• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2023

In this study, a development of the rust formation arising from steel corrosion was modelled to quantify the structural impact in steel reinforced concrete. The interfacial gap, cover depth and diameter of steel rebar were taken for variables in modelling. It was found that the interfacial gap was the most influencing on the structural limit at steel corrosion, followed by steel diameter and cover depth. At 75 mm of cover depth with 20 mm of the steel diameter, the rust amount to reach cracking accounted for 16.95-27.69 ㎛ to 1-10 ㎛ of the interfacial gap. It was found that there was no risk of cracking and structural limit until the rust was formed within the interfacial gap. With a further formation of rust, the concrete section was successively behaved to yielding, cracking and failure. Additionally, the interfacial gap was the most dominant parameter for the rust amount to reach the cracking of concrete at the interfacial zone, whilst the cover depth had a marginal effect on cracking but had a crucial influence on the rust to failure.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.374-383
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• 1993

필라멘트와 Si 기판 사이의 기전력을 20, 80, 140, 200V로 증가시키면서 EACVD에 의하여 성장된 다이아몬드 박막에 대하여 다이아몬드/Si 계면분석 및 계면강도를 측정하였다. 주사형전자현미경(SEM), 고분해능투과형전자현미경(HRTEM), 오제이전자분석기(AES)에 의해 계면상태를 분석한 결과, 기전력 증가에 따라 활성탄화수소 이온(CmHn-)에너지가 증가되어져 CmHn-이 Siso로 침투(Impringement)가 증가되고 침투된 높은 에너지의 CmHn-이 Si과 화학결합하여 생성되는 SiC층 깊이 및 농도 분포도 증가된다. 풀 시험(Pull test)에 의한 계면강도 측정 결과, SiC층 깊이 및 농도분포가 증가할수록 계면강도가 증가하였다. 관찰된 파면과 파면의 X-선 메핑 결과 및 HRTEM과 AES에 의한 분석 결과, 기전력 증가에 따라 공극율이 적고 치밀한 다이아몬드 박막이 성장된다. 그리고 생성되는 SiC층 농도 및 깊이 분포가 증가함에 따라 다이아몬드/Si 계면이 강화되고, 상대적으로 파괴는 다이아몬드/Si 계면이 아닌 SiC층이나 Si 내부에서 발생된다. 결국, 기전력을 증가하여 활성탄화수소이온의 에너지를 증가함으로써 계면강도가 우수하며 공극율이 매우 적고 치밀한 다이아몬드 박막을 성장할 수 있다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2021

The geological CO2 sequestration in underground geological formation such as deep saline aquifers and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs is one of the most promising options for reducing the atmospheric CO2 emissions. The process in geological CO2 sequestration involves injection of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) into porous media saturated with pore water and initiates CO2 flooding with immiscible displacement. The CO2 migration and distribution, and, consequently, the displacement efficiency is governed by the interaction of fluids. Especially, the viscous force and capillary force are controlled by geological formation conditions and injection conditions. This study aimed to estimate the effects of surfactant on interfacial tension between the immiscible fluids, scCO2 and porewater, under high pressure and high temperature conditions by using a pair of proxy fluids under standard conditions through pendant drop method. It also aimed to observe migration and distribution patterns of the immiscible fluids and estimate the effects of surfactant concentrations on the displacement efficiency of scCO2. Micromodel experiments were conducted by applying n-hexane and deionized water as proxy fluids for scCO2 and porewater. In order to quantitatively analyze the immiscible displacement phenomena by n-hexane injection in pore network, the images of migration and distribution pattern of the two fluids are acquired through a imaging system. The experimental results revealed that the addition of surfactants sharply reduces the interfacial tension between hexane and deionized water at low concentrations and approaches a constant value as the concentration increases. Also it was found that, by directly affecting the flow path of the flooding fluid at the pore scale in the porous medium, the surfactant showed the identical effect on the displacement efficiency of n-hexane at equilibrium state. The experimental observation results could provide important fundamental information on immiscible displacement of fluids in porous media and suggest the potential to improve the displacement efficiency of scCO2 by using surfactants.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.590-593
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• 2007

물을 함유한 공극 크기 6, 30, 100 nm의 실리카겔에 이산화탄소 및 메탄을 반응시켜 온도$0{\sim}4$ $^{\circ}C$, 압력 $15{\sim}40$ bar 의 범위에서 가스 하이드레이트 생성속도를 측정하였다. 공극 크기가 작아짐에 따라 특정 온도에서의 평형압력이 높아지는 열역학적 특성을 감안하여 통일한 압력차 (평형압력과 실험압력의 차)를 얻을 수 있도록 조건을 설정하였다. 이산화탄소의 경우 통일 온도에서 하이드레이트 생성속도는 일반적으로 압력이 높아짐에 따라 가속되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 단위 물 당 포집되는 이산화탄소의 양은 최대 1.0을 넘지 못하였다. 또한 하이드레이트 생성을 위해 필요한 유도시간 (induction time)이 2내지 8시간 수준으로 매우 길었다. 공업적인 하이드레이트 이용을 위해서는 빠른 생성속도가 필요한 만큼 유도시간을 단축, 없애기 위해 계면활성제로 황산 도데실 나트륨 (sodium dodecyl sulphate)이 첨가된 수용액을 이용하였다. 계면활성제가 포함된 수용액에서의 하이드레이트 생성은 유도시간이 사라져 매우 빠르게 바뀌었고, 포집되는 이산화탄소도 15% 정도 증가되었다. 메탄의 경우에는 공극 크기가 작아질수록 하이드레이트 생성속도 및 가스 포집도가 저하되는 결과를 보였다. 이산화탄소의 경우와는 다르게 유도시간이 나타나지 않았으며 비교적 높은 가스 포집도를 얻기 위해서는 평형압력과 실험압력의 차이가 최소 2.0MPa 이상이어야 했다.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.476-483
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• 2023

