. This difference of spatial characteristics of vertical accretion rate ar various time-scale was due to the fact that surface sediment of levee edge was eroded by tide and other factors. The major findings are as follows. First, the spatial characteristics of vertical accretion rate are different from various time-scale. Second, the major mechanism for the vertical accretion rate in this region is suspended load trapping by vegetation. Third, this region is primarily a depositional regime over the time-scale of the present data Fourth, this estuarine marsh is accreting at rates beyond other area.