The present study concerns modelling the structural behaviour for concrete structure into the crack initiation at corrosion of steels. The degradation source included the axial load and steel corrosion. A development of the rust formed on the steel surface was considered with the interfacial gap between steel and concrete. As a result, the tensile damage could occur on the surface of concrete into the cracking with no steel corrosion, which could be further developed by the increasing rust formation, while the cracking at the steel-concrete interface was mainly attributed to the compressive deformation, being restricted within the interfacial zone.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.37-38
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• 2011

알루미늄은 높은 내부식성과 우수한 물리적 특성으로 철강 제품의 부식방지를 위한 표면처리와 항공 우주분야 소재로 각광을 받아왔다. 알루미늄을 철강 제품의 부식방지를 위한 표면처리 소재로 사용되는 경우 비교적 두껍게(15 ${\mu}m$ 이상) 코팅된다. 본 연구에서는 얇은 두께(3 ${\mu}m$ 이하)의 알루미늄 박막을 이용하여 높은 내식성을 갖는 코팅 공정을 개발하고자 한다. 물리기상증착으로 코팅되는 대부분의 금속은 주상정 구조를 갖는다. 주상정 구조는 grain boundary에 공극이 존재하고, 이 공극을 통해서 부식을 일으키는 물질이 보호막과 모재의 계면으로 침투하여 모재가 부식을 일으킨다. 스퍼터링 공정을 제어하여 알루미늄 박막의 공극 발생을 억제하여 보호막으로서의 기능을 향상할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 알루미늄 코팅을 위해서 magnetron sputtering을 이용하였으며, 기판은 냉연강판을 사용하였다. 냉연강판위에 코팅된 알루미늄 박막을 분석한 결과, 스퍼터링 소스에 역방향 자기장을 인가하여 코팅한 알루미늄 박막이 염수분무 120 시간 후에도 적청이 발생하지 않는 우수한 내식성을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the adsorption characteristics of various surfactants including biosurfactant, SWA 1503, Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) on soil. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation was found to be the best to describe experimental results. The amount of adsorbed surfactant on soil increased as the content of clay increased. The results showed that surfactant was adsorbed mainly on the surface and the pores of soil since the surface area of clay was larger than that of sand. The amount of adsorbed surfactants on soil was as follows: Biosurfactant > SWA 1503 > Triton X-100 > SDS.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2014

The purpose of this work is to investigate the specific gravity, thermal, and mechanical property changes of polypropylene (PP)/mica composites before and after solid-state extrusion. On increasing the filler content, the specific gravity of the composites increased. The specific gravity of the oriented specimen containing filler in PP matrix is found to be much smaller than that of pre-specimen due to the formation of more microvoids. The presence of microvoids in the case of oriented composite specimen significantly affected the tensile and flexural properties of the composites. Both flexural strength and modulus of the composites showed maxima when the mica contents was 10 wt%, regardless of the orientation via solid state extrusion.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2014

This experimental study was intended to improve the compressive strength of multi-walled CNT reinforced cementitious composites with efficiency. The variables considered are the degree of sonication, the amount of surfactant, the replacement ratio of silica fume, etc. Optical microscope informed that fiber dispersion of CNT was improved with the increase of sonication time, and the compressive strength was proved to be enhanced as the degree of sonication increased. When superplasticizer as a surfactant had SP/CNT ratio of 4~6, the best improvement in strength was obtained. Silica fume was shown to produce the highest compressive strength at 10% replacement. Microstructure of CNT composites was also analyzed; XRD and SEM results indicated that CNT addition hardly changed hydration products and microstructure, and MIP analysis found the reduction of total porosity as well as the increase of nano-pores with the size of tens of nm instead of the decrease of pore distribution in the region of around 10 ${\mu}m$ and 100 nm. The results of microstructure analysis explains that the strength improvement is closely related to physical contribution rather than chemical influence by adding CNT.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.63-70
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• 2023

Underground carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage emerges as a pivotal strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO₂ emissions and addressing global warming concerns. This study investigates techniques to optimize storage efficiency in aquifers, which stand out for their superior capacity compared to other geological layers. The focus is on the application of nonionic and anionic surfactants to enhance CO₂ storage efficiency within confined spaces. A specialized micromodel facilitating fluid flow observation was employed for the evaluation. Experimental results revealed a noteworthy minimum 40% increase in storage efficiency at the lowest injection rate when utilizing nonionic and anionic surfactants, in comparison to pure water injection. Interestingly, no significant variations in storage efficiency were observed based on the ionicity and concentration of the surfactants under investigation. These findings have implications for guiding the selection and concentration determination of surfactants in future underground CO₂ storage endeavors.